Electrophysiology_of_Heart.pptx
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The document defines key terms related to the electrophysiology of the heart such as action potential, membrane potential, refractory period, and threshold potential. It then describes the four phases of the cardiac action potential: Phase 0 involves stimulation and sodium/calcium influx causing depolarization; Phase 1 involves partial repolarization through ion efflux; Phase 2 involves a plateau phase through continued ion fluxes; Phase 3 involves full repolarization through ion efflux slower than depolarization. Phase 4 is the interval between repolarizations. The cardiac action potential triggers mechanical contraction. An electrocardiogram detects and records the summed action potentials to analyze patterns like the P, QRS, and T waves related to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization
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This document summarizes the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. It discusses:
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The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
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The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It detects changes inside and outside the body and responds through electrical signals called nerve impulses. Neurons conduct these impulses while neuroglia provide support. There are two main types of synapses - electrical and chemical. At chemical synapses, a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
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1. Excitable tissues include nervous, muscle and glandular epithelial tissues. They have the ability to generate action potentials in response to stimuli.
2. Galvani discovered "animal electricity" by stimulating muscles in a frog's leg with two different metals, founding the field of electrophysiology. Volta proved the electricity came from the metals, not from within the animal.
3. The membrane potential of cells is measured using microelectrodes. At rest, excitable cells maintain a negative interior potential of around -70mV due to ion pumps and selective ion permeability.
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tannins-170116185017.pptx
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, or pseudo-tannins. Hydrolysable tannins are hydrolyzed by acids into gallic acid or ellagic acid, while condensed tannins are more resistant to hydrolysis. Tannins are extracted using mixtures of polar and non-polar solvents due to their high molecular weight. Identification tests for tannins include the gelatin test, Goldbeater's skin test, and reactions with ferrous sulfate or ferric chloride that produce colors. Pterocarpus marsupium, or Bijasal, is a plant source of k
Heart Failure.ppt
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce preload and afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide is a natriuretic peptide that causes vasodilation and natriuresis. β-blockers improve outcomes in heart failure by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart.
tuberculosiscompletednew-170308134731.pptx
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly infects the lungs. It can be treated with antibiotics. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While latent TB means the immune system has contained the infection and the person is not infectious, active TB means the person is sick and can spread the disease. Standard TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months.
2_2019_10_26!04_54_11_PM.ppt
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rheumatoidarthritispptbyann-160402080357.pptx
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial tissue lining the joints. This inflammation causes the synovial tissue to thicken, resulting in swelling and stiffness of the joints. If untreated, rheumatoid arthritis can damage joints, cartilage, and bones, causing pain and loss of function. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. There is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, but treatment aims to reduce inflammation, prevent further joint damage, and improve quality of life through medications, exercise, physical therapy, and surgery if needed.
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- 4. Definition • Action Potential:The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. • Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell
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