Tectonic Features in the UK
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Lava plateaus are formed by repeated outpourings of lava from narrow openings, building up layers over time. Volcanic plugs occur when magma hardens within a vent, leaving resistant rock after surrounding rock erodes. Basalt columns form as basalt lava cools and contracts, creating hexagonal columns through horizontal cracking as contraction is resisted.
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The document describes how geological processes formed lava plateaus, volcanic plugs, and basalt columns in Northern Ireland. Lava plateaus were formed over millions of years by repeated outpourings of lava from fissures, which cooled and built up layers. Volcanic plugs occur when magma hardens within a vent, leaving an erosion-resistant core. Basalt columns form as lava cools and contracts, creating hexagonal joints due to differences in vertical and horizontal cooling rates.
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This document defines and describes the three main types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. It explains that igneous rocks form from cooled magma, metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on existing rocks, and sedimentary rocks form from layers of compressed sediment. Examples of each rock type are provided such as granite, marble, and sandstone. The rock cycle diagram illustrates how rocks continuously change between the three types over time through geological processes of melting, crystallization, weathering and erosion, and compression.
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Volcanoes form when molten rock erupts from the earth's crust. There are several types of volcanoes including shield volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, composite volcanoes, caldera volcanoes, and fissure volcanoes. Volcanoes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries in the Pacific Ring of Fire and where convection currents in the mantle upwell. Eruptions occur via explosions that release underground gases and magma due to a decrease in pressure from earthquakes or other crustal shifts. Major eruptions can cause widespread destruction through lava flows, poisonous gases, ash falls, and landslides.
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There are three main types of volcanoes classified based on their activity and structure:
1) Active volcanoes erupt regularly, dormant volcanoes have erupted in the past but are currently quiet, and extinct volcanoes are unlikely to erupt again due to lack of lava supply.
2) Shield volcanoes have broad, gentle slopes built by fluid lava flows. Composite volcanoes have a steep, conical shape formed from layers of hardened lava and ash.
3) Examples include Mauna Loa, a shield volcano in Hawaii, and Mount St. Helens, a composite volcano in Washington, USA.
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Volcanoes form when magma from the earth's mantle rises through ruptures or openings in the crust. The movement of tectonic plates, particularly when they separate from each other, causes pressure that can lead to volcanic eruptions. In 1883, Krakatoa erupted with a force equivalent to 200 megatons, causing massive tsunamis that killed over 36,000 people and lowering the earth's temperatures by ejecting ash high into the atmosphere.
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There are three main types of volcanoes that form from different geological processes:
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Why volcanoes erupt?
Volcanoes erupt due to tremendous pressure from magma building up in magma chambers under the earth's surface. The heat from the earth's core partially melts rock, forming new magma, which rises into magma chambers until the pressure causes it to burst through openings or craters in volcanoes. Eruptions can be violent if the magma is rich in gas and silica, or nonviolent if it contains less gas and silica. Volcanic eruptions can have both beneficial effects such as fertile soil and geothermal power, as well as harmful effects like loss of life from lava flows, damage to aircraft from ash plumes, and impacts on global climate from volcanic gases.
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Similar to Tectonic Features in the UK
Volcano terms
caldera
cinder cone
dacite
debris avalanche
dike
dome
dome lava fountain
effusive eruption
eruption cloud
eruption size
fault
fissure
fumarole
gas
geyser
hornito
hummock
kipuka
lahar
lapilli
lava
lava cascade
lava channel
lava delta
lava drapery
lava flow
lava fountain
lava fountain dome
lava lake
lava spillway
lava surge
lava tube
limu
littoral cone
maar
magma
mineral
mud volcano
obsidian
pahoehoe
pahoehoe blister
pahoehoe coil
pahoehoe entrail
pahoehoe - ropy
pahoehoe toe
Pele's hair
Pele's tears
phreatic eruption
pillow lava
plinian eruption
pit crater
pumice
pyroclastic flow
reticulite
rhyolite
rift zone
rock
rootless shield
scoria
shield volcano
spatter
spatter cone and rampart
spatter and cinder cone
stratovolcano
Strombolian eruption
tephra
tree mold
tsunami
tumulus
vent
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volcano
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volcanic gases
Vulcanian eruption
caldera
cinder cone
hornito
maar
mud volcano
shield volcano
spatter cone
stratovolcano
volcanic dome
Intorduction to Volcanology, Weathering, Erotion, Dispertion and Soil.
i've taken slides combined them and aded a few details.
Restless Earth 2 PowerPoint Presentation
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Volcanoes form at plate boundaries where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. There are three main types of volcanoes based on location: shield volcanoes at divergent boundaries, stratovolcanoes at subduction zones, and hotspots formed by mantle plumes. Volcanoes pose hazards from lava flows, explosions, and ashfall. Classification systems describe volcanoes based on activity levels from dormant to active. Monitoring systems use alert levels and colors to communicate volcanic unrest and eruptions.
Notes on living with tectonic hazards 0 levels
Tectonic hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are caused by movements of the Earth's crustal plates. The internal structure of the Earth consists of a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle and the sinking of denser plates. Plate boundaries include divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other. Landforms associated with plate tectonics include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, fold mountains, trenches, and volcanoes. Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries when built-up stress is suddenly released during plate movement.
Notes on living with tectonic hazards n levels
1. Tectonic hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are caused by movements of the Earth's crust along tectonic plates. The plates move due to convection currents in the upper mantle and subduction of denser oceanic plates under lighter continental plates.
2. Where plates diverge, mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys are formed. As plates converge, fold mountains like the Himalayas or Andes are formed. Transform boundaries like the San Andreas Fault cause earthquakes as the plates slide past each other.
3. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries due to upwelling of magma. Shield volcanoes have low, broad slopes while stratovolcanoes
Plate Movements Ppt
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AQA A2 Geography
Plate tectonics theory proposes that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move over time. Evidence for this includes matching geological formations between continents that have since drifted apart. The Earth has a solid inner core, liquid outer core, and mantle below the crust. Plates meet at boundaries that are either constructive, where plates move apart, or destructive, where plates converge. Earthquakes are often caused by stresses building up at plate boundaries. Volcanic activity commonly occurs near plate boundaries as well.
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Glaciers form when more snow accumulates each year than melts, compressing into thick sheets of ice that slowly flow downhill due to their mass. There are two types of glaciers: continental glaciers that form over large areas near poles, and mountain glaciers that form near mountaintops. Glaciers shape landscapes through erosion, gouging out valleys and depositing debris in moraines as they recede.
ROCKS AND VOLCANO
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Volcanoes- CSEC GEOGRAPHY
Volcanoes form when magma reaches the surface of the Earth. They can be found along plate boundaries where magma is able to reach the surface. There are over 1300 potentially active volcanoes worldwide. Volcanoes have different features like craters, vents, and magma chambers. They also go through life cycle stages of being active, dormant, or extinct. Eruptions can produce different types of lava and ash deposits that build different types of volcanic cones over time. While volcanoes provide fertile soils and minerals, their eruptions can negatively impact the environment through poisonous gases, lava flows, ash falls, pyroclastic flows, and lahars that damage infrastructure and agriculture.
Plate Tectonics .pptx
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Tectonic Processes and Landscapes
The document discusses different types of plate boundaries and associated tectonic landscapes. It provides details on convergent, divergent and transform plate boundaries. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches, volcanic mountain ranges or fold mountains depending on the type of crust involved. Divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges and new sea floor. Transform boundaries involve lateral movement of plates without creation or destruction of crust.
landforms (geomorphology) presentation
Volcanic landforms are formed by volcanic activity and include features like volcanoes. Cinder cones are small cones formed from strombolian eruptions consisting of basaltic to andesitic material. Shield volcanoes have gentle upper slopes and steeper lower slopes formed by low-viscosity basaltic lava flows. Stratovolcanoes have steeper slopes than shield volcanoes due to layers of lava and pyroclastic material. Calderas are large depressions formed by collapse of volcanic structures. Artificial islands are human-made landforms constructed rather than formed naturally.
Volcanoes
This document discusses volcanoes, including how they form, the different types of volcanoes, and where they are located. It provides details on four main types of volcanoes: cinder cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and lava domes. Cinder cones are simple structures built from ejected cinders. Composite volcanoes are large symmetrical cones made of layers of material. Shield volcanoes are broad structures composed of fluid lava flows. Lava domes are small, bulbous masses that pile over the vent. Volcanoes can be located both under water and on land.
Natural Disasters Topic 5b (Volcanic Eruptions)
The types and abundances of igneous rocks found are closely related to their tectonic setting. Basalt and gabbro are most common at divergent plate boundaries like ocean ridges, while rhyolite and granite are found more within continental interiors. Convergent plate boundaries produce andesitic and rhyolitic volcanoes along with intrusions of diorite and granite. The compositions of magmas range from mafic to felsic depending on the tectonic setting, source rock composition, assimilation, differentiation over time, and other factors. Common volcanic features include shield volcanoes, cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and calderas.
Chapter 10notes
The document summarizes volcanic activity and igneous rock formation. It describes three main types of volcanoes - shield volcanoes which form from fluid basalt and build broad domes, cinder cones which are steep-sided and form from gas-rich eruptions, and composite cones which produce thick layers of lava and ash deposits and can have explosive eruptions. Factors like magma composition, temperature, and dissolved gases determine eruption styles. Intrusive igneous features like batholiths, dikes and sills form as magma cools underground.
Landforms..this land is our land (Teach)
This is pretty in-depth on the Earth's constructive forces. Over 100 slides, would be more for background for non-scienced trained teacher or for advanced students
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
1) Volcanoes form at boundaries where tectonic plates meet, such as where plates are subducting or spreading apart.
2) There are two main types of volcanoes - cone-shaped volcanoes which form from thick, slow-moving lava and shield volcanoes which have flatter slopes due to more fluid lava.
3) Examples of highly active volcanic regions include the Pacific Ring of Fire and areas around Alaska, Hawaii, and the Cascade Range in the western United States.
Plate Boundaries
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It also discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, conservative, and collision. At destructive boundaries, oceanic plates are subducted under continental plates, forming volcanoes. At collision boundaries, continental plates push together to form mountain ranges. At constructive boundaries, plates move apart and new crust is formed.
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Intorduction to Volcanology, Weathering, Erotion, Dispertion and Soil.
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Type of settlement Town Town
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Tectonic Features in the UK
- 3. Lava plateaus are formed by the large outpourings of fluid lava from long narrow openings in the crust . During each eruption, the lava flows out from these openings, solidifies and builds up layer upon layer each time. An example would be the County Antrim Plateau in Northern Ireland. http://www.flickr.com/photos/normko/327550100/sizes/o/
- 4. About 430 million years ago the North American and Eurasian plates had collided to form a vast range of mountains called the Caledonian mountains- they would be fused for 370 million years. Around sixty million years ago- the plates began to diverge . As they diverged, huge fissures would have been created in the landscape, this allowed magma to rise from the mantle as lava and cover the surrounding chalk rock- these lava flows continued for over 2 million years. As the lava cooled and formed into basalt , a vast flat plateau was left behind.
- 5. http://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelloudon/808561268/in/set-72157600818891681/ Volcanic Plugs An example would Slemish in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. A volcanic plug is a volcanic landform created when magma hardens within a vent in an active volcano . If a plug is preserved, erosion/weathering may remove the surrounding rock while the resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive landform.
- 6. Fissures created by the divergence of the North American and Eurasian plates , allow magma to flow from the mantle as lava . Explosions deposited volcanic rocks around the fissure, creating a volcano ; continued deposition would have lead to a cone developing. Lava would continue to flow from a vent in the cone, onto the surrounding plateau . In the vent of the cone, the magma cooled more slowly than usual, forming a harder rock than basalt called dolerite - this plugged the volcano vent. The less resistant rock surrounding the plug of the volcano has been weathered and eroded over time- leaving the distinct landscape feature.
- 7. Basalt Columns An example would the Giant’s Causeway in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. http://www.flickr.com/photos/67165210@N00/240741910/ Large eruptions of basalt lava may create deep flows of molten rock. As the rock slowly cools it shrinks slightly. The stresses cause jointing in several different planes , and columns of rock form with a generally hexagonal shape, like pencils.
- 8. As the North American and Eurasian plates diverged magma , as lava , rose through fissures in the surface. The lava cooled to form basalt , as the rock formed, contraction occurred . Contraction can occurred with ease vertically, but horizontally this creates cracks within the rock. This contraction produces hexagonal columns. Quick cooling produces smaller columns, whilst longer cooling creates larger columns.