Community health nursing in India has evolved significantly over time from ancient practices to modern approaches. Historically, concepts of health, medicine, and nursing have been practiced in India since at least 5000 BC in the Vedic period. Over many centuries, systems like Ayurveda developed and hospitals, medical education, and basic public health practices were established. However, it was not until the early 20th century that formal training programs for community health nurses began in India. Major developments in the 1900s included establishing nursing schools, health programs targeting diseases, and committees to review and advance primary healthcare. The field has progressed to emphasize community-centered, participatory models aimed at promoting health for all.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
A home visit is one of the essential parts of the community health services because most of the people are found in a home.
Home visit fulfils the needs of individual, family and community in general for nursing service and health counseling.
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
A home visit is one of the essential parts of the community health services because most of the people are found in a home.
Home visit fulfils the needs of individual, family and community in general for nursing service and health counseling.
introduction to medical surgical nursing.pptxJyotiBhagat31
introduction to medical surgical nursing- history of evolution of medical surgical nursing, nursing in India, brief description about Florence Nightingale, nursing process, phases and characteristics of nursing process, nursing care plan, concept of health, disease, causes of disease, wellness, illness, effects of illness, stages of illness, theories of illness, wellness model, illness-wellness continuum, illness as a human experience, health behavior, illness behavior,
The specialty which deals with population.
Comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of sick and healthy.
Who plan and administer the services to meet the needs.
Who are engaged in research & teaching in the field.
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
Similar to Development of COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING in India (20)
Organisation and Management of Eye Care Programme Service Delivery ModelsHarsh Rastogi
Eye care program management: Efficient models ensure accessibility, quality, and sustainability, promoting community engagement and optimal vision health.
Community Eye Care Programmes in India..Harsh Rastogi
Community Eye Care Programmes refer to initiatives aimed at providing comprehensive eye care services to communities, especially in underserved areas, through a combination of outreach activities, primary eye care services, and community involvement.
NPCBVI and DBCS
Rehabilitation restores normal or near-normal function after illness, injury, addiction, or imprisonment, through retraining and medical treatment.
Rehabilitation is crucial in comprehensive care, ideally starting at the moment a patient enters the healthcare system, with programs available in specialized hospital units or independent community centers.
“Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.”
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
Levels of preventions:
1. Primordial prevention
2. Primary prevention
3. Secondary prevention
4. Tertiary prevention
5. Quaternary prevention
Pathogenic microorganisms proliferate and invade bodily tissue, causing tissue harm and disease.
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites those are not normally present within the body.
An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (body wide).
Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections.
For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.
Infection prevention policies and practices are used in hospitals and other health care facilities to reduce the spread of infections.
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
Disaster preparedness & Management for Optometry.pptxHarsh Rastogi
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain to various stages of a disaster at all levels.
An applied science which seeks, by systemic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to prevention, emergency response, recovery and mitigation.
Encompasses all aspects of planning for, and responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities.
Role & responsibilities of mid level healthcare providersHarsh Rastogi
Role & responsibilities of mid level healthcare providers
Mid-level health providers (MLHPs) are health workers trained at a higher education institution for at least 2-3 years.
MLHP is a health provider who:
Who is trained, authorized and regulated to work autonomously,
Who receives pre-service training at a higher education institution for at least 2-3 years, and
Whose scope of practice includes (but is not restricted to) being able to diagnose, manage and treat illness, disease and impairments (including perform surgery, where appropriately trained), prescribe medicines, as well as engage in preventive and promotive care.
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
An Expert Committee (1971) of the WHO defined family planning as "a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country“.
Basic Human Rights
Scope of family planning services
Health aspects of family planning:
1. Women's health: Unwanted pregnancies, Limiting the number of births and proper spacing, Timing of births
2. Foetal health
3. Child health: Child mortality, Child growth, development and nutrition, Infectious diseases
The welfare concept
Small-family norm
Eligible couples
Target couples
Couple protection rate (CPR)
A stoma is an opening that is created to allow stool or urine to pass out of the body.
INDICATIONS FOR OSTOMY
SITES OF STOMA
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STOMA POUCH
STEPS TO CHANGE POUCH
IRRIGATION
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
meaning of small family norms: Small family norm connotes control over the number of children.
The rate of reproduction and the level of acceptance of family control methods are to a large extent influenced by what people consider as the ideal family size.
Adoption of small family norms is today not only desirable but It has become difficult to survive with a large family particularly because of rising cost of living, growing needs and necessities.
It is a fact that a small family is a happy family.
Lesser number of children is a boon not only to their parents but also to the country.
They have better chances of food, clothing and education.
almost a necessity
nature of small family norms
benefits of small family norms
barriers of small family norms
The term Women Empowerment refers to the increasing of the spiritual , social, political or economic strength of all women.
It is frequently seen that the empowered in their capacities develop confidence.
Empowerment of women is conceivably the sum of total of the points listed below or parallel capabilities:
Having the power of making decisions for self.
Having access to resources and information for proper decision making.
Need & importance of women empowerment
Definition
Women empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of women.
It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities.
Women empowerment refers to women invest with power, especially legal power or official authority.
Principles
Social Empowerment of Women
Research article on Violence Against Women
Population explosion is the phenomenon of the size of a population tending to a very large number in a finite interval of time is called population explosion i.e., rapid increase in population for a long time may be termed as "population explosion".
Birth rate is much higher than the death rate for long time may lead to population explosion.
The literal meaning of population is "the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region".
The main factors affecting the population change are the birth rate, death rate and migration.
Migration is the number of people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, place or locality.
The population change is calculated by the formula:
Population change = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)
Population explosion or overpopulation refers to a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.
Every sixth person on globe today is every Indian.
India adds about 10 lakh persons to its population every fortnight.
India adds one Australia every eight months.
By 2045 or earlier, India would overtake china as the world's most populous country.
49% of the increase in India's population is from four states Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP.
Population growth, variation among nationsHarsh Rastogi
Group of individuals of species occupying a definite geographic area at a given time.
The population will continue to grow till equilibrium is achieved, i.e.
Number of births = Number of deaths
Population growing by 90 million/year.
Of which 93 % in developing countries .
Spread of public health programmes in developing countries.
Rise in food production after World War II.
Every second 4-5 children are born and 2 people die.
Nearly 2.5 persons get added every second.
Demography as the statistical study of human population with regard to their size & structure, their composition by sex, age, marital status and ethnic origin, and the changes to these population, like changes in their birth rates, death rates and immigration.
Demography is the branch of social size, structure, which deals with the study of size, structure and distribution of populations, along with the spatial and temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing and death.
In demography the following three elements of population are given special attention:
Change in the size of population (increase or decrease)
Structure of population (on the basis of sex or age groups)
Geographical distribution of population (on the basis of state or territory).
“Referral system is defined as a system of transferring cases which are beyond the technical competence of one infrastructure to a higher level infrastructure/institution having technical competency and all other resources to provide desired health services.”
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented as a comprehensive programme for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in India. Over time, the focus has shifted from raising awareness to behavior change, from a national response to a more decentralized response and to increasing involvement of NGOs and networks of PLHIV.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. “Health is not mainly an issue of doctors, social
services and hospitals. Health is an issue of Social
Justice.
There is no time to lose. We have the goal of “Health
for all by 2000 AD”. This is the call of the world health
organization. And India has taken up the challenge.
Formerly, Health care has been for those living near
enough to a hospital or a doctor in times of need and
for those who could spend money for medicines and
treatment.
3. The great majority of people stayed in the village when sick
and even today many suffer and die without proper help.
Attempts have been made to meet the health needs of the
people of India by means of primary health center and the
training of Auxiliary Nurse.
Midwives to go out from these centre’s to the homes of the
people.
The number of ANMS trained was never sufficient and more
than half of them after training went to work in hospitals. In
fact, their training was given mainly in the hospitals
environment, with title experience and understanding of health
needs of people, families and communities in rural areas.
4. Community health nursing is one of the
professions/disciplines which operates within the
realms/domain of community health and helps in
meeting health and nursing needs of the community.
It plays a very important and challenging role in
promoting and protecting health of people. Unlike other
specialties of nursing, Community Health Nursing lays
major emphasis on primary level prevention and
focuses on the entire community.
Before further discussion let us see the definition of
Community Health Nursing
5. “Community Health Nursing is a synthesis of Nursing
practice and public health practice applied in promoting
and preserving the health of populations. The nature of
this practice is general and comprehensive. It is not
limited to a particular age or diagnostic group. It is
continuing not episodic. The dominant responsibility to
the population as a whole. Therefore nursing directed to
individuals, family or group contributes to the health of
total population. Health promotion, health maintenance,
health education, coordination and continuity of care
are utilized in a holistic approach to the management of
the health care of individual, family, group and
community.”
7. The medical system that are truly Indian origin and
development are the Ayurveda and Siddha System.
Ayurveda by definition implies “Knowledge of Life”.
Its origin is traced far back to the Vedic times, about
5000 BC. During this period, medical history was
associated with mythological figures, sages and seers.
8. Dhanvantari the Hindu god of Medicine is said to have
been born as a result of the churning of ocean during a
tug war between gods and demons.
According to some authorities medical knowledge in
the Atharvaveda gradually developed into the science.
9. The experience and concern in health development and
public health care dates back to this Vedic period.
In the Indus Valley Civilization (3000 BC) itself, one
funds evidence of well- developed environmental
sanitation programme such as arrangements of good
water supply, underground drainages, Public baths in
cities etc.
10. In ancient India, the celebrated authorities in Ayurveda
Medicine were Atreya, Charaka, Sustra and Vagbhatt.
Atreya (about 800 BC) is acknowledged as the first great
Indian Physician and Teacher.
Charaka a famous Ayurvedic Medicine.
Sustra a father of Indian Surgery.
From this early writings other authors wrote books.
From these writings we learn that surgery had advanced to a
high level, also that doctors and the attendants (Nurse) must be
the people of high character, Hospital were large and well
equipped.
11. Medical education was introduced in the ancient Universities
of Taxila and Nalanda.
During Buddha period hospital system was developed for
men and women and for animals.
This was expanded during king Ashoka, Moghal Period
(1000 AD) Yunani Medicine which (Arabic system) was
introduced through Greek medicine which has become a part
of Indian medicine. Nursing and medicine are closely linked
together.
12. Nursing was regarded on the “Science of Care” and
medicine as the “Science of Cure”. As the science of
cure, medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and
treatment of illness.
As the science of care, nursing is concerned with the
care of people who are ill. The care and cure functions
are complimentary ; both are necessary and important
aspects of health care for the people.
13. King Ashoka (272 BC-236 BC) a convert Buddhism, brought
about period of prosperity.
Monasteries were built, houses for travelers were provided
and hospitals for both men and women and animals were
founded.
Prevention of disease became a matter of first importance and
hygiene practices were adopted.
Cleanliness of the body was religious duty.
Doctors and midwives were to be trustworthy and skill full.
They must wear clean cloth and keep their nails cut short.
Operations were precede by religious ceremonies and prayers.
The nurses were usually men or old women.
14. Women of India were favored though restricted to activities in
the home. No doubt they cared for the sick members in the
family.
By 1 AD superstition and magic had been somewhat replaced
by more up to date practice. But , medicine remained in the
hands of priest-physician who refused to touch blood or
pathological tissues.
Dissection was forbidden.
This together with religious restrictions probably helped to
bring about decline in medicine and nursing professions.
15. During this period diagnosis was made on empirical
basis and also the given treatment was according to
symptoms. So this era was called symptom oriented
era. The health education was provided by lectures on
authoritarian instruction.
16. This period witnessed the invention of microscope,
thermometer, B.P. apparatus and other tools for
detection and measurement of diseases. Laboratory
investigations were carried out to make This period was
called as bacteria- oriented or disease oriented era.
17. This is an era which witnessed her individual centered
or patient centered approach for taking care of the
health and illness of the people. Clinical instructions at
bed side teaching started in the field of medical
education education. The development of clinical
techniques was initiated in medical science and
technology.
18. In this period prevention oriented approach started. It was
initiated by our ancient Indians at the time of Indus Valley
Civilization.
It is being called era of Community centered approach, in
which diagnosis and treatment at community level emerged,
clinical public health instructions, community- side teachings
were included in the field of medical education.
Studies related to community development, community
measurement and criteria planning techniques also started
Integration of social sciences, and public health sciences in
this era took place.
19. In this period the involvement of the community
leaders and members of the community in planning
and implementation of the health programmes was
practiced at this stage.
The national level health planning was established by
political authorities of particular country by involving
national and international health agencies to provide
health for all.
The people-centered approach has been emphasized
in this era.
20. Community health has now entered an era of individual
responsibilities and community participation.
The traditional role of medical persons has been shifted
from diagnosis and treatment of individual illness to
treatment of all health hazards of community.
Community diagnosis is based on collection and
interpretation of relevant data related to distribution of
population according to age, sex, educational status,
marital status, religion, caste, birthrate, death rate,
prevalence of disease etc.
22. Development in the broader sense is not only the
improvement or progress in the community health
resources but individual progress in the professional
aspect of as community health nurse.
23. 1918: The preparation of Nursing workers for public
health work started in Delhi, Lady Reading Health
School.
1930: At Calcutta All India Institute of Hygiene and
Public Health was started.
1931: A Maternal and Child Welfare Bureau was
established by the Indian Red Cross Society.
1939: Indian Tuberculosis Association was started.
1943: Health Survey and Development Committee was
appointed by Government of India under the
Chairmanship of Sir Joseph Bhore.
24. 1952: Community Development Programme was launched
on 2nd October for overall development of rural areas.
Central Council of Health constituted.
1954: National water supply and sanitation scheme was
inaugurated.
1954: National Leprosy Control Programme was started.
1954: Food Adulteration Act was passed.
1955: National Filarial Control Programme started.
1958: National Malaria Control Programme was changed to
Eradication Programme.
1959: Mudaliar Committee was appointed to review the
progress made in health sector.
25. 1961: Mudaliar Committee report was published
1962: Central Family Planning Institute was
established
1971: MTP Act was passed, In 1972 came in force.
1973: Multipurpose Health Workers Scheme was
introduced by Kartar Singh committee report
1975: India declared as FREE from Smallpox
1977: Rural Health Scheme was introduced
26. 1978: The slogan “Health for All by 2000 AD came in force at Alma
Atta declaration in USSR underlined the primary health care approach.
1982: GOI framed National Health Policy. School Health Services
started at trial bases
1985: Universal Immunization Programme was launched on 19th
November Indira Gandhi's Birthday.
1992: CSSM programme was launched on 20th August
1995: Pulse Polio Immunization Programme launched in December
and January.
1996: RCH in place of CSSM with slight modification was launched in
1997.
2000: Government of India announced National Population Policy
2002: Government of announces National AIDS Prevention Control
Policy
27. 2003: Launching of ART centers at Metro Centers, e.g.
Sassoon
2004: NTCP Inculcated DOTS
2007: Revision of National Population
2008: Revised in 2009 Swine Flu awareness
Programme and Control Programme