This document summarizes a study investigating the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized and activated to produce porous activated carbon. Testing showed the activated carbon had a surface area of 127 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.11 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments were conducted with methylene blue solutions and found that 94-80% of the dye was adsorbed within 10 minutes, with maximum adsorption reached at 50 minutes. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.22 mg/g predicted by the model
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
In the present study, activated carbon is prepared from Murraya koenigii Stems (MKST) and used for the adsorption of methylene blue
from aqueous solution. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to characterize the pore properties of the activated carbon including
the BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. The specific surface area of the prepared carbon is 508 m2/g. Batch mode experiments
were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of methylene blue. The equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir
model with monolayer adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudosecond
order models. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics with a good correlation. The results
show that methylene blue interacts strongly with the prepared activated carbon and hence the adsorbent is good for the removal of
methylene blue from aqueous solution.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
In the present study, activated carbon is prepared from Murraya koenigii Stems (MKST) and used for the adsorption of methylene blue
from aqueous solution. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to characterize the pore properties of the activated carbon including
the BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. The specific surface area of the prepared carbon is 508 m2/g. Batch mode experiments
were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of methylene blue. The equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir
model with monolayer adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudosecond
order models. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics with a good correlation. The results
show that methylene blue interacts strongly with the prepared activated carbon and hence the adsorbent is good for the removal of
methylene blue from aqueous solution.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
#scichallenge2017 Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Wastewaters Contain...Seher Elif Mekik
#scichallenge2017
In our project, it was aimed to purify wastewaters containing methylene blue component and harmful to environment from methylene blue. For this purpose, synthetic methylene blue waste water was formed and chemically treated by photocatalysis.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
#scichallenge2017 Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Wastewaters Contain...Seher Elif Mekik
#scichallenge2017
In our project, it was aimed to purify wastewaters containing methylene blue component and harmful to environment from methylene blue. For this purpose, synthetic methylene blue waste water was formed and chemically treated by photocatalysis.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
Optimal Process Parameters for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Thermally ...inventionjournals
In this work, the optimal parameters for the adsorption of MB by Enugu White clay as a local
adsorbent was investigated. The clay was obtained from Enugu, South-East province of Nigeria. In the research
work, the physicochemical properties, such as moisture content, volatile matter, specific surface area, and
oxides of metals, and also the effect of thermal activation on them were analyzed. Standard gravimetric methods
were used to characterized the clay. The pH value was determined with a pH meter, while the metal oxides and
Silicate, Alumina and oxide of Fe, were determined using EEL flame photometer and Pye-Unican
Spectrophotometer respectively. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were also determined by carrying out
experiments using a batch reactor, and the results showed that Psuedo second order kinetic model fits the MB,
adsorption best, with rate constant of 0.2279g/mg.min and activation energy of 303.4J/mol.K. Equilibrium
results showed that MB adsorption by Enugu while clay can be correlated using both Freundlich and Langmuir
adsorption isotherms. Palm Oil was also used to test the bleaching performance of the activated clay, and the
results showed the clay to be effective. Response surface methodology (RSM), via Central Composite
Design,(CCD), was applied in the determination of the optimal adsorption conditions, as time – 100min,
adsorbent dosage – 0.2g, pH – 8 and MB concentration 80mg//lit. The predicted concentration value was
82.83% at 0.967 desirability. The result showed that Enugu white clay has a good adsorptive capacity and can
be used as a cheap and effective local adsorbent for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the adsorption of methylene blue from aque...suresh899
In the present study, activated carbon is prepared from Murraya koenigii Stems (MKST) and used for the adsorption of methylene blue
from aqueous solution. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to characterize the pore properties of the activated carbon including
the BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. The specific surface area of the prepared carbon is 508 m2/g. Batch mode experiments
were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of methylene blue. The equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir
model with monolayer adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudosecond
order models. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics with a good correlation. The results
show that methylene blue interacts strongly with the prepared activated carbon and hence the adsorbent is good for the removal of
methylene blue from aqueous solution.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
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development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
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length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
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model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
A Smart City could be depicted as a place, logical and physical, in which a crowd of heterogeneous
entities is related in time and space through different types of interactions. Any type of entity, whether it is a
device or a person, clustered in communities, becomes a source of context-based data.
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usage of available resources, causing a strong environmental and social impact. Then, following social network
analysis methodologies related to the dynamics of complex systems, it is possible to find out, emergent and
sometimes hidden new habits of electricity usage. Through an initial Critical Mass, involving a multitude of
consumers, each related to more contexts, we evaluate the triggering and spreading of a collective attitude. To
this aim, in this paper, we propose a novel analytical model defining a new concept of critical mass, which
includes centrality measures both in a single layer and in a multilayer social network.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
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optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
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The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
- Person's desire to do a pregnancy examination is determined by the service place that suits the tastes
and facilities owned by it. Until now, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low (Mardiana,
2014). The purpose of the study is to analyze factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery place
in Surabaya city based on the preferences and choice theory.
Type of survey research is cross sectional approach, the population is mothers who have children aged 1-
12 months in Surabaya. The large sample of 250 mothers who have children aged 1-12 months in 2013 is taken
by simple random sampling technique. Variables of the research are the preference elements and steps, choice
elements and steps, utilization of antenatal care and delivery place. Data were collected through questionnaires
and secondary data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics in the form of a frequency distribution, shown
by the schematic diagram.
The result showed that the preference elements and steps showed almost half (42.9%) desire to give birth
in a health care because of information got from someone else, while the choice element and step shows the
bulk (57.1%) of the criteria of delivery place chosen is a safe, comfortable and cheap delivery place, the labor
place which is the main choice most (57.1%) is cheap, comfortable, close.
Conclusion of the research based on the preferences and choice theory can be found three (3) new
theories, they are preferences become choice, preferences do not become choice, choice is preceded by
preferences
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 5(May 2013), PP.38-45
www.irjes.com
www.irjes.com 38 | Page
Equilibrium Adsorption Studies Of Methylene Blue Onto Palm
Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon
Abechi S.E, Gimba C.E, Uzairu .A, Kagbu J.A Ocholi, O.J
Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria- Nigeria
Abstract: This work investigates the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell
for removing methylene blue from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized at 400o
C and then
impregnated with KOH for 2 hours on a hot plate at 80o
C. The impreganated carbon was activated at 800o
C for
45mins in a furnace. The physicochemical parameters, ranging from the pH, SEM, BET surface area to
surface functional group of the carbon surface were studied and indicate that palm kernel shell is a good
precursor for preparation of activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption. The BET surface area as obtained
from nitrogen gas adsorption was 127 g/m2
. The nitrogen gas adsorption also showed that the adsorption was
characteristic of type 1 of IUPAC isotherm classification and indicative of a predominantly porous adsorbent.
The micropore volume and the total pore volume were 0.11 and 0.12 cm3
g-1
respectively. The Langmuir
adsorption capacity, Qo
, and the constant relating to the rate of adsorption, b, were 3.22 mg/g and -8.64 L/mg,
respectively. This investigation has shown that the adsorption of methylene onto palm kernel shell based
activated carbon can be best described by the Dubinin-Rushkevich model with a characteristic correlation
coefficient of 0.98. The energy of adsorption obtained from this model shows clearly that the process is
chemisorptions.
Keywords: activated carbon, adsorption, methylene blue, palm kernel shell.
I. Introduction
More than 7,000 tons of approximately 10,000 different types of dyes and pigments are produced
annually world wide of which 20 to 30 % are wasted in industrial effluents during finishing processes in the
textile industries (Kannan and Meenakshisundaram, 2002). Dyes are also used in dyeing, paper and pulp,
printing, plastics, leather, cosmetics and food industries. Some of these dyes are carcinogenic and highly toxic to
living organisms and posses certain hazard and environmental problems (Yasin et al., 2007).
Methylene blue [3,7 bis(dimethylamino) phenazothionium chloride] is the most commonly used
material for dyeing cotton, wool and silk (Hameed et al.,2006). Methylene blue specifically causes eye burn,
which may be responsible for permanent injury to the eyes of humans and animals. It can give rise to short
period of rapid or difficult breathing on inhalation while ingestion through the mouth produces a burning
sensation and may cause nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating and mental confusion (Hameed et al., 2006).
Activated carbon is a carbonaceous material which is predominantly amorphous in nature and in which
a high degree of porosity is developed by the process of manufacturing and treatment. Activated carbon can be
manufacture from virtually all carbonaceous materials. However, agricultural wastes offer the most available
and cheapest of all the known raw materials. Palm kernel shell which is an abundant agricultural solid waste that
may be a good source of quality activated carbon. Activated carbon has been use extensively for the removal of
undesirable odor, color, taste and other organic and inorganic impurities from domestic and industrial
wastewater. Methods such as reverse osmosis, precipitation and ion exchange that have been used for the
treatment of waste water are expensive. Activated carbon offers the most economical approach to wastewater
treatment. This work investigates the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell
for removing methylene blue from aqueous solution.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample Collection/ Sample Preparation
Palm kernel shell was collected from local palm oil producers. The palm kernel shell was removed,
washed, dried and crushed using a locally made grinder. This was sieved to 1.18mm and carbonized at 400o
C
for 1 hour. A portion of the carbonized material was mixed with KOH solution at impregnation ratio of
1:1(KOH pallet: Char). Impregnation was carried out at 80o
C on a hot plate equipped with a stirrer for 2 hours.
The sample was filtered using a vacuum pump and dried overnight at 120o
C. The dried sample was then
pyrolysed at a predetermined temperature and activation time of 800o
C 45 minutes in a furnace. The activated
carbon was thoroughly washed and with 0.1 M HCl stirred for one hour to remove the alkali and alkaline earth
metals and then washed with hot distilled water until the pH of the washing solution reached 7.0 to remove the
2. Equilibrium Adsorption Studies Of Methylene Blue Onto Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon
www.irjes.com 39 | Page
base and water soluble components in the carbon. The prepared activated carbons were dried at 120o
C
overnight, cooled and stored for further studies.
A stock solution of MB was prepared by dissolving 0.5 g in 1000 cm3
of distilled water. Serial dilutions
were made to obtain the required lower concentrations. The concentration of MB in the aqueous solution was
determined at λmax of 660 nm, using UV-visible spectrophotometer (Helios γ). Methylene blue solution (25 cm3
)
of known initial concentration and a 0.2 g (particle size of 855µm) of activated carbon were taken in a 150 cm3
Erlenmeyer flasks with air tight stopper. This mixture was agitated in a temperature controlled shaker water
bath, at a constant shaking speed for each experiment.
The percentage of methylene blue adsorbed and the amount adsorbed were calculated as (Hameed et al., 2006):
% adsorbed = 100 (Co –Ce) / Co…………..…………... (1)
where Co is the initial concentration of the adsorbate (ppm) and Ce is the equilibrium concentration (ppm).
Amount adsorbed (qe) = V (Co – Ce)/ m……………....... (2)
where m (g) is the weight of activated carbon used for the adsorption studies and V (cm3
) is the volume of the
adsorbate. Similar procedure was followed for another set of Erlenmeyer flask containing the same adsorbate
concentration without activated carbon was used as blank.
The ash content, bulk density, pH, and conductivity were determined by the method of Rao et al. (2003).
Oxygenated surface functional groups of the prepared activated carbon were determined by Boehm’s titration
method while the pHpzc was determined by the method of Sheng et al., (2004).
III. Results and Discussions
Activated carbons were prepared from palm kernel shell as a precursor with chemical activation using
potassium hydroxide as activating agent. Potassium hydroxide is a common activating agent in activated carbon
manufacturing industries. The choice of this chemical in this work was informed by the fact that it is a cleaner
production technology while compared to the use of ZnCl2, H3PO4 and other chemical agent frequently being
used. The activated carbon was characterized by standard methods. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was
used to study the morphological structure on the prepared activated carbons (Figure 1).
Figure 1: SEM of the prepared Activated sample
The surface structures of the activated carbons have burnt out pores with tunnel or honeycomb-like
structures as shown in Figure 1. The sample is characterized by a smooth surface with many orderly pores
developed. This is as a result of lack of tars and other impurities that could clog up the pores and inhibit the
development of pore structures.
The BET surface area as obtained from nitrogen gas adsorption was 127 g/m2
. The nitrogen gas
adsorption also showed that the adsorption was characteristic of type 1 of IUPAC isotherm classification (Figure
2). This is indicative of a predominantly porous adsorbent. The micropore volume and the total pore volume
were 0.11 and 0.12 cm3
g-1
respectively. The pore size distribution is as shown in Figure 3.
The percent ash of the palm kernel shell was determined to be 0.92%. This is lower than 1.10%
reported in literature (Daud and Ali, 2004). The low ash content indicates that palm kernel shell is a suitable
precursor for preparation of activated carbon. The ash content is a measure of the minerals as impurities in
carbons, mainly derived from the carbon precursor (Reo et al., 2003). Ash consists mainly of minerals such as
silica, aluminum, iron, magnesium and calcium that is not desired (Losso et al., 2002). These metals can leach
from the activated carbon, causing catalysis of adverse reactions or interference by competitive adsorption
(Losso et al., 2002).
3. Equilibrium Adsorption Studies Of Methylene Blue Onto Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon
www.irjes.com 40 | Page
The sample is also characterized by a pH of 9.32, conductivity of 138µS and a pHpzc of 7. The pH,
conductivity and ash constitute the chemical properties of activated carbon. The pH of 9.32 is slightly higher
than the 7.4 reported for most commercial carbon in literature (Reo et al., 2003). The pH of the solution is an
important factor that may affect uptake of the adsorbate. Yasin et al. (2007) and Santhy and Selvapthy, (2006),
reported that the chemical characteristic of both adsorbate and adsorbent vary with pH and showed that the
removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution increased with increase of pH of the solution. The pH of the
carbon directly impacts the adsorption process and may affect the final pH of the treated wastewater. Therefore
a neutral pH is generally preferred (Reo et al., 2003). A solution pH of 6.98-7.02 was therefore used throughout
in this work.
The surface charge on the adsorbent is a function of pH. The pH with which the charge of the adsorbent
surface is zero is referred to as the point of zero charge (pHpzc). According to Sheng et al. (2004), at pH <
pHpzc, the carbon surface has a net positive charge, whereas at pH > pHpzc, the carbon surface has a net
negative charge. The pHpzc of the activated carbon was 7.47 (Figure not Shown). Methylene blue is a cationic
dye and its adsorption will be favoured at pH below the pHpzc. It is therefore preferable to work at pH slightly
below the pHpzc which in this case was at neutral. High conductivity of the carbon is undesirable because it
interferes with the adsorption process because of the leachable minerals associated with the carbon surface (Reo
et al., 2003). The prepared carbon has a conductivity of 138 µS. This is lower than 347 µS reported for CO2
activated pecan shell (Losso et al., 2002).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0.5 1 1.5
QuantityAdsorbed(cm³/g)
Relative Pressure (P/Po)
Figure 2: Nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm for
the sample at 77 K.
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 200 400 600 800
PoreVolume(cm³/g)
Pore Diameter (Å)
Figure 3: Pore size distribution of the sample
4. Equilibrium Adsorption Studies Of Methylene Blue Onto Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon
www.irjes.com 41 | Page
The surface functionalities obtained from result of Boehm titration are shown in table 1.
Table 1: Surface functionalities of the sample
Total acid sites Phenolic Carboxylic Lactonic Total basic sites
6.00 2.00 0.65 3.35 6.35
Table 1 show that the surface of the prepared activated carbon is heterogeneous with a variety of functional
groups present; as such the adsorbent could be use effectively for adsorption of a variety of impurities from
solution.
3.1 Effect of contact time and initial concentration on adsorption of MB onto the activated carbon:
Figure 4 shows the percent methylene blue adsorbed at different initial concentration at varying contact
time. It is clear that the percent adsorbed increased with contact time but however decreased with increase in
initial concentration. The adsorption characteristic indicates a rapid uptake of the adsorbate as shown by the
curves. The adsorption rate however increased marginally after the first ten minutes to a near constant value
with increase in contact time. This agrees with the report of other investigators in literature [Garg et al. (2003),
Kadirvelu et al. (2000), and Kannam and Meenarshisundran (2002)]. The percent adsorbed was maximum at 50
minutes at most initial concentration, hence 50 minutes is the optimum contact time for the adsorption of
methylene blue onto the prepared carbon. The percent adsorbed decreased from 94 to 80 percent after the first
ten minutes of contact of the MB with the adsorbent as the initial concentration increased from 5 to 25 ppm.
3.2 Adsorption isotherms
Two important physicochemical aspects for the evaluation of adsorption process as a unit operation are
the equilibria of the adsorption and the kinetics. The adsorption equilibrium usually presented as adsorption
isotherm is useful for predicting the performances of activated carbon. According to Wang and Do (1999),
adsorption capacity is a prime factor to be considered in the optimization of activated carbon. The equilibrium
relationships between adsorbate and adsorbent are described by adsorption isotherms, usually the ratio between
the quantity adsorbed and that remaining in solution at a fixed temperature at equilibrium (Mohmmed et al.,
1998). The analysis of isotherm data by fitting them into different isotherm models is an important step to find
the suitable model that can be used to reproduce the experimental result obtained and hence for design purposes.
3.2.1 The Langmuir Isotherm
The Langmuir isotherm is given as:
𝒒 𝒆 =
𝒃𝑪𝑸 𝒐
𝟏 + 𝒃𝑪
… … … … … … … … … … … … … . . … … … … … … . . … … … . . … … (𝟑)
where, qe is amount of adsorbate adsorbed per unit weight of carbon, Qo
is a constant relating to monolayer
adsorption capacity, b is a constant which measures the surface energy of the adsorption process, C is
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80
%adsorbed
contact time (mins)
Figure 4: Effect of contact time and initial conc on adsorption of
MB onto AC.
5ppm
10ppm
15ppm
20ppm
25ppm
5. Equilibrium Adsorption Studies Of Methylene Blue Onto Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon
www.irjes.com 42 | Page
equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate in solution. Two convenient linear forms of the Langmuir equations
are:
𝑪
𝒒 𝒆
=
𝟏
𝒃𝑸 𝒐
+
𝑪
𝑸 𝒐
… … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … … … … … … . (𝟒)
𝟏
𝒒 𝒆
=
𝟏
𝑸 𝒐
+
𝟏
𝒃𝑸 𝒐
𝟏
𝑪
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . … … … … … … … (𝟓)
Figure 5 is the Langmuir isotherm plot for the adsorption of methylene blue onto the prepared activated carbon.
The Langmuir isotherm constants, separation factor and the correlation coefficient are shown in Table 2. The
value of adsorption capacity, Qo
, and the constant relating to the rate of adsorption, b, as obtained from the slope
and intercept of the plot were 3.22 mg/g and -8.64 L/mg, respectively (Table 2). A correlation coefficient, as
high as 0.71 was observed, indicating that the experimental data fit to the Langmuir model.
Table 2:Adsorption isotherm constant parameters
Langmuir
Qo
(mg/g) 3.22
b. -8.64
RL 0.0046
R2
0.71
Freudlich
Kf 950.61
1/n 1.97
R2
0.96
Temkin
bT. (kJ/mol) 406.77
KT (dm3
/g) 32.82
R2
0.97
Dubinin-Rushkevich (D-R)
Xm’ (mg/g) 61.31
E (kJ/mol) 3162.28
R2
0.98
An important characteristic of the Langmuir model is a dimensionless parameter called the separation
factor, RL and expressed as (Hameed et al.,. 2006):
𝑹 𝑳 =
𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒃𝑪 𝒐
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … … … . . … . (𝟔)
where b is the Langmuir constant expressing the adsorption rate and Co is the highest initial concentration. The
RL parameter is considered as a reliable indicator of adsorption characteristic. It indicates the shape of the
isotherm and the nature of the adsorption process as given below (Kannan and Meenkshisundran, 2002):
RL values Nature of the process
RL > 1 Unfavorable
RL = 1 Linear
0 < RL < 1 Favorable
RL = 0 Irreversible
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0 0.05 0.1
Ce/qe(mg/L)
Ce (ppm)
Figure 5: Langmuir isotherm for the
adsorption of MB by the AC at 30oC
6. Equilibrium Adsorption Studies Of Methylene Blue Onto Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon
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The RL value was 0.0046. The RL value for the studied system was found to be between 0 and 1which
is indicative of favorable adsorption of methylene blue onto the adsorbent.
3.2.2 Temkin Adsorption Isotherm
The Temkin isotherm model assumes that the heat of adsorption of all the molecules in the layer
decreases linearly with coverage due to adsorbent-adsorbate interactions. The adsorption is therefore,
characterized by a uniform distribution of the binding energy (Hameed et al., 2008). The Temkin isotherm is
given as:
𝒒𝒆 =
𝑹 𝑻
𝒃 𝑻
𝑰𝒏𝑲 𝑻 +
𝑹 𝑻
𝒃 𝑻
𝑰𝒏𝑪𝒆 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (𝟕)
where, 1/bT is the adsorption potential of the adsorbent (kJ mol-1
) and KT is Temkin isotherm constant (dm3
g-1
).
A plot of InCe versus qe gives a straight line of slope RT/bT and intercept of RT/bT InKT.. The Temkin isotherm
plot for the adsorption of MB from aqueous solution onto the palm kernel shell based activated carbon is shown
in Figure 6. The high correlation coefficient (0.97), characterized by the plots indicates a fit into the model. The
high value indicates a strong interaction between the adsorbate and the adsorbent. The Temkin isotherm
constant (Table 2) shows that the value of bT, which is related to heat of adsorption was 406.77 kJ/mol. This
value is indicative of chemisorptions. The Temkin adsorption potential, KT of the adsorbent was 32.82 (dm3
/g).
3.2.3 The Freundlich Isotherm
The Freundlich equation has the general form expressed as (Thomas and Crittenden, 1998):
𝒒 𝒆 = 𝑲 𝒇 𝑪 𝟏/𝒏
… … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … … . . … … (𝟖)
where, n is a constant related to adsorption efficiency and energy of adsorption, Kf is a constant measuring
adsorption capacity, qe is amount of adsorbate adsorbed per unit weight of carbon. It describes adsorption
processes on surface sites that are energetically heterogeneous. The logarithm form of the Freudlich equation
can be written as:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒒 𝒆 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑲 𝒇 +
𝟏
𝒏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑪 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (𝟗)
A plot of log qe versus log C gives a straight line with the slope 1/n and the intercept log Kf . The Kf value
increases with the total adsorption capacity of the adsorbent to bind the adsorbate. The numerical value of n is a
useful index of adsorption efficiency and is related to the energy of adsorption. This means that the intercept is
roughly an indicator of sorption capacity and slope indicates adsorption intensity (Ribeiro et al., 2001). The
fitting of the experimental data into Freundlich model is shown in Figure 7. The Freundlich isotherm
parameters, Kf and 1/n which measure the capacity of the adsorbent and adsorption intensity/ surface
hetergeneity are obtained from the intercept and the slope of the plot, respectively, and are shown in Table 2.
The Kf value was 950.61 while the value of 1/n was 1.97. Generally, 1<1/n<10 is characteristic of cooperative
adsorption and indicative of favourable adsorption process as reported in literature (Hameed et al., 2006; and
Shabudeen et al., 2006). In cooperative adsorption, the formation of second layer is ruled out as there is no
obvious phase change (Kipling, 1965). Freundlich model also yields a good fit with a correlation coefficient
value of 0.96.
0
5
10
15
20
25
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
qe
In Ce
Figure 6: Temkin isotherm plots for adsorption of
MB by AC at 30oC.
7. Equilibrium Adsorption Studies Of Methylene Blue Onto Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon
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3.2.4 Dubinin-Rushkevich (D-R) Model
The D-R adsorption isotherm is expressed as: (Kannan and Rengasamy, 2005).
𝑰𝒏 𝒒𝒆 = 𝑰𝒏 𝑿 𝒎
′
– 𝑲′
𝜺 𝟐
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (𝟏𝟎)
where, Xm’= adsorption capacity (mg/g), K’ = constant related to energy of adsorption (mol2
kJ-2
), ε = Polanyi
potential = RT In [1+ (1/Ce)], R = universal gas constant (J deg-1
mol-1
), and E = mean energy of adsorption and
can be computed from the K’ value as
𝑬 = (−𝟐𝑲′)−𝟎.𝟓
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (𝟏𝟏)
A plot of 𝑰𝒏 𝒒𝒆 𝒗𝒔 𝜺 𝟐
gives slope = K’ and intercept = In Xm’. The value of mean energy E, provide
information about the nature of adsorption process.
Figure 8 depict the linear plots of the Dubinin-Rushkevich (D-R) isotherm. The correlation coefficient
0.98, indicating the model best describes the experimental data. The slope and intercept of the plots were used to
calculate the isotherm constants shown in Table 2.
The adsorption capacity Xm as obtained from the intercept of the plots was 61.31 mg/g. The D-R
isotherm is best employed to determine the adsorption energy. The energy of adsorption as estimated from the
D-R plots was 3162 kJ/mol. The energy value suggests that the process is chemisorptions.
IV. Conclusion
This investigation has shown that palm kernel shell could be a good precursor for preparation of a low
cost activated carbon for removal of dye from wastewater. This is shown by the results of the physicochemical
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
logqe
log Ce
Figure 7: Freundlich isotherm plots for adsorption of MB at
30oC
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.00E+00 5.00E+07 1.00E+08
Inqe
ε2
Figure 8: Dubinin-Radushkevich plot for the
adsorption of MB
8. Equilibrium Adsorption Studies Of Methylene Blue Onto Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon
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properties analysis of the prepared activated carbon. The pH, ash content are low; the BET surface area is
adequate and SEM analysis shows development of adequate pores during the activation process. The carbon is
therefore suitable for the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous phase.
It is also observed that the surface of the prepared activated carbon is heterogeneous with a variety of
functional groups present; as such the adsorbent could be effective for adsorption of a variety of impurities from
solution. The Langmuir adsorption capacity, Qo
, and the constant relating to the rate of adsorption, b, for
adsorption of methylene blue were 3.22 mg/g and -8.64 L/mg, respectively.
This research has established that the adsorption of methylene onto palm kernel shell based activated
carbon can be best described by the Dubinin-Rushkevich isotherm model with a characteristic correlation
coefficient of 0.98. The energy of adsorption obtained from this model shows clearly that the process is
chemisorptions. This is buttressed by the fact that the nitrogen gas adsorption also showed that the adsorption
was characteristic of type 1 of IUPAC isotherm classification and indicative of a predominantly porous
adsorbent. It is observed that the adsorption characteristic indicates a rapid uptake of the adsorbate, the optimum
contact time for the adsorption of methylene blue onto the prepared carbon being 50 minutes. This evidence also
point to chemisorptions process.
V. Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the Technical Staff of Chemistry Department, Ahmadu Bello University for
their supports.
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