The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, describing the basic levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems, and covering the key functions and components of major body systems including the nervous, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, lymphatic, integumentary, excretory, reproductive and endocrine systems. It also discusses basic life processes, homeostasis, and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.

1. Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
by
Imtiyaz Bagban
Assistant Professor
KSP

2. Human Anatomy
 Human Anatomy (ana = “up”, tome = “to cut “ ) is
often defined as the study of structures in the human
body.
 Human Anatomy is the branch of biomedical science
dealing with normal structure, shape, size, location of
various parts of the body and physical relationship
involved between them.

3.  Cellular anatomy: Cellular anatomy is the study of the structure, function,
pathology, life cycle and life history of the cells.
 Developmental anatomy: Developmental anatomy is the study of the
structural development of the embryo.
 Gross anatomy: Gross anatomy is the study of the structures which can be
seen with the unaided eye (the macroscopic structure of tissues and organs).
 Histological anatomy: Histological anatomy is the study of the structures
microscopically, and function of tissues.
 Regional anatomy: Regional anatomy is the study of specific portions of the
body (regions).
 Systemic anatomy: Systemic anatomy is the study of the structure of the body
systems.
Anatomy includes many different divisions such as:

4. Human Physiology
 Human Physiology is the biomedical science dealing with normal
functioning of various organs in the body.
 It describes what happens in various organ and organ system
contained in our body. Like how to digest, breathes, excretes and
reproduces etc.
 It also tells about the vital fluid called blood and how it continuously
circulates in the body with pumping carried out by physiological
pump called the heart.

5.  Cell Physiology: Cell Physiology is the of the function of cells (a branch
of cytology).
 Pathology: Pathology is the study of disordered functions or disease.
 Systemic physiology: Systemic physiology is the study of the function
of the body’s system.
 Special (organ) physiology: Special (organ) physiology is the study of
specific organs of the body.
Physiology includes many divisions such as:

6.  The human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the
most complex. . .
 Cells – the basic unit of life
 Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function
 Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function
 Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the
human body
 The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain
homeostasis.
Levels of Organization

7. Levels of Organization

8.  The 11 human body systems are:
1. Nervous system
2. Respiratory system
3. Muscular system
4. Skeletal system
5. Digestive system
6. Circulatory system
7. Integumentary System
8. Lymphatic (immune) system
9. Excretory system
10.Reproductive system
(Male/Female)
11.Endocrine system
Human Body Systems

9.  Functions: regulates behavior; maintains
homeostasis; regulates other organ systems;
controls sensory and motor functions
 Major Organs and Their Functions
 Brain – control center of the body, where all
processes are relayed through - consists of
cerebrum (controls though and senses) and
cerebellum (controls motor functions)
 Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the
brain to the rest of the body and vice versa- any
organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a
chordate
 Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells
throughout the body
The Nervous System

10. The nervous system is the number one communication center of the body.
The basic cell type that carries the communications are neurons that transmit
electrical impulses.
The Nervous System:
Axon terminals
Cell Body
Myelin Sheath
Nodes
Dendrites
Nucleus
Neuron Cell

11. The nervous system is divided into two
divisions:
The Central Nervous System (CNS)–
Responsible for relaying messages,
processing and analyzing information.
The Peripheral Nervous System –
Receives information from the
environment and relays commands from
the CNS to the organs and glands.

12.  Function: to provide the body with a fresh
supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and
remove the waste product carbon dioxide
 Major Organs and Their Functions
 Nose (Nasal Cavity) – internal entry and exit
point for air
 Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both
air and food at the back of the throat
 Larynx – your “voice box”, as air passes over
your vocal chords, you speak
 A piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers
the trachea when you swallow, preventing food
from entering.
 Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects
your pharynx to your lungs
The Respiratory System

13.  Lungs – The are two lungs with a
bronchus attached to each of them
 Bronchi - the two large passageways
that lead from the trachea to your lungs
(one for each lung).
 The bronchi are further subdivided
into bronchioles eventually, the further
subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called
alveoli.
 Alveoli are in clusters, like grapes
 Capillaries surrounding each alveolus
is where the exchange of gases with the
blood occurs.

14. Air inhaled
Rib cage
rises
Diaphragm
Air exhaled
Rib cage
lowers
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath
hiccups are involuntary contractions of the diaphragm

15.  Function: works with the skeletal and nervous
system to produce movement, also helps to circulate
blood through the human body.
 muscle cells are fibrous
 muscle contractions can be voluntary or
involuntary
 Major Muscle Types
• Skeletal – Attached to bones for voluntary actions
• Smooth – Found in the digestive tract and the
blood vessels to move food and blood. Control
involuntary actions (you do not decide for them to
work)
• Cardiac – Heart muscle cells are involuntary.
The Muscular System

16. Skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs. When
one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.
Biceps (relaxed)
Triceps (contracted)
Biceps
(contracted)
Triceps (relaxed)
Movement
Movement
• Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
• The biggest muscles in the body are the gluteus maximus muscles
(buttocks), but the muscle that can exert the most force is the masseter
(jaw muscle).

17.  Function: to provide structure and support to the
human body
 Bones are where new blood cells are generated
(in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium
for strength
 Major Bones of the Human Body
Femur (thigh bone) Radius and Ulna (lower arm)
Sternum (breastbone) Fibula and Tibia (calf)
Scapula (shoulder) Coccyx (tail bone)
Humerus (upper arm) Cranium (skull)
Clavicle (shoulder blade) Vertebrae (back)
Pelvic bone Phalanges (fingers/toes)
The Skeletal System

18.  Function: to convert food particles into simpler
micro molecules that can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and used by the body.
 Major Organs and their Functions:
 Mouth – to chew and grind up food
-- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown
 Oesophagus – pipe connecting mouth to
stomach
 Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong
acid (pH = 2) that leads to breakdown of food
- once the food is broken down in the
stomach and mixed with digestive juices, it is
called chyme.
The Digestive System

19.  Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates
blood sugar levels also help neutralize stomach acid
 Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods
 Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future
use
 Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme
enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the blood
stream
-- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces called
villi, on the intestine
 Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets
the waste ready for excretion
 Rectum: where solid wastes (feces) are stored
 Anus: muscles control the release of solid waste from the
body.

20.  Function: to deliver oxygenated blood to the
various cells and organ systems in your body so they
can undergo cellular respiration
 Major Organs and Their Functions
 Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system
 pumps blood through its four
chambers (two ventricles and two
atria)
 pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs,
where it gets oxygenated, returned to the
heart, and then pumped out through the
aorta to the rest of the body
 valve regulate the flow of blood
between the chambers
The Circulatory System

21.  Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
and to the major organs of the body
 Veins – carry blood back to the heart
away from the major organs of the body
 Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas
exchange occurs
 Blood – the cells that flow through the
circulatory system
 red blood cells contain
hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein
that carries oxygen
 white blood cells function in the immune
system
 platelets help in blood clotting
 Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood

22.  Function: - to remove infectious diseases and other
pathogens from the human body.
 Major Organs :
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Tonsils
 White Blood Cells – recognize disease agents (antigens)
and create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens
 phagocytes are the white blood cell type that
actually eats and destroys these antigens
 Lymph Nodes – help restore fluid lost by the blood and
return it to the circulatory system
The Lymphatic (Immune) System

23.  Function: Protect against environment
hazards
 the skin is the body’s first line of
defense.
 Prevent water loss
 Protect body from injury and infection
 Helps regulate body temperature
 Eliminates waste in the form of sweat
or perspiration
 Receives information from the
environment (heat, pain, and pressure)
 Uses sunlight to produce vitamin D
 Major Organs:
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Integumentary System

24. Purpose: to rid the body of wastes,
including excess water and salts
Major Organs and Their Functions
Kidneys – the main organs of the
excretory system
Waste-laden blood enters the kidney
and the kidney filters out urea, excess
water and other waste products, which
eventually travel out of the kidney as
urine
eventually they travel through the
ureter to the urinary bladder
The Excretory System

25.  Function: to make new individuals by
producing, storing and releasing
specialized sex cells known as gametes.
 Cells from the male reproductive system,
known as sperm, must fuse with cells of
the female reproductive system, known as
eggs.
 Major Organs:
• In females- Uterine tubes, Uterus, Ovaries,
Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary glands
• In males- Testes, Epididymis, ductus
deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate glands,
penis and scrotum
Reproductive System

26.  Function: The endocrine system influences almost every cell, organ, and function of
our bodies.
 The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating mood (secretion of hormones),
growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function and
reproductive processes.
 Major Organs
 Hypothalamus
 Pituitary gland
 Thyroid
 Parathyroid
 Adrenal glands
 Pancreas
 Testes
 ovaries
The Endocrine System

27. 1. Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes that occur in the human
body.
Catabolism: Breck down of complex compounds in to simpler ones.
Anabolism: Building of complex molecules from simpler ones.
e.g. Digestion of proteins is catabolic process while use of amino acids
to build proteins is anabolic process
2. Responsiveness: Ability of body to detect and respond to changes.
3. Movement: Motion of whole body
4. Growth: Increase in body size
5. Differentiation: Development of specialized cell from unspecialized
group of cells.
6. Reproduction: Formation of new cells
Basic Life Processes:

28.  The composition of the internal environment is maintained within
narrow limits, and this fairly constant state is called homeostasis.
This term means 'unchanging', but in practice it describes a dynamic,
ever-changing situation kept within narrow limits. When this balance is
threatened or lost, there is a serious risk to the well-being of the
individual.
 Examples of physiological variables:
 Temperature
 Water and electrolyte concentrations
 pH of body fluids
 Blood glucose levels
 Blood and tissue O2 and CO2 levels
 Blood pressure
Homeostasis

29.  Homeostasis is maintained by control systems which detect and respond to
changes in the internal environment.
 A control system has three basic components: Detector, Control center
and Effector.
The control center determines the limits within which the variable factor
should be maintained.
 It receives an input from the detector or sensor, and integrates the incoming
information.
When the incoming signal indicates that an adjustment is needed the control
centre responds and its output to the effector is changed.
This is a dynamic process that maintains homeostasis.

30.  POSITIVEFEEDBACK SYSTEMS
 A positive feedback system tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of
the body’s controlled conditions.
 A positive feedback system operates similarly to a negative feedback system,
except for the way the response affects the controlled condition.
 The control center still provides commands to an effector, but this time the effector
produces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the initial change in
the controlled condition. The action of a positive feedback system continues until it
is interrupted by some mechanism.

31.  NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM:
 A negative feedback system reverses a change in a
controlled condition.
 Consider the regulation of blood pressure. Blood pressure
(BP) is the force exerted by blood as it presses against
the walls of blood vessels. When the heart beats faster or
harder, BP increases. If some internal or external
stimulus causes blood pressure (controlled condition) to
rise, the following sequence of events occurs.
Baroreceptors (the receptors), pressure-sensitive nerve
cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels, detect
the higher pressure. The baroreceptors send nerve
impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which
interprets the impulses and responds by sending nerve
impulses (output) to the heart and blood vessels (the
effectors). Heart rate decreases and blood vessels dilate
(widen), which cause BP to decrease (response).
 This sequence of events quickly returns the controlled
condition— blood pressure—to normal, and homeostasis
is restored.
 Notice that the activity of the effector causes BP to drop,
a result that negates the original stimulus (an increase in
BP). This is why it is called a negative feedback system..

32. Terminology
Find definitions and memorize terms:
Anterior – Toward front of body or limbs
Posterior - Toward back of body or limbs
Superior – Above any point referred to
Inferior – Below any point referred to
Medial – In the Middle
Lateral – The side farthest away from the mid-line of the body
Proximal – The upper part nearest to the trunk
Distal - The lower portion farthest away from the trunk