This document provides information about the status of cancer in India. It states that cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can spread to other tissues and organs, potentially causing death. It lists some of the most common cancers in India as lung, breast, colon, endometrial, pancreatic, kidney, prostate, thyroid, and skin cancer. It also discusses factors that contribute to cancer rates like tobacco use, alcohol consumption, environment, diet, and lifestyle. Tobacco is a major risk factor and is responsible for over 1 million deaths per year in India.

2. COURSE INSTRUCTOR:
Mr. SUJIT KUMAR MOHANTY
SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION
PRESENTATOR:
RAVI RAJESH
4TH SEMESTER

3.  India is a country which is quite infamous for its sanitation and
cleanliness. The chaotic waste management system and urban
planning is responsible for the overflowing gutters and scattered
waste.

The common man has to suffer a lot because of this
mismanagement. To add to the poor sanitary conditions, the
population load is increasing each day. This has resulted in slums
and poverty. The poor and unhealthy living is the primary cause for
many health disorders

5. What is HIV?
HIV stands for: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV is a virus. Viruses such as HIV cannot grow or reproduce on their own, they need
to infect the cells of a living organism in order to replicate (make new copies of
themselves). The human immune system usually finds and kills viruses fairly quickly,
but HIV attacks the immune system itself - the very thing that would normally get
rid of a virus.
What is AIDS?
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS is a medical condition. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when their immune
system is too weak to fight off infections.
Since AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s, an unprecedented number of
people have been affected by the global AIDS epidemic. Today, there are an
estimated 35.3 million people living with HIV and AIDS worldwide.
What is the connection between HIV & AIDS?
The condition that is referred to as AIDS is caused by HIV damaging the immune
system cells until the immune system can no longer fight off other infections that it
would usually be able to prevent.
If left untreated, it takes around ten years on average for someone with HIV to
develop AIDS. However, this average is based on the person with HIV having
a reasonable diet, and someone who is malnourished may well progress from HIV to
AIDS more rapidly.

6. • 1986: 1st case of HIV detected in Chennai.
• 1990: HIV/AIDS Cell set up in MoHFW.
• 1992: NACP-I launched.
• 1992: National AIDS Control Organization (NACO)
established within MoHFW.
• 1999-2006: NACP-II launched.
• 2007-2012: NACP-III launched.
• NACP IV (2012-2017) on the anvil with projected
outlay of more than US$ 2 billion

7. A PERSONWITHAIDS
(Appearance of body)

8.  “Human Immunodeficiency virus”
 An specific type of virus(RNA retrovirus)
 Main causative virus of AIDS
INDIA IS RANKED 3RD IN THE WORLD. The estimated number of
people living with HIV was 2.1 million at the end of 2013 Behind
South Africa(6.3 million) and Nigeria.

9.  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
 Disease limits the body’s ability to fight
infection
 A person with AIDS has a very weak immune
system.

10. 1926
Some scientists believe HIV spreaded from monkeys to humans
between 1926 - 1946.
1959
A man died in Congo, in what researchers now say was the first
proven AIDS death.

11. 1987
The FDA approves the first antiretroviral
medication,zidovudine (AZT), as an AIDS treatment.
1978
Gay men in the U.S. and Sweden – and heterosexuals in
Tanzania and Haiti --begin showing signs of what will later
be called AIDS

13. Overview of HIV and AIDS in India
In india , estimated that around 2.4 million people are currently living
with HIV

15.  Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six
weeks after infection
 no symptoms at all
 Infected person can infect other people

16.  Lasts for an average of ten years
 This stage is free from symptoms
 There may be swollen glands
 The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low
levels
 HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood

17.  The symptoms are mild
 The immune system deteriorates
 Emergence of opportunistic infections and
cancers

18.  The immune
system weakens
 The illnesses
become more
severe leading to
an AIDS diagnosis

19.  Bacterial
◦ Tuberculosis (TB)
◦ Strep pneumonia
 Viral
◦ Kaposi Sarcoma
◦ Herpes
◦ Influenza (flu)

20.  ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay )
 Rapid or point-of-care tests
 Interpreting antibody tests
 Western blot

21. AIDS IS SPREAD IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
HIV is found
in
blood,semen,
vaginal fluids
and linings of
genital areas
2 Mother to Child
Breast
feeding
Pregnancy
Childbirth
All blood in
hospitals
(blood
transfusions)
is now tested
for HIV
3 Unprotected sex
(Sex without a
condom) oral ,
anal
or vaginal sex
1 Infected blood
(Needles, cut/sore,
razor blades,
Toothbrushes, blood
transfusion)

22. AIDS IS NOT SPREAD BY
Mosquito Bites Laughing Food
Hugging and
Touching
Sharing Toilets,
baths
Swimming PoolsSneezing and
Coughing
Kissing

23. Prevention is better than cure
Look before you leap

24. 1) AZT (Zidovudine)
2) Viramune (Nevirapine)
3)Norvir (Ritonavir)

25.  Issued in an event where antiretroviral
drugs are not available

26.  Abstinence
 Monogamous Relationship
 Protected Sex
 Sterile needles

28.  If a needle/syringe or cooker is shared, it
must be disinfected:
◦ Fill the syringe with undiluted bleach and wait at
least 30 seconds.
◦ thoroughly rinse with water
◦ Do this between each person’s use

29.  Non-profit
Organization,
which provides
sterile needles in
exchange for
contaminated
ones

30.  They are still not accepted by the society.
 They are kept isolated from the society.
 They are compelled to leave the place they
belong after the society comes to know that
he/she is a victim of HIV/AIDS.

31.  The four high prevalence states of South India
(Andhra Pradesh – 500,000, Karnataka –
250,000, Tamil Nadu – 150,000, Maharashtra
– 420,000, ) account for 55% of all HIV
infections in the country.
 West Bengal, Gujarat, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh
are estimated to have more than 100,000
PLHA each and together account for another
22% of HIV infections in India.

32. Status of HIV epidemic in India

33. Category Estimation
Total population 1.027 billion
HIV prevalence (15-49 years) 0.34%
HIV prevalence among men (15-49
years)
0.40%
HIV prevalence among women (15-49
years)
0.27%
Number of people living with HIV (adults
and children)
2.31 million
Number of Children living with HIV (>15
years)
3.8% of total
Ravi Rajesh

34. Category NACP-III
A 156
B 39
C 296
D 118
New
Districts
30
Total 609
Catego
ry
NACP-III Definition
A > 1% ANC prevalence in any of the sites in
the last 3 years
B < 1% ANC prevalence in all the sites during
last 3 years with > 5% prevalence in any
HRG site (STD/FSW/MSM/IDU)
C < 1% ANC prevalence in all sites during last
3 years with < 5% in all STD clinic
attendees or any HRG, with known hot
spots
D < 1% ANC prevalence in all sites during last
3 years with < 5% in all STD clinic
attendees or any HRG OR no or poor HIV
data with no known hot spots

35. 22.5 21.9 21.4 21.1 20.9
0.33
0.31 0.30
0.28 0.27
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
AdultHIVPrevalence(%)
NumberofPLHIV(Lakhs)
Estimated Adult HIV Prevalence & Number of PLHIV,
India, 2007-11
Number of PLHA (Lakhs) Adult HIV Prevalence (%)
Female: 39% of PLHIV; Children: 7% of PLHIV
Source: Technical Report India HIV Estimates 2012, NACO & NIMS

36. 6 High
Prev.
States
31%
10 Low
Prev.
States
57%
Other
12%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
03-05 04-06 05-07 06-08 07-10
ANC HIV Prevalence (%)
Distribution of Estimated
New HIV Infections (2011)
HP-South-4
HP-NE-3
India
LP-North-7
LP-North-6
Declining trends in high prev. states of
South & North East, but still at higher levels;
Stable to rising trends in low prev. states of
Central & North India

37. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
03-05 04-06 05-07 06-08 07-10
ANCHIVPrevalence(%)
HRGHIVPrevalence(%)
ANC
MSM
FSW
IDU
Declining trends among general
population, FSW & MSM;
Stable trends among IDU
Need to sustain efforts in High
Prevalence areas to consolidate gains

38. www.ias2013.org Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia , 30 June - 3 July 2013
Routes of HIV Transmission, 2012-13

39.  Several factors put India in danger of
experiencing rapid spread of HIV .
 These risk factors include:
1. Unsafe sex.
2. MSM (Men having Sex with Men).
3. IDU (Injection Drug User).
4. Migration & Mobility.
5. Low status of women.
6. Widespread stigma.

40.  To meet the above objectives, various
interventions were initiated with clearly
defined -
- technical and operational guidelines and
- monitoring indicators.

41.  The National AIDS Control Organization
(NACO) under Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare is the overall body for framing policy,
guidelines and strategies for program
implementation.
 It also releases funds to various states and
reviews the progress under various
components of the program.

42.  State AIDS Control Societies (SACS) have been
constituted throughout the country with the
responsibility of program implementation.
 In high HIV prevalent districts, District AIDS
Prevention Control Unit (DAPCU) has been set
up for direct supervision at the ground level.

45. STATUS OF
CANCER IN INDIA.

47.  Cancer may regarded as a group of diseases characterized by
an
◦ Abnormal growth of cells
◦ Ability to invade tissue and even distant organs
◦ The eventually death of the affected patient if the tumor
has progressed beyond the stage when it can be
successfully removed

49.  lung cancer
 Breast cancer
 Colon and rectal cancer
 Endometrial cancer
 Pancreatic cancer
 Kidney cancer
 Prostrate cancer
 Thyroid cancer
 Skin cancer

50.  There are lot of international variations in the
pattern of cancer which are attributed to a
number of factors such as
◦ environmental factors
◦ food habit
◦ lifestyle
◦ genetic factor
◦ inadequacy in detection and reporting of cases

51.  Tobacco
◦ Tobacco in various forms of usage can cause
cancer of lungs, larynx, mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, bladder, pancreas and probably kidney
◦ Cigarette smoking is now responsible for more than
1 million death each year
 Alcohol
◦ Excess intake of alcohol can cause esophageal and
liver cancer
◦ Beer consumption may be associated with rectal
cancer
◦ Alcohol contributes about 3 % of all cancer deaths

52.  Others
◦ Sunlight, radiation, water and air pollution,
medication and pesticides
◦ These are related to cancer as environmental
factors
 Dietary factor
◦ Smoked fish is related to stomach cancer
◦ Dietary fiber to intestinal cancer
◦ Beef consumption to bowel cancer
◦ High fat diet to breast cancer
◦ Food additives and contaminants have fallen under
suspicion as causative agents

53.  Occupational exposures
◦ These includes exposure to benzene, cadmium,
arsenic, chromium, vinyl chloride, asbestos,
polycyclic hydrocarbons, etc.
◦ The risk of occupational exposure is said to be
increased if the individual also smokes cigarette
◦ Occupational exposure is usually reported 1-5% of
human cancer

54.  It consists of prevention,
detection, diagnosis,
 treatment, after care and
 rehabilitation, reducing incidence and
prevalence
 Primary control
◦ Reducing the exposure to the risk factors
◦ Control of Tabaco and alcohol consumption
 Control of these two will reduce the total burden of
cancer by 1 million cases per year

55.  The four most common cancer in India are
 Male-oropharynx, esophagus, stomach and
lower respiratory tract
 Female-breast, cervix, oropharynx and
esophagus
 Tabaco is used widely used in India
 91% cases of oropharynx is due to Tabaco
use
 60% cases in female are breast, cervix and
ovary cancer

60.  Early cancer no symptoms
 Change in bowel habits or bladder functions
 Sores that do not heal
 Unusual bleeding or discharge
 Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts of the
body
 Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
 Recent change in wart or mole
 Persistent coughing or hoarseness

61.  Screening
 Self examinations
 Biopsy
 X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, and
ultrasound scans
 Molecular diagnostic test

62.  Surgery
 Radiotherapy
 Chemotherapy
 Immunotherapy
 Hormone therapy
 Gene therapy
 Cancer-specific immune system cells to treat cancer

63. EPIDEMOLOGY OF CANCER

64. CANCER CAUSES IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING
ECONOMIES

65. Cancer scenario in India
Year wise total cancer prevalence in India [ICMR, 2006; ICMR, 2009]

66. STATEWISE DEPICTION OF CANCER IN INDIA

67. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR DIFFERENT CANCERS IN INDIA
SMOKING & HOOKAH
BIDI & HOOKAH SMOKING
SMOKED MEAT,TOBACCO,
HOOKAH
BETEL NUT,
PANMASALA, ALCOHOL
BETEL CHEWING
PAN MASALAAND ALCOHOL
NUCLEAR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
PAN MASALA & GUTKA
TOBACCO USE IN DIFFERENT FORM
TUIBUR
GALL STONES

68.  2020- 10 million deaths,70% in developing countries (
Murray et al,1996)
 Incidence in India less than developed countries
(Fenley ,2001)
 Lung cancer worldwide 14%,all of India
6.8%(Nandakumar,2001)
 South east Asian countries including India, lower rates
of stomach cancer (Parkin et al,1999,WHO,2001),
Mizoram shows increased no cases ( Hadjiiski et al,
2006)

69. Comparison of cancer; Indian scenario with USA [Fenley et al, 2001]

70.  Worryingly, many people think there is a 'cure' for HIV, the virus
that causes AIDS - which perhaps makes them take risks that
they otherwise wouldn't. However, there is still no cure for HIV.
The only way to ensure that you avoid AIDS is to be aware
of how HIV is transmitted and how to prevent HIV infection
Increase in the no: of cancer patients every year
 Factors responsible should be controlled
 Create awareness about cancer and its prevention
 Careful about diet and lifestyle

73.  Slideshare.
 Wikipidea,
 http://www.avert.org/india-hiv-aids-statistics.html
 All about cancer http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/cancer-oncology/
 Imran Ali,Waseem A. Wani and Kishwar Saleem,( 2011)Cancer Scenario in India
with Future Perspectives, Cancer Therapy Vol 8, 56-70
 National cancer institute, http://www.cancer.gov/
 Gobal cancer facts and figures,
http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/d
ocument/acspc-027766.pdf

74. THANK
YOU