This sample answer sheet corresponds with the ninth webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “What are public health interventions’ return on investment?"
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the sixth webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “Does Sugary beverage consumption during pregnancy lead to childhood obesity?"
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
Join us for an opportunity to learn about appraising a cohort study!
Featured article:
Green R, Lanphear B, Hornung R, et al. Association Between Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy and IQ Scores in Offspring in Canada. JAMA Pediatr. Published online August 19, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1729
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2748634
Critical appraisal tool:
We will use the CASP Tool for Cohort Studies: https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CASP-Cohort-Study-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf
> Is health tradable?
> Which lottery?
> Positive time preference
> Discounting
> Why do we discount?
> How to discount?
> Impact of discounting
> Discounting in HEE - uniform discounting and differential discounting
> Choosing a discount rate
> Guidelines on discounting
> Discounting future values
> Take home message
The presentation by Professor David Peters was given at the First Complex Adaptive Systems Training Workshop for CNHDRC, which was held in Beijing, China, from 18-19 July. It explains the basic elements of health systems and how they relate to a complex adaptive systems approach.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the sixth webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “Does Sugary beverage consumption during pregnancy lead to childhood obesity?"
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
Join us for an opportunity to learn about appraising a cohort study!
Featured article:
Green R, Lanphear B, Hornung R, et al. Association Between Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy and IQ Scores in Offspring in Canada. JAMA Pediatr. Published online August 19, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1729
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2748634
Critical appraisal tool:
We will use the CASP Tool for Cohort Studies: https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CASP-Cohort-Study-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf
> Is health tradable?
> Which lottery?
> Positive time preference
> Discounting
> Why do we discount?
> How to discount?
> Impact of discounting
> Discounting in HEE - uniform discounting and differential discounting
> Choosing a discount rate
> Guidelines on discounting
> Discounting future values
> Take home message
The presentation by Professor David Peters was given at the First Complex Adaptive Systems Training Workshop for CNHDRC, which was held in Beijing, China, from 18-19 July. It explains the basic elements of health systems and how they relate to a complex adaptive systems approach.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the eighth webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “How do young people make sense of cannabis evidence?"
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
Presentation delivered by Dr Adham Ismail, Regional Adviser, Health Technologies at the 62nd Session of the WHO Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean
Evidence for Public Health Decision MakingVineetha K
The presentation gives an overview of evidence based public health with emphasis on the seven steps of EBPH Framework. It also includes the data sources to search for evidence and relevant articles explaining the current trend in decision making. One of the sources of the presentation is from EBPH training series by Rocky Mountain foundation. The link is provided in the end slide. Do contact me if you need any help with the resources.
pharmacovigilance from pharmaceutical administration topic presented by konatham kumar reddy from chilkur balaaji college of pharmacy hyderabad telangana
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups to receive and not receive an experimental preventive or therapetuic procedure, maneuver, or intervention .
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studiesDr Lipilekha Patnaik
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the seventh webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “What are effective interventions for Active School Transport?"
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
Write a report on the application of population health improvement i.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a report on the application of population health improvement initiative outcomes to patient-centered care, based on information presented in an interactive multimedia scenario.
In this assessment, you have an opportunity to apply the tenets of evidence-based practice in both patient-centered care and population health improvement contexts. You will be challenged to think critically, evaluate what the evidence suggests is an appropriate approach to personalizing patient care, and determine what aspects of the approach could be applied to similar situations and patients.
SHOW LESS
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply evidence-based practice to plan patient-centered care.
Evaluate the outcomes of a population health improvement initiative.
Develop an approach to personalizing patient care that incorporates lessons learned from a population health improvement initiative.
Competency 2: Apply evidence-based practice to design interventions to improve population health.
Propose a strategy for improving the outcomes of a population health improvement initiative, or for ensuring that all outcomes are being addressed, based on the best available evidence.
Competency 3: Evaluate outcomes of evidence-based interventions.
Propose a framework for evaluating the outcomes of an approach to personalizing patient care and determining what aspects of the approach could be applied to similar situations and patients.
Competency 4: Evaluate the value and relative weight of available evidence upon which to make a clinical decision.
Justify the value and relevance of evidence used to support an approach to personalizing patient care.
Competency 5: Synthesize evidence-based practice and academic research to communicate effective solutions.
Write clearly and logically, with correct grammar and mechanics.
Integrate relevant and credible sources of evidence to support assertions, correctly formatting citations and references using APA style.
As you prepare to complete this assessment, you may want to think about other related issues to deepen your understanding or broaden your viewpoint. You are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of your professional community. Note that these questions are for your own development and exploration and do not need to be completed or submitted as part of your assessment.
Recall an instance in which you have taken a strategy, finding, or lesson learned from one care context and applied it in another.
What challenges did this type of knowledge transfer present?
Did applying this knowledge in a different setting lead to improvements in the safety and quality of care? How?
Did applying this knowledge in a different setting raise any particular ethical .
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the eighth webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “How do young people make sense of cannabis evidence?"
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
Presentation delivered by Dr Adham Ismail, Regional Adviser, Health Technologies at the 62nd Session of the WHO Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean
Evidence for Public Health Decision MakingVineetha K
The presentation gives an overview of evidence based public health with emphasis on the seven steps of EBPH Framework. It also includes the data sources to search for evidence and relevant articles explaining the current trend in decision making. One of the sources of the presentation is from EBPH training series by Rocky Mountain foundation. The link is provided in the end slide. Do contact me if you need any help with the resources.
pharmacovigilance from pharmaceutical administration topic presented by konatham kumar reddy from chilkur balaaji college of pharmacy hyderabad telangana
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups to receive and not receive an experimental preventive or therapetuic procedure, maneuver, or intervention .
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studiesDr Lipilekha Patnaik
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
This sample answer sheet corresponds with the seventh webinar in the Online Journal Club series, “What are effective interventions for Active School Transport?"
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and affiliated with McMaster University. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
NCCMT is one of six National Collaborating Centres (NCCs) for Public Health. The Centres promote and improve the use of scientific research and other knowledge to strengthen public health practices and policies in Canada.
Write a report on the application of population health improvement i.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a report on the application of population health improvement initiative outcomes to patient-centered care, based on information presented in an interactive multimedia scenario.
In this assessment, you have an opportunity to apply the tenets of evidence-based practice in both patient-centered care and population health improvement contexts. You will be challenged to think critically, evaluate what the evidence suggests is an appropriate approach to personalizing patient care, and determine what aspects of the approach could be applied to similar situations and patients.
SHOW LESS
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply evidence-based practice to plan patient-centered care.
Evaluate the outcomes of a population health improvement initiative.
Develop an approach to personalizing patient care that incorporates lessons learned from a population health improvement initiative.
Competency 2: Apply evidence-based practice to design interventions to improve population health.
Propose a strategy for improving the outcomes of a population health improvement initiative, or for ensuring that all outcomes are being addressed, based on the best available evidence.
Competency 3: Evaluate outcomes of evidence-based interventions.
Propose a framework for evaluating the outcomes of an approach to personalizing patient care and determining what aspects of the approach could be applied to similar situations and patients.
Competency 4: Evaluate the value and relative weight of available evidence upon which to make a clinical decision.
Justify the value and relevance of evidence used to support an approach to personalizing patient care.
Competency 5: Synthesize evidence-based practice and academic research to communicate effective solutions.
Write clearly and logically, with correct grammar and mechanics.
Integrate relevant and credible sources of evidence to support assertions, correctly formatting citations and references using APA style.
As you prepare to complete this assessment, you may want to think about other related issues to deepen your understanding or broaden your viewpoint. You are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of your professional community. Note that these questions are for your own development and exploration and do not need to be completed or submitted as part of your assessment.
Recall an instance in which you have taken a strategy, finding, or lesson learned from one care context and applied it in another.
What challenges did this type of knowledge transfer present?
Did applying this knowledge in a different setting lead to improvements in the safety and quality of care? How?
Did applying this knowledge in a different setting raise any particular ethical .
A systematic review (SR) is a rigorous and organized method to synthesize
the evidence from multiple studies on a particular research question or topic.
The purpose of a systematic review is to identify, appraise, and summarize all
available evidence relevant to a specific research question in a transparent
and replicable manner.
It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of academic literature
concerning a particular research question of topic.
This presentation explores the steps nee
1
Methods and Statistical Analysis
Name xxx
United State University
Course xxx
Professor xxxx
Date xxx
The Evaluative Criteria
The process of analyzing a healthcare plan to see if it meets its goals takes some time. Because it promotes an evidence-based approach, assessment is crucial in practice consignment. Evaluation can be used to assess the effectiveness of the research. It helps determine what changes could be recommended to improve service delivery and the study's persuasiveness. An impact evaluation analyzes the intervention's direct and indirect, positive and negative, planned and unplanned consequences. If an evaluation fails to deliver fresh recognition regularly, it may result in inaccurate results and conclusions. A healthcare practitioner can utilize the indicators or variables to evaluate programs and determine whether they are legal or not (Dash et al., 2019). The variables are also used to assess if the mediation is on track to meet its objectives and obligations. Participation rates, prevalence, and individual behaviors are among the measures to be addressed.
Individual behaviors are actions taken by individuals to improve their health. People have been denied the assistance and resources they seek because of ethics and plans. In addition, different people have varied perspectives about pressure ulcers treatment. Relevance refers to how the study may contribute to a worthwhile cause (Li et al., 2019). Quality variables give statistics on the precariously rising service consignment while also attempting to provide information on the part of the care that may be changed. The participation rate refers to the total number of people participating in the study.
On the other hand, individuals may be unable to engage in the study due to a lack of cultural knowledge and ineffective consent processes. The overall number of persons in a population who have a health disease at a given time is referred to as prevalence (Li et al., 2019). Although prevalence shows the rate at which new facts arrive, it aids in determining the suitable, complete outcome-positive prestige of people.
Research Approaches
The word "research approaches" refers to techniques and procedures to draw general conclusions concerning data collection, analysis, and explanation methods. In my research, I'll employ both quantitative and qualitative methods. A qualitative research technique will reveal deterrents and hindrances to practicing change by rationalizing the reasons behind specific demeanors (Li et al., 2019). Qualitative research will collect and evaluate non-numerical data to comprehend perspectives or opinions. It will also be utilized to learn everything there is to know about a subject or to develop new research ideologies.
The quantitative method focuses on goal data and statistical or numerical analysis of data collected through a questionnaire. In the healthcare field, quantitative research may develop and execute new or enhanced work meas ...
Write a report on the application of population health improve.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a report on the application of population health improvement initiative outcomes to patient-centered care, based on information presented in an interactive multimedia scenario.
In this assessment, you have an opportunity to apply the tenets of evidence-based practice in both patient-centered care and population health improvement contexts. You will be challenged to think critically, evaluate what the evidence suggests is an appropriate approach to personalizing patient care, and determine what aspects of the approach could be applied to similar situations and patients.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply evidence-based practice to plan patient-centered care.
Evaluate the outcomes of a population health improvement initiative.
Develop an approach to personalizing patient care that incorporates lessons learned from a population health improvement initiative.
Competency 2: Apply evidence-based practice to design interventions to improve population health.
Propose a strategy for improving the outcomes of a population health improvement initiative, or for ensuring that all outcomes are being addressed, based on the best available evidence.
Competency 3: Evaluate outcomes of evidence-based interventions.
Propose a framework for evaluating the outcomes of an approach to personalizing patient care and determining what aspects of the approach could be applied to similar situations and patients.
Competency 4: Evaluate the value and relative weight of available evidence upon which to make a clinical decision.
Justify the value and relevance of evidence used to support an approach to personalizing patient care.
Competency 5: Synthesize evidence-based practice and academic research to communicate effective solutions.
Write clearly and logically, with correct grammar and mechanics.
Integrate relevant and credible sources of evidence to support assertions, correctly formatting citations and references using APA style.
Competency Map
Use this online tool to track your performance and progress through your course.
Questions to ConsiderAs you prepare to complete this assessment, you may want to think about other related issues to deepen your understanding or broaden your viewpoint. You are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of your professional community. Note that these questions are for your own development and exploration and do not need to be completed or submitted as part of your assessment.
Recall an instance in which you have taken a strategy, finding, or lesson learned from one care context and applied it in another.
What challenges did this type of knowledge transfer present?
Did applying this knowledge in a different setting lead to improvemen.
HS450 Unit 9 Assignment Strategic Training of Healthca.docxwellesleyterresa
HS450 Unit 9 Assignment
Strategic Training of Healthcare Workforce on Policies, Procedures, and
Regulation
Course Outcomes
● HS450-6: Construct organizational training strategies that resolve emerging
issues in a healthcare environment.
● GEL-1.2: Demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original
materials in Standard American English.
Unit Outcomes
● Differentiate between the concepts of strategy and strategic management.
● Apply analyses of internal and external environments to strategic planning.
● Describe a business model and its component parts.
● Understand the purposes of strategic alliances.
● Describe the relationships among alliance motivation, structure, and outcomes.
Instructions
You are a healthcare executive for a large hospital, serving as the Director of Health in formation.
There are serious concerns regarding the competence of your healthcare staff. To address these
concerns, you will develop an action plan. Please complete each part of your action plan as
indicated below.
Part
Competency
Assessed
Instruction
s
1
Determine policies
and procedures to
monitor abuse or
fraudulent trends
Evaluate at least three (3) types of abuse or fraud that may occur
within a health information management department. Determine at
least three (3) organizational policies and procedures that monitor
such activities and critique the effectiveness of each
policy/procedures.
2
Create and
implement staff
orientation and
training programs
Based upon the identified trends of abuse or fraud, develop a
staff orientation and training program for medical billing and
coding employees. Design an outline of the program —
constructing the learning activities involved. Your plan should
indicate a leadership approach that you would use in the
implementation of the program.
3
Evaluate initial and
on- going training
programs
Develop a plan to evaluate the training program at "time of launch"
and then at periodic times over the next 2 years. Appraise the
effectiveness of our training program evaluation plan.
4
Facilitate the use of
enterprise-wide
information assets to
support organizational
strategies and
objectives
Analyze the enterprise-wide information assets that you need to
support organizational strategies and objectives. Differentiate at
least three (3) assets and their role with ensuring quality
healthcare. Please include the relationship of the asset to
information management planning, enterprise information
management, and/or master data/information management.
Assignment Requirements
● Please complete all parts in a Microsoft Word document.
● The body of your document should be at least 1500 words in length. A title page and a
reference page should also be included but do not apply to the length requirement.
● Quoting should be less than 10% of the ent ...
For this assignment you willwrite a paper using TOPIC 1 QUANTITAT.docxtemplestewart19
For this assignment you willwrite a paper using TOPIC 1: QUANTITATIVERESEARCH &TOPIC 2:QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. Do not worry about the word count as this is not part of the grading criteria for this assignment. Below is a template of how the paper should be setup. This paper will be in APA format. In the template below I am providing a sample of the headers that should be used in APA format to organize your paper. I would highly recommend using them in your paper.
The introduction should introduce the paper. The intro would also include your thesis statement. The thesis tells the reader what will be discussed in the rest of the paper. This section should be in first paragraphs.
PICOT Statement
Revise the PICOT statement you wrote - PICOT Statements: (1). Changes in leisure time physical activity preference and development of hypertension were significantly correlated, especially among urban Chinese. Hypertension prevention programs may identify the groups at elevated risk by examining levels and changes of LTPA preferences. (2). Hypertension is a major health concern that leads to many complications besides the heart attack, heart failure and other related issues. Therefore, this study will help in studying the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) so as to arrive at the solutions. The study will aim at answering the question, how to treat to lower systolic blood pressure. (3). There are several reasons that contributed to non-adherence to treatment in hypertensive patients. Diversity of these reasons is an indication that design and implementation of different kinds of interventions are required in order to increase the patients' awareness, empower them and encourage self-efficacy.” Based on these provide justification of the problem and supporting evidence from multiple resources to justify why this is a problem. This section should be 1-2 paragraphs.
Research Critiques
Use the research critiques to complete this assignment that has both qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative Studies
Background of the study. Answer the following questions in narrative form regarding the qualitative studies in this section.
· Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem.
· How did the author establish the significance of the study? In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem.
· Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims.
· List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers.
.
A research study Writing a Systematic Review in Clinical Research – PubricaPubrica
A systematic review summarises the findings of precisely organized healthcare research (controlled trials) and gives a high degree of evidence on the efficacy of healthcare interventions. The evidence may be used to make decisions and guide healthcare recommendations.
Reference: https://bit.ly/3morikF
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
A research study writing a systematic review in clinical research – pubricaPubrica
A systematic review summarises the findings of precisely organized healthcare research (controlled trials) and gives a high degree of evidence on the efficacy of healthcare interventions. The evidence may be used to make decisions and guide healthcare recommendations.
Reference: https://bit.ly/3morikF
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
An introduction to conducting a systematic literature review for social scien...rosie.dunne
An introduction to conducting a systematic literature review for social scientists and health researchers presented by Luke van Rhoon Health Behaviour Change Research Group, School of Psychology, NUI Galway November 2020
Chapter 5 Program Evaluation and Research TechniquesCharlene R. .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5 Program Evaluation and Research Techniques
Charlene R. Weir
Evaluation of health information technology (health IT) programs and projects can range from simple user satisfaction for a new menu or full-scale analysis of usage, cost, compliance, patient outcomes, and observation of usage to data about patient's rate of improvement.
Objectives
At the completion of this chapter the reader will be prepared to:
1.Identify the main components of program evaluation
2.Discuss the differences between formative and summative evaluation
3.Apply the three levels of theory relevant to program evaluation
4.Discriminate program evaluation from program planning and research
5.Synthesize the core components of program evaluation with the unique characteristics of informatics interventions
Key Terms
Evaluation, 72
Formative evaluation, 73
Logic model, 79
Program evaluation, 73
Summative evaluation, 73
Abstract
Evaluation is an essential component in the life cycle of all health IT applications and the key to successful translation of these applications into clinical settings. In planning an evaluation the central questions regarding purpose, scope, and focus of the system must be asked. This chapter focuses on the larger principles of program evaluation with the goal of informing health IT evaluations in clinical settings. The reader is expected to gain sufficient background in health IT evaluation to lead or participate in program evaluation for applications or systems.
Formative evaluation and summative evaluation are discussed. Three levels of theory are presented, including scientific theory, implementation models, and program theory (logic models). Specific scientific theories include social cognitive theories, diffusion of innovation, cognitive engineering theories, and information theory. Four implementation models are reviewed: PRECEDE-PROCEED, PARiHS, RE-AIM, and quality improvement. Program theory models are discussed, with an emphasis on logic models.
A review of methods and tools is presented. Relevant research designs are presented for health IT evaluations, including time series, multiple baseline, and regression discontinuity. Methods of data collection specific to health IT evaluations, including ethnographic observation, interviews, and surveys, are then reviewed.
Introduction
The outcome of evaluation is information that is both useful at the program level and generalizable enough to contribute to the building of science. In the applied sciences, such as informatics, evaluation is critical to the growth of both the specialty and the science. In this chapter program evaluation is defined as the “systematic collection of information about the activities, characteristics, and results of programs to make judgments about the program, improve or further develop program effectiveness, inform decisions about future programming, and/or increase understanding.”1 Health IT interventions are nearly always embedded in ...
Similar to Health Evidence™ Critical Appraisal Tool for Economic Evaluations (Sample Answers - March 19, 2019 webinar) (20)
Joignez-vous aux lauréates 2024 des Bourses d’application des connaissances pour étudiants du Centre de collaboration nationale en santé publique (CCNMO) afin de prendre directement connaissance de leurs travaux essentiels permettant de combler l’écart entre la recherche et la pratique. Ces étudiantes et ces nouvelles diplômées dirigent des stratégies d’application des connaissances novatrices. Cette séance souligne leur excellence scolaire et met de l’avant des stratégies uniques et transférables pour s’attaquer aux priorités actuelles en matière de santé publique.
Hannah Bayne, Université de l’Alberta – Supporting tomorrow’s stewards: A knowledge mobilization project for climate-health literacy in Alberta elementary schools [Soutenir les intendants et intendantes de demain : un projet de mobilisation des connaissances en faveur de la littératie climat-santé dans les écoles primaires de l’Alberta]
Miranda Field, Université de Regina – Decolonized theory of place [La théorie du lieu décolonisée]
Jordan Chin, Université McMaster – The art of creation: An arts-based knowledge translation method to promote and advocate for a healthy start to life [L’art de la création : une méthode d’application des connaissances fondée sur les arts pour promouvoir et défendre un bon départ en santé]
Join the winners of the 2024 National Collaborating Centre for Public Health (NCCPH) Knowledge Translation Student Awards and get a first-hand look at their crucial work in bridging the gap between research and practice. These students are leading innovative knowledge translation strategies. This session highlights their academic excellence and features unique and transferable strategies to address today’s public health priorities.
Hannah Bayne, University of Alberta - Supporting Tomorrow’s Stewards: A Knowledge Mobilization Project for Climate-Health Literacy in Alberta Elementary Schools
Miranda Field, University of Regina - Decolonized Theory of Place
Jordan Chin, McMaster University - The Art of Creation: an Arts-Based Knowledge Translation Method to Promote and Advocate for a Healthy Start to Life
Avez-vous besoin d’aide pour évaluer la qualité de différents types de données probantes non issues de la recherche? Ce webinaire vous guidera à travers des exemples de cas montrant la manière d’utiliser l’Outil d’évaluation de la qualité des données probantes issues de la communauté (ÉQDPIC) et l'outil de planification et d’évaluation des ressources (PÉR) pour évaluer la qualité des données probantes contextuelles, y compris les problèmes de santé locaux, les préférences et les actions communautaires et politiques, ainsi que les ressources financières et humaines. Dans le but de soutenir l’utilisation de ces outils après le webinaire, nous offrons du mentorat en courtage de connaissances.
Do you need help with quality appraisal of different types of non-research evidence? This webinar will walk you through case examples showing how to use NCCMT’s Quality Assessment of Community Evidence (QACE) and Resource Planning and Assessment (RPA) tools to assess the quality of contextual evidence, including local health issues, community and political preferences and actions, and financial and human resources. Alongside the webinar, we are offering Knowledge Brokering mentorship to support post-webinar use of the tools.
Le CCNMO se réjouit d’organiser son populaire webinaire étudiant sur la prise de décision éclairée par des données probantes (PDÉDP) dans les programmes de santé publique. Dans ce webinaire, des étudiants et de récents diplômés montreront les manières dont ils utilisent des outils et des ressources en matière de PDÉDP. Les habiletés en matière de PDÉDP sont très recherchées sur le marché du travail. Participez à ce webinaire pour découvrir les manières dont les ressources accessibles et enrichissantes du CCNMO peuvent vous soutenir dans vos cours, vos stages et votre future carrière en santé publique. Profitez de cette occasion d’apprendre d’autres étudiants et de récents diplômés. Ce webinaire fera participer des étudiants actuels et de récents diplômés de programmes de maîtrise en santé publique (M.P.H.) au Canada qui parleront de leurs expériences d’utilisation des données probantes dans leur travail.
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools (NCCMT) hosts its popular student-led webinar on evidence-informed decision making (EIDM) in public health programs. During this webinar, students and recent graduates showcase how they use EIDM tools and resources. Watch this webinar to learn how the NCCMT’s accessible and informative resources can support your coursework, practicums and future public health careers. This webinar features current students and recent graduates from Master of Public Health (MPH) and other graduate programs in Canada who share their experiences using evidence in their work.
Joignez-vous aux lauréates des Bourses d’application des connaissances pour étudiants du Centre de collaboration nationale en santé publique (CCNSP) afin de prendre directement connaissance de leurs travaux essentiels permettant de combler l’écart entre la recherche et la pratique. Ces étudiantes et ces nouvelles diplômées dirigent des stratégies d’application des connaissances novatrices. Cette séance souligne leur excellence scolaire et met de l’avant des stratégies uniques et transférables pour s’attaquer aux priorités actuelles en matière de santé publique.
Jorden Hendry, Université de la Colombie-Britannique – « Les instructions sont fournies : comprendre et mettre en œuvre les engagements fondamentaux pris envers les peuples autochtones par le Bureau du médecin hygiéniste provincial de la Colombie-Britannique »;
Karen Wong, Université de la Colombie-Britannique – « Une description des manières dont les travaux universitaires mettent en œuvre des stratégies d’application des connaissances en santé publique »;
Leah Taylor, Université Western – « Tout le monde peut jouer : une ressource en application des connaissances pour promouvoir la participation à l’activité physique chez les enfants vivant avec un handicap à London (Ontario) ».
Join the winners of the National Collaborating Centre for Public Health (NCCPH) Knowledge Translation (KT) Student Awards and get a first-hand look at their crucial work in bridging the gap between research and practice. These students and recent graduates are leading innovative knowledge translation strategies. This session highlights their academic excellence and features unique and transferable strategies to address today’s public health priorities.
Jorden Hendry, University of British Columbia – Instructions have been provided: Understanding and implementing Foundational Commitments to Indigenous Peoples in the BC Office of the Provincial Health Officer.
Karen Wong, University of British Columbia – Description of how academic work implements public health knowledge translation strategies.
Leah Taylor, Western University – Everyone Can Play: A Knowledge Translation Resource to Promote Physical Activity Participation of Children with Disabilities in London, Ontario.
Une grande incertitude découle de l’apparition de nouvelles maladies infectieuses comme la COVID-19, ce qui pose des défis uniques en matière de communication, différents d’autres initiatives de communication en santé. Une communication de crise efficace est essentielle à la promotion des comportements de prévention recommandés (comme la distanciation physique, l’hygiène des mains, le port du masque et la vaccination) et au maintien de la confiance durant la crise. Cette séance présentera un survol des meilleures pratiques en matière de communication de crise en santé publique dans les médias sociaux et abordera leur application concrète durant la COVID-19. D’abord, les meilleures pratiques en ce qui a trait à une communication de crise efficace pour démontrer que l’on est digne de confiance seront présentées. Le guide de communication de crise dans les médias sociaux, largement diffusé et téléchargé, offre des conseils pratiques en matière de santé publique. Par la suite, la communication de crise de Santé publique Ottawa dans les médias sociaux durant la COVID-19 sera examinée pour mettre en évidence les leçons tirées et les principales stratégies utilisées par l’équipe. Le compte Twitter de Santé publique Ottawa est le compte d’une autorité locale de santé publique le plus suivi en Amérique du Nord, et l’excellence de son travail dans les médias sociaux tout au long de la pandémie de COVID-19 a été soulignée par des organisations comme l’Agence de la santé publique du Canada, l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé, la Fondation Rockefeller et plusieurs autres.
High levels of uncertainty result from emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19, creating unique communication challenges that are different from other health communication initiatives. Effective crisis communication is essential to promote the recommended prevention behaviors (e.g., physical distancing, hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and vaccination) and to maintain trust during the crisis. The Guidebook for Social Media Crisis Communication has been widely shared and downloaded, providing practical advice for public health. This session will provide an overview of best practices for social media crisis communication for public health and its practical application during COVID-19. First, the best practices for effective crisis communication to demonstrate trustworthiness will be presented. Next, Ottawa Public Health’s social media crisis communication during COVID-19 will be explored to highlight the lessons learned and key strategies the team employs. Ottawa Public Health’s Twitter account is the most-followed local public health account in North America, and their social media work throughout the COVID-19 pandemic has been lauded for its excellence by organizations like the Public Health Agency of Canada, the World Health Organization, the Rockefeller Foundation and many others.
Presenters:
Dr. Melissa MacKay, University of Guelph - Dr. Melissa MacKay is a postdoctoral scholar and Sessional Instructor for the Master of Public Health program at the University of Guelph. Her research focuses on effective health and crisis communication, with a specific focus on social media.
Kevin Parent, Ottawa Public Health - Kevin Parent has been the social media lead for Ottawa Public Health since 2018. He graduated from Carleton University with a major in Communications and a minor in Sociology. Kevin is perpetually tired due to having 3 young children, and he loves coffee for the same reason.
Cette séance présentera un survol d’une revue exploratoire rapide, réalisée en 2022 par le Centre de collaboration nationale des méthodes et outils (CCNMO) en collaboration avec le Centre de collaboration nationale des maladies infectieuses (CCNMI), sur le rôle de la santé publique en partenariat avec des refuges offrant des services aux personnes en situation d’itinérance. La revue fait état d’exemples de collaborations entre la santé publique et des refuges pour offrir des programmes et des services de santé publique, ou pour soutenir le personnel des refuges relativement à des sujets de santé publique. Le CCNMI a utilisé cette revue dans le cadre d’un Institut explorant les possibilités d’améliorer les communications et les programmes afin qu’ils soient utiles aux clients et au personnel des refuges. Joignez-vous à nous pour en apprendre davantage sur les résultats de cette revue exploratoire rapide et pour discuter des moyens d’accroître la collaboration entre la santé publique et les refuges.
This session provides an overview of a rapid scoping review on the role of public health working with shelters serving people experiencing houselessness completed in 2022 by the National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools (NCCMT) in collaboration with the National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCCID). The review identified examples of public health collaborating with shelters to deliver public health programs and services, or to support shelter staff on public health topics. NCCID used the review in an Institute that explored opportunities to improve communications and programming that work for shelter clients and shelter staff. Join us to learn more about the results of this rapid scoping review, and to discuss possibilities for increased collaboration among public health and shelters.
Cette séance présentera un survol de deux ressources axées sur l’action visant à réduire les difficultés financières et à favoriser le mieux-être financier à long terme. Celles-ci ont été élaborées dans le cadre d’un partenariat international dirigé par le Centre for Healthy Communities (École de santé publique, Université de l’Alberta). Ces ressources visent à soutenir les organisations de divers secteurs et de tous les paliers de gouvernement dans la conception, la mise en œuvre et l’évaluation d’initiatives relatives aux difficultés financières et au bien-être financier. Joignez-vous à nous pour découvrir la manière dont ces ressources ont été conçues et la façon dont on peut les appliquer en pratique.
This session will provide an overview of two action-oriented resources to reduce financial strain and promote long-term financial wellbeing developed in an international partnership led by the Centre for Healthy Communities (School of Public Health, University of Alberta). The resources are meant to support organizations from diverse sectors and all levels of government in designing, implementing, and assessing/evaluating their initiatives related to financial strain and financial wellbeing. Join us to learn more about how the resources were developed and how they can be applied in practice.
Joignez-vous à Emily Belita, Ph. D., qui décrira le lancement de l’Outil de mesure des compétences en matière de prise de décision éclairée par des données probantes (PDÉDP). Cet outil d’autodéclaration comporte 27 questions visant à aider les professionnels de la santé publique à évaluer leurs connaissances, leurs habiletés, leurs attitudes/croyances et leurs comportements en matière de PDÉDP. Le recours à cette évaluation globale aidera les personnes à connaître leurs forces et les éléments qu’elles pourraient améliorer en ce qui a trait à la PDÉDP.
Join Dr. Emily Belita, PhD, as she describes the launch of the Evidence-Informed Decision-Making (EIDM) Competence Measure. This self-report tool has 27 questions to help public health professionals assess knowledge, skills, attitudes/beliefs, and behaviours related to EIDM. Using this comprehensive assessment will help to highlight individual strengths and areas for development related to EIDM
Le CCNMO se réjouit d’organiser son populaire webinaire étudiant sur la prise de décision éclairée par des données probantes (PDÉDP) dans les programmes de santé publique. Dans ce webinaire, des étudiants et de récents diplômés montreront les manières dont ils utilisent des outils et des ressources en matière de PDÉDP. Les habiletés en matière de PDÉDP sont très recherchées sur le marché du travail. Participez à ce webinaire pour découvrir les manières dont les ressources accessibles et enrichissantes du CCNMO peuvent vous soutenir dans vos cours, vos stages et votre future carrière en santé publique.
Profitez de cette occasion d’apprendre d’autres étudiants et de récents diplômés. Ce webinaire fera participer des étudiants actuels et de récents diplômés de programmes de maîtrise en santé publique (M.P.H.) au Canada qui parleront de leurs expériences d’utilisation des données probantes dans leur travail.
The National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools hosts its popular student-led webinar on evidence-informed decision making (EIDM) in public health programs. During this webinar, students and recent graduates showcase how they are using EIDM tools and resources. This webinar features current students and recent graduates from Master of Public Health (MPH) and other graduate programs in Canada who share their experiences using evidence in their work.
Join the winners of the National Collaborating Centre for Public Health (NCCPH) Knowledge Translation (KT) Student Awards and get a first-hand look at their crucial work in bridging the gap between research and practice. These students and recent graduates are leading the field in terms of innovative knowledge translation strategies. This session highlights their academic excellence and features unique and transferable strategies to address today’s public health priorities.
Melissa MacKay, PhD Candidate, Public Health, University of Guelph – Maintaining trust through effective crisis communication during emerging infectious disease
Alexa Ferdinands, PhD, Health Promotion and Socio-behavioural Sciences, University of Alberta – Collaborating with youth to address weight stigma in healthcare, education and the home
Shannon Bird, MPH, Brock University – Art as a tool for promoting public and environmental health: A lesson plan for ecojustice educators
Joignez-vous aux lauréates des Bourses d’application des connaissances pour étudiants du Centre de collaboration nationale en santé publique (CCNMO) afin de prendre directement connaissance de leurs travaux essentiels permettant de combler l’écart entre la recherche et la pratique. Ces étudiantes et ces nouvelles diplômées dirigent des stratégies d’application des connaissances novatrices. Cette séance souligne leur excellence scolaire et met de l’avant des stratégies uniques et transférables pour s’attaquer aux priorités actuelles en matière de santé publique.
Melissa MacKay, candidate au doctorat, Santé publique, Université de Guelph – Maintenir la confiance grâce à une communication de crise efficace lors de l’apparition de nouvelles maladies infectieuses.
Alexa Ferdinands, Ph. D., Promotion de la santé et sciences sociocomportementales, Université de l’Alberta – Collaborer avec les jeunes pour combattre la stigmatisation associée au poids dans les soins de santé, dans le milieu de l’éducation et à la maison.
Shannon Bird, M.P.H., Université Brock – L’art comme outil de promotion de la santé publique et environnementale : un plan pédagogique pour les professionnels de l’éducation en matière d’écojustice.
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Health Evidence™ Critical Appraisal Tool for Economic Evaluations (Sample Answers - March 19, 2019 webinar)
1. Quality Assessment Tool Dictionary
This document was reproduced and translated with permission from Health Evidence™. Permission was granted to
Loreto Nunez Franc of the Universidad de Talca in Chile. Health Evidence™ has not verified the accuracy of the
translation and is not responsible for this translation.
Instructions for completion: First Author:
Please refer to the attached dictionary for definition of terms and
instructions for completing each section. For each criteria, score
by placing a check mark in the appropriate box.
Year:
Journal:
Reviewer:
CRITERIA YES NO
Q1. Did the authors have a clearly focused question [population, intervention (strategy), and outcome(s)]?
Population – exposed to a public health intervention or the studies included in the systematic review
Intervention – local and national public health intervention
Outcomes – Return on investment or cost-benefit ratio
Q2. Were appropriate inclusion criteria used to select primary studies?
Q3. Did the authors describe a search strategy that was comprehensive?
Circle all strategies used: health databases handsearching
psychological databases key informants
social science databases reference lists
educational databases unpublished
other
Q4. Did search strategy cover an adequate number of years?
Q5. Did the authors describe the level of evidence in the primary studies included in the review?
Level I RCTs only
Level II non-randomized, cohort, case-control
Level III uncontrolled studies
Q6. Did the review assess the methodological quality of the primary studies, including:
(Minimum requirement: 4/7 of the following)
Note: reference lists are
highlighted here,and not
handsearching because the
authors searched the
reference lists ofarticles
Refers to searching over four decades in the results section
3. Quality Assessment Tool Dictionary
A systematic review is a researchapproachto accessing,acquiring,quality-
assessing,and synthesizinga body of research on a particular topic.
All phases of systematic review development should be well described,
such that the process is transparent and replicable by others.
Q1 | Clearly focused research question
The review should have a clearly focused research question that contains the following components:
Population, Intervention, Comparisons, and Outcomes. NOTE: Remember PICO.
Population: How would you describe the population of interest?
Details on the population of interest should be clearly outlined to the level that it would be
appropriate to determine whether the results apply directly to one’s patient(s) / community
/ constituents.
Intervention: Which main intervention or exposure is being considered?
The intervention refers to a variety of actions that are undertaken with the expectation of
promoting and achieving specific outcomes. This may include an intervention, a strategy,
or a policy, including activities such as lobbying, coalitions, and legislation. The focus of
the review is to evaluate the impact of these activities on specific outcomes for individuals,
communities or the population. The activities being assessed should be similar enough
that it is reasonable to assess their combined impact.
Comparison: What is the main alternative to compare with the intervention?
This might be a control group or another intervention. Often the comparison is not stated
explicitly in the research question. Either a control group or another intervention can be
used as the comparator. In some instances, due to the nature of public health, a
comparison and/or control may not be feasible.
Outcome: What do the researchers hope to accomplish, measure, improve, or affect?
Outcomes relate to the measured impact of the activities and can be at the individual,
community or population level, e.g. health policies, health programs, or coalition
development.
Any part of PICO that is not addressed in a review’s main research question should be clearly stated
in the inclusion criteria to receive a Yes for criterion #1. Outcomes can be general in the research
question (e.g. to allow for a broader search strategy, especially if the topic at-hand has a limited body
of literature available), and then be addressed more specifically in the evidence tables and/or
highlighted through the process of data extraction. For example, a general question may read: “The
aim of this study, therefore, was to systematically review evidence from controlled trials on the
efficacy of motor development interventions in young children.”
Overall Coding for Q1:
If the answer to each of population, intervention and outcomeis yes, then place a checkmark
in the Yes column. Otherwise, place a check mark in the No column.
4. Quality Assessment Tool Dictionary
Q2 | Provision ofinclusion criteria
The review should clearly describe the criteria that were used to select included studies. This
includes decisions related to the target population, intervention, outcome(s), as well as the research
design (e.g., RCT, cohort, participatory). Using the descriptions “peer-reviewed” and/or
“measurement of a quantitative outcome” in the inclusion criteria are NOT sufficient descriptions to
count for study design.
If authors mention in their exclusion criteria that they rejected reviews, letters, editorials and case
reports, but do not specifically address what they chose to include, mark a No for this criterion.
Overall Coding for Q2:
Place a check mark in the Yes column if selection criteria were clearly outlined.
Q3 | Comprehensive search strategy
A well-described comprehensive search strategy will include multiple database searches and a
variety of other search strategies. Relevant databases, chosen based on the key concepts in the
research question, will include those from health databases (e.g. MEDLINE, CINAHL, BIOSIS,
EMBASE), psychological databases (e.g. PsycINFO), social science databases (e.g. sociological
abstracts),and/or educational databases (e.g. ERIC). ‘Other’ databases may be used and should be
described in the space provided (e.g. TRIP, CRD, DARE). Google Scholar is categorized as an
‘Other’ database, while Google web search is an “unpublished (grey) literature” source.
For reviews measuring specifically health-related outcomes (e.g. vaccine effectiveness), at least 2
health databases need to be employed to allow for only ONE type of database to be searched.
(NOTE: The two do not have to include MEDLINE)
‘Column 2’ search strategies include:
Handsearching – journals of relevance to the review topic
Reference lists – reference lists of relevant reviews and single studies should be reviewed for
potential titles
Key informants – should demonstrate consultation with experts in the field for relevant titles; this
can include pharmaceutical representatives. ‘Author’s own collection’ would also be coded as this.
Unpublished (grey) literature – efforts to locate unpublished literature should be described. This
can include the use of the electronic database SIGLE (which is specific to grey literature), and the
searching of conference proceedings or scientific meetings. A Google search can be considered
‘unpublished’.
NOTE: If the author(s) describe the manual searching of reference lists, score as ‘Reference Lists’,
NOT as both ‘Handsearching’ and ‘Reference Lists’.
Overall Coding for Q3:
To answer Yes, the author(s) should have used at least two strategies from each column
(one database type may be appropriate, as described above). In addition to using at least
two types of electronic databases, the author(s) must have utilized a minimum of two of the
other strategies (i.e., handsearching; key informants; reference lists; and/or unpublished
literature).
5. Quality Assessment Tool Dictionary
Q4 | Search strategy covers an adequate number ofyears
In order to ensure that the entire body of relevant research is included in the review, the search
strategy should cover a sufficient time period. The number of years that are adequate to search for
included studies will vary depending on the topic and the amount of literature being developed in that
field. Generally, at least 10 years should be used as a minimum length of time, however, this may
be increased if there has been little published in that time frame, or may be shortened if the review
is an update of previous work, if there has been a large volume of literature published in a short time
frame, or if the review is focused on a newer topic and/or a topic of relevance to a shorter timeframe,
e.g. SARS.
Overall Coding for Q4:
Answer Yes if the search strategy covered enough years that it is unlikely that important
studies were missed. The authors must state the years searched (e.g. “from database
inception to… search end date”).
Q5 | Levelofevidence ofincludedstudies described
It is important to understand and to clearly describe the different levels of evidence contained within
a review; the level of evidence of included studies can help to explain variations in results from study
to study. Level 1 includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs),including quasi-randomized controlled
trials. Level 2 includes non-randomized designs that contain a control group (e.g. case control;
cohort). Level 3 includes all other uncontrolled designs (e.g. observational, case studies/series).
For reviews of reviews, select the level of evidence based on the types of included studies that
appeared in the systematic reviews/meta-analyses included in the review of reviews.
Overall Coding for Q5:
Place a check mark in the Yes column if the study design(s) (e.g. review of reviews, RCTs,
uncontrolled studies) of the included studies is clearly identified in the review; and, indicate
the appropriate level of evidence.
Q6 | Quality assessmentofincludedstudies
Each included study should be assessed for methodological quality using a standardized
assessment tool/scale
For reviews of reviews:
If a review of reviews reports an overall quality rating for each included study (i.e., each included
review), we rate this criterion Yes.
For reviews that use GRADE:
If a review shows a table of the GRADE assessment, that includes assessment of Risk of Bias, then
we rate this criterion Yes. If the authors indicate they used GRADE, but they do not mention Risk of
Bias or quality appraisal of included studies (in the methods or results sections),we rate this criterion
No.
For reviews that do not mention use of GRADE:
6. Quality Assessment Tool Dictionary
Review authors need to do more than state their intent to extract quality-related data. They must also
report their assessment of each quality criterion, for each included study.
A minimum of four of the following areas should be assessedand the results described (in narrative
or table form for each included study) for quantitative studies:
Research design (most rigorous design given the research question)
Study sample (generalizability, baseline characteristics)
Participation rate
Sources of bias (confounders, respondent bias, blinding)
Data collection (measurement of independent and dependent variables, assessment tools).
Follow-up/attrition rates
Data analysis (e.g., intention-to-treat)
For Cochrane Reviews authors are required to conduct a standardized ‘Risk of Bias’ assessment
(see http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/ Figure 8.6a). Their results are typically included in the
Characteristics of Included Studies table. These characteristics translate to the Health Evidence QA
tool as follows:
If Cochrane Authors assess… On the Health Evidence QAtool select…
Sequence generation Research design
Allocation concealment Research design
Blinding Source of bias
Free of selective reporting Data collection
Incomplete long-term/short-term outcome data
(authors describe assessing intention-to-treatanalysis
& whether incomplete data was dealt with correctly)
Data analysis
The JADAD and EPOC tools are well-reputed and typically code Yes, however they must still report
the results of each criteria for each study. Systematic reviews from the Cochrane Library often
employ criteria from the Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook, however it is important to clarify the areas
of assessment as 4 out of the 7 are not always considered.
When review authors assess whether or not a primary study used a “validated measure(s)”, this
counts toward a point for Data Collection.
Use of a Funnel plot can be used towards a point for Sources of Bias, as long as it appears in the
body of the paper and is part of a larger QA.
In some instances, different quality assessment criteria may be used for different study designs
included in the same review. For example the EPOC tool has different criteria for interrupted time
series studies, compared to randomized controlled trials. In this case, as long as the majority of
reviews are assessed with 4+ criteria then Yes is appropriate.
NOTE: Reviews synthesizing qualitative primary studies address questions on aspects other than
effectiveness, and as suchdo not meet our relevance criteria. Reviews synthesizing both quantitative
and qualitative studies may be relevant to Health EvidenceTM
if they include outcome data and
evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention / program / service / policy.
7. Quality Assessment Tool Dictionary
Overall Coding for Q6:
For a review of quantitative studies, place a check mark in the Yes column if at least four of
the seven criteria are assessed and reported on.
Q7 | Are quality assessments transparent?
For quality assessments to be transparent a minimum of two review authors should assess each
included study, independently, for methodological quality and the method of conflict resolution
described. A numerical level of agreement may be identified (i.e., Kappa), but is not required. If only
inter-rater agreement scores are reported, however, review authors must report a Kappa score of at
least 0.80 in order to score a Yes for this criterion.
Overall Coding for Q7:
Place a checkmark in the Yescolumn if two (or more)independent reviewers assessedeach
included study for methodological quality, with a method of conflict resolution identified.
Q8 | Did reviewauthors assess appropriatenessofcombining study results (i.e.,test of
homogeneity,or assess similarity ofresults in some other way)?
It is important that primary study results be assessed for similarity prior to combining them (both
statistically and/or non-statistically).
If a meta-analysis is conducted,a test for homogeneity or heterogeneity is the minimum requirement
that should be assessed across studies prior to determining the overall effect size. If significant
heterogeneity is detected, the author(s) should indicate use of a Random Effects Model, as opposed
to a Fixed Effects Model.
On occasion, an author may indicate the presenceof significant heterogeneity and still combine data
using a Fixed Effects Model. This IS appropriate if analyses have been conducted with both the
inclusion and exclusion of data sets that may notably skew results. The results of these separate
analyses, however, MUST be reviewed for the reader’s consideration. This process, often called
‘sensitivity analysis’, assesses the moderators that may have contributed to the heterogeneity.
If a systematic review or a narrative review is conducted for which statistical analysis is not
appropriate, the results of each study should be depicted in graph/table format in order to assess
similarity across the primary studies. Often the results will be in the form of a table, but in the case
of a narrative review the results of each study will be described at length within the body of the
review.
In some cases confidence intervals/effect sizes are NOT required. For a review of reviews, a
narrative presentation is appropriate (e.g. “the intervention had a positive effect on 20% of
participants); ideally, with a table listing main features of each of the systematic reviews under
review, or thorough, CONSISTENT discussion of the main features in the body of the review. If the
review of reviews doesn't consistently present the actual numerical results (e.g. effect sizes from the
original reviews) in the text, then it should score a No.
In general, trust the review author(s)’ judgment of what is significant heterogeneity. A declaration of
the specific number that was calculated (e.g. Chi-square score) is not mandatory.
8. Quality Assessment Tool Dictionary
NOTE: Despite extensive search strategies, some Cochrane reviews are unable to retrieve any
applicable studies. In this case, a priori methodologies are often described. Subheadings alone,
however, are sufficient to score a Yes, as Cochrane requires that they are filled in adequately before
publication. Without a Yes for these criteria, these types of reviews will be of only Moderate quality,
which may result in them being missed by users who are looking only for Strong reviews.
Overall Coding for Q8:
Place a check mark in the Yes column if a test of homo/heterogeneity has been conducted
and the corresponding model applied, or if the individual study results have been disclosed
graphically or narratively. Please note that if study results are listed narratively, the
information must have been provided consistently for all studies within the review text.
Q9 | Weighting
Whether a meta-analysis or a systematic/narrative review the overall measure of effect should be
determined by assigning those studies of highest methodological quality greater weight.
In a meta-analysis, weighting is typically based on a variety of factors including sample size, and
variation in the outcome data. This is usually demonstrated by the sizeof the boxes in the forest plot.
If review authors have named a specific statistical software package (e.g. RevMan) they have used
to combine data, this is sufficient for weighting, as the vast majority of this software incorporates the
weighting of studies by a number of participants. Review authors may describe using the
DerSimonian and Laird approach to random-effects meta-analysis which also incorporates
weighting. Higgins and Green (2009) explain that:
"The random-effects method (DerSimonian 1986) incorporates an assumption that the different studies
are estimating different, yet related, intervention effects [...] The method is based on the inverse-vari ance
approach, making an adjustment to the study weights according to the extent of variation, or
heterogeneity, among the varying intervention effects."
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0.,
The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Av ailable f rom http://www.cochrane-handbook.org
In a narrative synthesis, quality of EACH of the included studies must be discussed consistently
throughout the conclusions/discussion section to receive a Yes for this criterion. If the authors show
a GRADE assessment table, this qualifies as weighting for narrative syntheses.
If the authors set a threshold for the quality of reviews to be included in their synthesis (e.g., only
synthesizing strong & moderate quality studies), this is considered weighting and we rate Yes for
this criterion.
In a mixed-methods review which contains both a meta-analysis and a narrative synthesis, both
should incorporate a discussion of quality into the analysis.
In somecases review authors disclosethe QA scores of primary studies - in table format, for example
- and discuss those scores, but do not actually ‘weigh’ them; essentially, allowing the readers to
determine which ones have the most weight. This is NOT sufficient to score a Yes for this criterion,
as the review authors should be doing all summative work.