International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
The Use Of Ecchornia crassipes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Ecchornia crassipes in the removal of
some heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company.
Water sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The
Bioconcentration (BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental
study showed that Ecchornia crassipes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd,
Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from Romi stream.
The Use Of Pistia stratiotes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: A ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Pistia stratiotes in the removal of some
heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. Water
sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The Bioconcentration
(BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental study showed
that Pistia stratiotes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from
Romi stream.
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
Corchorusolitoriuswaste(mulukiya) as a potential sorbent for the removal of c...IOSR Journals
This work was conducted to determine the practicability of using a new adsorbent Corchorusolitorius(mulukiya)waste,for the removal of cadmium (Cd(II)), and thorium (Th(IV)) from wastewater. Corchorusolitoriuswereanalysis by Fourier transform infraredFTIR , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDEX). Some parameters such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH’s, initial metal ion concentrations, and contact time, that influence adsorption phenomenon, were studied. The optimum pH for maximum adsorption of Cd(II) and Th(IV) was found to be 5.55 and 4.50, respectively. The contact time required for reaching equilibrium was 2 hr. The pseudo second-order kinetic model was the best fit to represent the kinetic data. Analysis of the equilibrium adsorption data using Langmuir and Freundlich models showed that theLangmuir model was well suitable to describe the metal ions adsorption.
Similar to Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fern (20)
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
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UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
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2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fern
1. Chemical and Process Engineering Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol 3, 2012
Kinetic Model for the Sorption of Cu (ii) and Zn (ii) Using Lady
Fern (Athyrium - Filix – Femina) Leaf Waste Biomass from
Aqueous Solution
A.K Asiagwu1 I.H Owamah2* and J.O Otutu1
1 Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Landmark University, P.M.B.1001,Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
*E-mail:dahilla222@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study presents the biosorption of two divalent metal ions, Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) onto lady fern (Athyrium- filix-
femina) leaf waste biomass over a wide range of reaction conditions and equilibrium sorption kinetics.
The rate of removal of Cu(ii) ions and Zn(ii) ions from aqueous solution by
the lady fern leaf waste biomass was studied in batch conditions. The rate of sorption of copper and zinc was rapid
within the initial time of 5-20 minutes and reached a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modelling analysis of the
pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equation model using the linear coefficient of determination R2 values
showed that the pseudo- second order equation was the most appropriate model for the description of Cu(ii) and
Zn(ii) ion sorption and can be said to follow a pseudo- second order model. The sorption process was examined by
means of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir equation revealed a monolayer sorption capacity
0.09mg/g and 0.09mg/ for Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) respectively. The results from this present study indicates that lady fern
leaf waste biomass could be employed for the removal of toxic and valuable metals from industrial effluents.
Keywords: Sorption Conditions, Adsorption isotherms and kinetics.
1. Introduction
The problems of our ecosystem are increasing with advancement in technology. Heavy metal pollution is one of
these problems. Toxic heavy metal release into the environment has been increasing continuously as a result of
man’s industrial activities and technological development(Horsfall and Spiff,2004).The release of heavy metals
posses a significant threat to the environment and public health because of their toxicity, bioaccumulation in the food
chain and persistence in nature (Ceribasi and Yeti,2001). Industrial process for extracting metals or, more generally
all processes involving metals in their productive cycle generate significant heavy metal cations(Fourest and
Roux,1992). Mine drainage, metal industries, refining, electroplating, dye and leather industries, domestic effluents,
landfill leachate and agricultural runoff all generate wastewater that contain heavy metals(Abia etal,2012). The
presence of these heavy metals in the environment has led to a number of environmental problems. Since most of
these heavy metals do not biodegradable into non-toxic end products (Augustine etal,2009), their concentration in
effluents must therefore be reduced to acceptable levels before discharging them into the environment. Otherwise,
these metal ions could pose threat to public health or affect the aesthetic quality of potable water (Xu etal,2006).
There are several physicochemical methods developed by scientists used in the removal of trace metal ions from
industrial wastewater such as precipitation, ion exchange, membrane processes, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis,
chemical oxidation/reduction, electrochemical treatment, evaporative recovery, lime coagulation and filtration (Suh
and Song,2009;Chong andVolesky,1995;Horsfall and Spiff,2005;Horsfall and Spiff,2005).These processes however
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may be ineffective or expensive and non-environment- friendly when the concentrations of the trace metal ions are
high in the industrial effluent, say 1 – 100mg of trace metal ions per liter (Volesky,1990;Kapor and
Viraraghavan,1995). These existing treatment processes also have disadvantages like high reagent and energy
requirement, incomplete metal removal, generation of toxic sludge or other waste products which require careful
disposal. All these have made it imperative for a cost-effective treatment method that is capable of removing trace
metals from industrial effluents.
Biological methods such as biosorption/bioaccumulation are presented as alternative methods to traditional
physicochemical methods for the removal of trace metal ions from effluents as they are more environment- friendly
and economically feasible (Pagnaneffi etal,2002). Adsorption as an alternative method to traditional physio-chemical
methods is the physical adherence or bonding of ions and molecules onto the surface of another molecule. It is a
process that uses special solids known as adsorbents to remove substances (pollutants) from either gaseous or liquid
phase mixtures. It is a very common method in the form of sorption used in the treatment of wastewater. The
adsorption process involves solid phase (adsorbent) and liquid phase (solvent) containing dissolved species (trace
metal ions in this case) to be sorbed. Owing to the high affinity of the sorbent for the sorbate species, the latter is
attracted and bound by different mechanisms. The process continues till equilibrium is established between the
amount of solid-bound sorbate species and its portion remaining in the solution. The degree of sorbent affinity for the
sorbate determines its distribution between the solid and liquid phase (Norton etal,2004).
The adsorbent material is usually a waste material or by product or even waste material from large scale industrial
operations. For example, sorghum chaff, paper mill waste, cocoa-pod husks, coconut fibres, palm bunch wastes, tea
waste and many others (Hussein etal,2004;Sudah and Abraham,2001).The major advantages of adsorption over other
conventional treatment methods include: the treatment of large volumes of wastewater with high concentration of
pollutants, high efficiency, low cost and minimization of chemical and/or biological sludge, regeneration of
adsorbent and possibility of metal recovery (Abia etal,2005;Ho etal,1986,Ho etal,1996). The equilibrium of the
adsorption process is often described by fitting the experimental data with models usually used for the description of
equilibrium adsorption isotherm (Quek etal,1998). The isotherm models for single metal systems are the Langmuir
and Freundlich isotherm models. This present study is therefore focused on the removal of Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) from
wastewater via kinetic approach.
2. Materials and Method
2.1 Sample Collection
Fresh lady fern (Athyrium- filix- femina) leaves were collected from the river bank of River Ethiope in Abraka,
Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State.
These were all hand-plucked from the bank, thoroughly washed with deionised water and allowed to air-dry for three
days. The dried leaf samples were ground with mechanical grinder and then sieved through a British standard screen
to obtain particles sizes ranging from 100μm to 400μm and stored in a plastic container for further analysis.
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3.Experimental Procedures
3.1 Activation and Purification of the Biomass
The experiments on activation and purification of the biomass were carried out according to the previous works of
(Horsfall and Spiff,2005).600g of finely divided biomass was activated and at the same time, purified by soaking in
excess 0.3M HNO3 for 24 hours to remove any metals and debris that might be in the biomass prior to experimental
metal ion exposure, followed by washing thoroughly with deionised water until a pH of 7.1 ± 0.1 was attained and
resuspended in 1.0M hydroxylamine to remove all O-acetyl groups. To remove all other soluble materials, the
biomass was washed with deionised water and allowed to air-dry for 24 hours at room temperature. After this, the
purified biomass cake obtained from the different particle sizes ranging from 100pm to 400pm were collected at
room temperature.
3.2 Effect of Metal Ion Concentration on Sorption
The experiment on the effect of metal ion concentration on sorption was performed according to the previous works
of (Horsfall and Spiff,2005). Several standard solutions of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70mg/l were prepared for Cu(ii)
from CuSO4, and Zn(ii) from ZnSO4.6H2O.
The metal solutions made separately were adjusted to pH of 5.0 (since most metals are soluble at this pH) using
concentrated HCI. 50ml of each metal ion solution was added to accurately weighed (250 ± 0.01mg)
activated/purified biomass in different flasks and agitated for 2 hours to ensure that equilibrium was reached. At the
end of the time, the suspension was filtered through Whatman No. 45 filter paper and centrifuged at 2500rpm for 5
minutes (this is to remove all traces of cloudiness). The supernatants were analyzed for metal ions by Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) machine(Horsfall and Spiff,2005).
3.3 Effect of Contact Time on Sorption
The experiment on the effect of contact time on the metal ion binding was performed according to the previous
works of (Horsfall and Spiff,2005). Activated/purified biomasses (250 ± 0.01mg) were weighed into several flasks.
Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) solutions (2.50mg in 50m1 of water) were added to the biomasses. The flasks were then labelled for
time intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 minutes respectively. The pH’s of these suspensions were adjusted to
5.0. The flasks were tightly covered and shaken at the appropriate time intervals. At the end of each time interval, the
suspensions were filtered using Whatman No. 45 filter paper and then centrifuged at 2800rpm for 5 minutes. The
metal ion concentration was determined using the AAS machine(Horsfall and Spiff,2005).
3.4 Analysis of Metal Content
The Zn(ii) and Cu(ii) contents in all experiments were determined with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(AAS). Spectroscopic grade standards were used to calibrate the instruments, which were checked throughout the
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analysis for instrument’s response. The batch experiments were performed in triplicates and the means were
computed for each set of values to maintain quality assurance.
4. Data Evaluation
4.1 Calculation of the Degree of Metal Ion Removal
The amount of Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) ions removed by the biomass during the series of the batch investigations were
determined using a mass balance equation expressed as shown in Equation (1);
qe
V
CO Ce ………..(1)
M
Where;
qe = metal-ion concentration on the biomass (mg/g) at equilibrium.
Ce = metal-ion concentration in solution (mg/I) at equilibrium.
Co = initial metal-ion concentration in solution (mg/l)
V = volume of initial metal-ion solution used(L)
M = Mass of biomass used (g)
4.2 Kinetic Treatment of Experimental Data
In order to comprehensively investigate the mechanism of adsorption, pseudo-first order and the pseudo-second
order kinetic mechanisms as have been used by some workers(Horsfall and Spiff,2005; Hu etal,1995), were applied
to the experimental data.
The pseudo-first order expression earlier used by Horsfall and Spiff(2005), for the sorption system of divalent
metal-ions using Aphagnum moss plant was adopted for this study.
The linear form of Langergren’s pseudo first order model is given by Equation(2) ;
ln qe qt ln qe Kt …………..(2)
Where;
qe = mass of metal adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g)
qt = mass of metal adsorbed at time t (mg/g)
K= equilibrium constant=K1 for this pseudo first order analysis
A linear plot of In(qe – qt) versus t confirms the model. From the plot
K1 ,is the rate constant (lmin-1) and can be determined from the slope, while qe is the maximum sorption capacity at
equilibrium (mg/g) and is obtained from the intercept of the plot.
The pseudo second order equation earlier used also by Horsfall and Spiff(2005) for the sorption system of divalent
metal-ions using Aphagnum moss plant was adopted. The linear form of the pseudo-second order model is generally
expressed in Equation (3);
t 1 t
…………………………..(3)
qt ho qe
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Where
qt = the amount of divalent metal-ions on the biomass surface (mg/g) at anytime t.
qe = the amount of divalent metal-ions sorbed at equilibrium (mg/g)
ho = the initial sorption capacity (mg/g min)
The initial sorption rate, ho, is defined as shown in Equation(4);
ho K 2 qe2 .....................................(4)
Where;
K2 is the Pseudo-second order rate constant (g/mg min),which indicates the rate constant of sorption (g/mg.min-1) for
the boundary
conditions.
t
A linear plot of against t confirms the model. Having obtained the values of K2 and qe, the maximum
qt
sorption capacity at any other time(qt) can be obtained using Equation (5)
qt K 2 qe ………………………….(5)
qe, K2 and ho can be determined from the slope and intercept of the plot respectively [5].
5. Results and Discussions
5.1 Effect of Metal Ion Concentration on Adsorption
The experimental results of the uptake of Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) ions onto the fern leaf waste biomass at various initial
metal-ion concentrations are shown in Table1. The sorption capacity increases from 0.078 – 0.089mg/g Cu(ii) and
0.082 – 0.091mg/g Zn(ii) with an increase in metal ion concentration from 10 – 70mg/l and a biomass dose of 5.0g.
The two metals in the study were adsorbed in these order Zn(ii) > Cu(ii).However, the actual percentage removal of
the metal ions from solution increased with increase in the initial metal-ion concentrations (Table 1). This may be
due to the fact that at lower concentrations, adsorption of the metal-ions occurred slowly and further increase in
initial metal-ion concentration led to a competition for available bonding sites on the biomass surface by the metal-
ions and thus increased adsorption. Similar adsorption procedure have also been reported by other researchers ( Abia
etal,2002;Quek etal,1998;HorsfallandSpiff,1995).
5.2 Effect of Contact Time on Adsorption
Time-dependence experiments were conducted in order to obtain how long the fern leaf biomass would take to
adsorb the metal-ions at optimum pH. The data from the time dependent experiments for the removal of trace metals
is as presented in Table 2. As the contact time increased from 5 – 15 minutes, the amount of metal-ions removed by
the biomass was observed to be relatively high until a contact time of 20 minutes was reached, after which the metal
ion removed dropped and became fairly constant.
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These data reveal that metal-ion removal by the biomass was initially rapid for the two metals investigated. Within
the first 5 – 25 minutes, the biomass was capable of removing over 70% of each metal ion. Optimum adsorption of
the two metals was achieved within 5 – 20 minutes and thereafter, dropped almost uniformly. The rapid adsorption
of the metal ions by the biomass indicates that the adsorption might have taken place on the cell wall of the biomass,
since most, soluble components were removed using washing. This relatively fast and early removal of metal-ions
also indicates that physi-sorption as well as chem-sorption processes were involved in the reaction between the
metal-ions and fern leaf biomass. Using differing biomasses, similar adsorption trends have been observed by other
researchers(Queketal,1998; Horsfall and Spiff,1995).
6. Freundlich Isotherm
The Freundlich model was chosen to estimate the adsorption intensity of the solute (metal-ion) on the
sorbent surface. The linear Freundlich isotherm for the sorption of the two divalent metals onto lady fern leaf waste
biomass is shown in Figure 1. Examination of the plot (Inq e VS Ince) reveals that the Freundlich isotherm was not a
very appropriate model for the sorption study of the metal-ions since the value of the coefficient R2 for all the two
metals were all less than 0.990. Table 3 shows the linear Freundlich sorption isotherm constants and the coefficient
of determination (R2). The kf value of Zn(ii) (0.084) is greater than that of Cu(ii) (0.079), suggesting that Zn(ii) has
the greater adsorption tendency towards the waste biomass than the other metal-ions. The Freundlich equation
parameter, 1/n, which is a measure of the adsorption intensity for Cu(ii) (0.073) is higher than that of Zn(ii) (0.051)
indicating a preferential sorption of Cu(ii) by the waste biomass.
7. Langmuir Isotherm
The Langmuir isotherm was adopted for the estimation of the maximum adsorption capacity corresponding to
complete monolayer coverage on the biomass surface. The plots of specific sorption (Ce/qe) against the equilibrium
concentration (Ce) for Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) ion, is shown in Figure 2 while the linear isotherm parameters qm,K1
and the coefficients of determination are presented in Table 4.
2
The R values suggests that the Langmuir isotherm provides a
good model for the sorption system. The sorption capacity, q m, which is a measure of the maximum adsorption
capacity corresponding to complete monolayer coverage, showed that the fern leaf waste biomass had a high
capacity for Cu(ii) (0.09mg/g) and Zn(ii) (0.09mg/g). The adsorption coefficient, KL, which is related to the apparent
energy of sorption was high for Zn(ii) (7.71log -1) than that of Cu(ii) (4.8461og-1). This observation shows that the
energy of adsorption is not very favourable for Cu(ii), probably due to its large ionic radius hence, not all binding
sites may have been available to Cu(ii). Similar capacity orders have also been reported by Horsfall and Spiff
(1995),for different metal-ions onto fluted pumpkin waste biomass. The favourability of adsorption of the two metal-
ions onto the fern leaf waste biomass was tested using the essential features of the Langmuir isotherm model,
expressed in terms of a dimensionless constant called “separation factor” was also used by ( Horsfall and
Spiff,1995).The separation factor, SF is defined by the following relationship in Equation(6).
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1
SF ....................(6)
1 K L CO
Where:
KL = Langmuir isotherm constant ;Co = initial metal-ion concentration of 10mg/l
The parameter indicates the shape of isotherm as follows:
SF > 1 Unfavourable isotherm; SF = 1 Linear isotherm ;SF = 0 Irreversible isotherm ;0 < SF < I Favourable isotherm.
The separation parameters for the two metals are less than unity, indicating that the fern leaf waste biomass is an
excellent adsorbent for the two metal-ions. And However, the SF values (Table 4) of Cu(ii) > Zn(ii) indicates that in
a single metal system, Zn(ii) will bind faster than Cu(ii) due to low SF value of Cu. This observed separation factor
also indicates that high concentration of Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) in an effluent will not be a limiting factor in the ability of
the fern leaf waste biomass to sorb these metal-ions. Similar separation parameters have been reported by Horsfall
and Spiff(1995). Based on the R2 values, the linear form of the Langmuir isotherm appears to produce a reasonable
model for the sorption of the two metals since the values are greater than 0.990, thus showing that lady fern leaf
waste biomass is an excellent material for the removal of metal-ions from aqueous solution.
8. Kinetics of Sorption
This is the most important factor in determining the rate at which sorption takes place for a given system and is also
very essential in understanding sorbent design, sorbate residence time and reactor dimensions
(Horsfall,2004;Ceribasi and Yeti,2001). However, according to (Horsfall and Spiff,1995), sorption kinetics shows a
large range dependence on the physical and/or chemical characteristics of the sorbent materials, which also
influences the sorption process and the mechanism.
8.1 Pseudo-first order model
A plot of In(qe – qt) against t (Figure 3) gives the pseudo-first order kinetics. From the plot, it is observed that the
relationship between the metal ion diffusivity, ln(qe - qe ) and time, t, is non-linear; indicating that the diffusivity of
the metal ion onto the biomass surface is film-diffusion controlled. The non-linearity of the diffusivity plot shows
that this equation proposed was not adequate in describing the reactions among the two divalent metal ions onto the
biomass surface. This trend has been reported by [21] on the kinetic study of different ions onto caladium bicolour
biomass. It was also observed that the Langergren pseudo first order equation did not provide a very good description
for the sorption of the two metal ions onto Athyrium- filix-femina biomass as the values of the coefficient of
determination, R2, were all less than 0.990 for the two metals. Hence, no further consideration of this model was
attempted.
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8.2 Pseudo-second order model
The initial sorption rate, h0, the equilibrium sorption capacity, qe, the pseudo-second order rate constant K2,and the
coefficients of determination, R2, were determined experimentally from the slope and intercept of the plot of t/q F
against t (Figure 4) and are shown in Table 6. The data shows that Zn(ii) had a higher sorption rate than Cu(ii). This
implies that in a single metal-ion system of the metals, Zn(ii) may be adsorbed better. The coefficient of
determination, R2, for the pseudo-first order and second order rate models were used to confirm the sorption
mechanism proposed. The R2 values for the two rate constants are listed in Table 7. The data shows a good
compliance with the pseudo-second order equation, as the coefficient of determination for metal ions on the biomass
were all > 0.990 for the two divalent metal ions. The coefficients of determination for the pseudo-first order kinetic
model were all smaller when compared to those of the pseudo-second order indicating that the pseudo-second order
model was more appropriate in describing the sorption kinetics. Similar pattern of coefficients of determination have
been reported by (Horsfall and Spiff,2005) for the kinetics of sorption of different metal ions on the caladium
bicolour biomass
9. CONCLUSION
This study shows that lady fern (Arthyrium- filix- femina) leaf is a good and affordable adsorbent for the removal of
Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) in aqueous. The fern leaf waste biomass adsorbed metal ions from solution, with an increment in sorption
capacity, qe, with increased metal ion concentration. The adsorption mechanism for these two metal is a stable, rapid
process and occurred in less than 25minutes,which indicates that adsorption was taken place on the cell wall surface of the
lady fern leaf biomass. The Langmuir model showed a better fit than the Freundlich model when the equilibrium data was
fit in both isotherms. The separation factor, Sf obtained from the Langmuir isotherm showed that adsorption of metal
ions onto the lady fern leaf waste biomass was favourable. The kinetic data clearly established the pseudo-second order
model to be a more appropriate model for the description of the metal ion sorption process of Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) onto
Athyrium –filix- femina biomass than the pseudo-first order equation. The results got from this study shows that lady fern
(Athyrium- filix -femina) leaf is a good and cheap biosorpent with the potential for the removal and recovery of metal
ions from heavy metals contaminated wastewater.
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18. Suh, J.H; Kim, D.S; and Song, S.K. (2001). Inhibition effect of initial Pb(ii) concentration on Pb(ii) accumulation by Saccharomyces
cereviseae and aureobaridium pollutants. Bioresource the. 79:99-102.
19. Xu, T., Sonnenthal, E.L., Spycher, N. and Pruess, K. (2006). THOURGHREACT: A simulation programme for non isothermal
multiphase reactive geochemical transport in viably saturated geologic media. Computer and Geoscience, 32: 145 – 165.
20. Volesky, B. (1990). Biosorption and Biosorbent. In Biosorption of heavy metals, pp. 3-5.
Corresponding Author’s Address: Engr Owamah I. Hilary, Civil Engineering Department, Landmark University, P.M.B.1001,Omu-Aran,Kwara
State, Nigeria.
E-mail:dahilla222@yahoo.com
Phone:+2340835705814
1
Dr Augustine Asiagwu has a PhD in Chemistry(physical/environmental chemistry option) from the Nnamdi Azikiwe University ,Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. He
lectures at the Chemistry Department of Delta State University,Abraka,Nigeria. His major research interests are adsorption studies and modelling, wastewater
treatment, pollution control and others. Dr Asiagwu is a registered Member of the Chemical Society of Nigeria and has published extensively in revered international
and national scientific journals.
3
Engr Hilary Owamah was born on the 27th of August,1982,at Boji-Boji Owa, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. He is presently a PhD student of Civil Engineering(water
resources and environmental engineering) at University of Benin, and a lecturer at the Civil Engineering Department of Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara
State, both in Nigeria.
He has researched extensively into the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorptions for dyes and heavy metals, using different local materials, wastewater and solid
waste management. His present research is on alternative energy generation from waste and biogas production modelling.
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10. Chemical and Process Engineering Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol 3, 2012
Engr Owamah Ijeoma Hilary is a member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers and a registered Engineer with the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in
Nigeria.
Table 1. Effect of Concentration on Metal-Ion Removal
Initial metal ion concentration (mg/l) Amount of metal ion adsorbed (mg/g) qe Amount of metal ion adsorbed (mg/g) qe
Cu Zn
10 0.078 0.082
20 0.087 0.089
30 0.089 0.091
40 0.089 0.092
50 0.090 0.092
60 0.089 0.091
70 0.089 0.091
(Mass of biomass 5g, pH 5.0, temperature 25° time 2 hours, volume 50ml)
C,
Table 2. Effect of Contact Time on Metal Ion Removal
Initial metal ion concentration (mg/l) Amount of metal ion adsorbed (mg/g) qe Amount of metal ion adsorbed (mg/g) qe
Cu Zn
5 0.076 0.079
10 0.073 0.077
15 0.062 0.069
20 0.053 0.066
25 0.044 0.055
30 0.032 0.044
35 0.020 0.036
H
(Mass of biomass 5g, concentration 10mg/l, volume 50ml, p 5.0, temperature 25°C)
Table 3. Linear Isotherm Freundlich Parameters
Metal ions 1/n Kf R2
Cu(ii) 0.073 0.079 0.473
Zn(ii) 0.051 0.084 0.324
Table 4. Linear Langmuir Isotherm Parameters
Metal ions qm (mgg-1) KL (lg-1) R2 SF
Cu(ii) 0.073 0.079 0.473 0.025
Zn(ii) 0.051 0.084 0.324 0.015
Table 5. Pseudo-first order rate kinetic values for the sorption of the two metal-ions
Metal ions K1 qe (mgg-1) R2
Cu(ii) 0.104 0.0032 0.795
Zn(ii) 0.085 0.0038 0.847
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11. Chemical and Process Engineering Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol 3, 2012
Table 6. Pseudo-second order kinetic parameters values for the sorption of the two metal ions on the biomass
Metal ions qo (mgg-1 min-1) K2 (mgg-1 min-1) qe (mgg-1) R2
Cu(ii) 0.0024 6.00 0.020 0.822
Zn(ii) 0.0056 4.48 0.034 0.925
Table 7. Comparison of coefficients of determination, R2, for the pseudo-first (K1) and pseudo-second (K2) order rate
models
2
Metal ions R from K1 R2 from K2
Cu(ii) 0.795 0.822
Zn(ii) 0.847 0.925
Figure 1: Freundlich Equilibrium Isotherm for the Sorption for Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) Ions
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12. Chemical and Process Engineering Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol 3, 2012
Figure 2:Langmuir Equilibrium Isotherm for the Sorption for Cu(ii) and Zn(ii)
Figure 3. Pseudo-First Order Sorption Kinetics for the Sorption for Cu (ii) and Zn (ii) Ions
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ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol 3, 2012
Figure 4: Pseudo-Second Order Sorption Kinetics for the Sorption for Cu (ii) and Zn (ii)
13
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