The document is a project report presentation on assessing groundwater quality in Raichur Taluk, Karnataka, India. It includes sections on introduction, literature review, study area and data collection, water quality assessment parameters, and conclusions. 21 sampling locations in and around Raichur Taluk were tested for various water quality parameters including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity, fluoride, sulphate, chloride, and acidity. The results found that most parameters were within acceptable limits according to drinking water standards, however some locations had higher levels of parameters like fluoride, sulphate and chloride.

1. A PROJECT REPORT PRESENTATION BY:
ALPHONSA MONICA (3NA11CV002)
LALHRUAITLUANGI SAILO (3NA11CV012)
LALTHAFAMKIMI (3NA11CV013)
TABITHA G (3NA11CV030)
Under the guidance of:
Prof. ASHISH P DESAI
NAVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (NIT),
RAICHUR

2. 1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION
4. ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY
5. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF STUDY
6. REFERENCES

3. WATER
BASIC ELEMENT
RAPID DEVELOPMENT
DEMAND
QUALITY SCARCE
SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM
HENCE THE PROJECT AIMS AT ASSESSING GROUND WATER
QUALITY IN RAICHUR TALUK

4.  Groundwater is the water that is found underneath
the Earth's surface at profundities where all the
pore (open) spaces in the soil, sediments, or rock
are completely stacked with water.
 Groundwater of any structure whether from a
shallow well or a significant well is refilled
(energized) by precipitation.
 Groundwater is a piece of the hydrologic cycle,
beginning when a piece of the precipitation that
falls on the Earth's surface sinks (infiltrates)
through the soil and enters (seeps) diving to wind
up groundwater.
 Groundwater will at long last come back to the
surface, discharging to streams, springs, lakes, or
the oceans, to complete the hydrologic cycle.

6. The formation
below the earth’s
surface is divided
into two zones by
an irregular surface
called the water
table.
At all points in the
water table the
pressure is
atmospheric.

7.  Provides guideline regarding design and
construction of ground water structure.
 Water availability in the ground creates a
sense of ownership amongst land holders.
 Availability shows there is no shortage of
water to aid the demand of irrigation.
 Generates a vast scope for development
of different activities----agriculture,
industries etc.

8.  Water quality index (WQI) is valuable and unique rating
to depict the overall water quality status in a single term
that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment
technique to meet the concerned issues. (Shweta Tyagi
and Bhavtosh Sharma, Water Quality Index at
Uttarakhand)
 Apart from the municipal supply the population also
depends upon the ground water reservoirs. Groundwater
quality of southern India is strongly dependent on
bedrock geology and climate but may also be impacted
in parts by pollution, particularly from agricultural and
industrial sources.(RAMKRISHNA, Water Quality Index
at Vishakapatnam)

9. Raichur district is
situated in north-eastern
part of Karnataka state.
It falls in the Northern
Maidan region, between
15º 33’- 16º 34’ North
latitudes and 76º 14’-
77º 36’ East longitudes.
It lies between the two
major rivers namely the
Krishna and the
Tungabhadra. The
district is bounded on
the north by Gulbarga,
on the east by the
Mahbubnagar district of
Telangana state.

10. Raichur district forms part of Krishna catchment in
northern part, while southern part forms the Lower
Tungabhardra catchment area. The two important
rivers in the district are the Krishna and the
Tungabhadra, which form the northern and
southern boundary of the district respectively and
are perennial in nature. River Bheema is an
important tributary of the river Krishna. The
drainage pattern is highly dendritic in nature. The
drainage pattern in the area has been altered due
to the irrigation practices in the area.

12.  Raichur district is located in the northern Maidan
Region of Karnataka State, which is drought prone and
falls in the arid tract.
 The climate of the district can be termed as mild to
severe, with mild winters and hot summers.
 December is the coldest month with mean daily
minimum of 17.7º C, while May is the hottest month
with mean daily maximum temperature of 39.8º C.
 The day temperature in May often touches 45.0ºC.
 The normal annual rainfall of the district is 621mm.
 The annual number of the rainy days is about 49 days.

13. 30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Max temp
MaximumTemperature
Year
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Minimumtemperature
Year
Min Temp

14.  Geomorphologically, Raichur district can be
broadly classified into three major zones such
as,
 (a)The Northern rugged plateau
 (b)The Southern lower plains with
inselbergs and isolated hillocks
 (c) Valley fills
 The soils of the district can be classified
broadly into the following four types namely:
Mixed red and black soils, Medium black
soils, Deep black soils and Red sandy soils.

15. 1. Hydrogen ion concentration pH.
2. Turbidity.
3. Electrical Conductivity.
4. Total Dissolved Solids.
5. Total Hardness.
6. Calcium Hardness.
7. Magnesium Hardness.
8. Alkalinity.
9. Fluoride.
10. Sulphate.
11. Chloride.
12. Acidity.

16. HYDROGEN ION
CONCENTRATION
TURBIDITY
 Hydrogen ion concentration
is the measure of the acidity
of a solution of water. The
pH scale commonly ranges
from 0 to 14. Water with a
pH below 7.0 is considered
acidic while water with pH
greater than 7.0 is
considered basic or alkaline.
 Turbidity is the technical term
referring to the cloudiness of a
solution and it is a qualitative
characteristic which is imparted
by solid particles obstructing
the transmittance of light
through a water sample.
Turbidity often indicates the
presence of dispersed and
suspended solids like clay,
organic matter, silt, algae and
other microorganisms.

17. ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
 Conductivity is a numerical
expression of an aqueous
solution's capacity to carry
an electric current. This
ability depends on the
presence of ions, their total
concentration, mobility,
valence and relative
concentrations and on the
temperature of the liquid.
 The TDS includes all
dissociated and undissociated
substances, except
suspended sediments,
colloids or dissolved gases.
The bulk of TDS includes
bicarbonates, sulphates and
chlorides of calcium,
magnesium, sodium and
silica.. The area where the
water has low TDS may be
considered as possible area
of recharge.

18. TOTAL HARDNESS CALCIUM HARDNESS
 The principal natural sources of
hardness in water are
sedimentary rocks, seepage and
runoff from soils. In general, hard
waters originate in areas with
thick topsoil and limestone
formations. Groundwater is
generally harder than surface
water. Total hardness is normally
expressed as the total
concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in
mg/l, equivalent CaCO3. Calcium
(Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+)
are the important parameters for
total hardness.
 This ion is easily precipitated and
in particular react with soap to
make it difficult to remove scum.
Calcium is an essential element
required for good health and its
daily requirement varies from
0.7-2.0 gm. Insufficient amount
of calcium may induce adverse
physiological effects. On the
contrary excess amount of
calcium in body results in
formation of urinary bladder
stone and irritation in urinary
passage.

19. MAGNESIUM HARDNESS ALKALINITY
 Magnesium is essential as an
activator of many enzyme
systems
 Olivine, augite, biotite,
hornblende, serpentine and talc
are some major magnesium-
bearing minerals.
 The high concentration of
magnesium ion may cause
laxative effect, while deficiency
may cause structural and
functional changes.
 Alkalinity is the sum total of
components in the water that
tend to elevate the pH to the
alkaline side of neutrality
 Commonly occurring materials
in water that increase alkalinity
are carbonates, bicarbonates,
phosphates and hydroxides.
Limestone bedrock and thick
deposits of glacial till are good
sources of carbonate buffering.
Ground water within such
areas are usually well-buffered.

20. FLUORIDE SULPHATE
 The concentration of fluoride in
groundwater is principally
governed by climate, the
composition of the host rock and
hydrogeology. Fluorite is the
principal bearer of fluoride and is
found in granite, gneiss, and
pegmatite.
 IS code provisions of 2012 set a
range of 1-1.5 mg/l and crossing
this results in various health
hazards like mottling of teeth,
skeletal fluorisis.
 The main source of sulphate in
the groundwater is presence of
gypsum as a part of evaporates
sequence present in
quaternary sediments as well
as in underlying basement
rocks.
 The concentration of sulphate
is likely to react with human
organs if the value exceeds the
maximum allowable limit of 400
mg/l and causes a laxative
effect on human system with
the excess magnesium in
groundwater.

21. CHLORIDE ACIDITY
 Chloride-bearing rock
minerals such as
chlorapatite, which are very
minor constituents of
igneous and metamorphic
rocks, and liquid inclusions
 When the excess chloride
concentration is present with
excess sodium
concentration it may cause
congestive heart failure
 Acidity is a measure of the
capacity water to neutralize
bases. Acidity is the sum of all
titrable acid present in the
water sample.
 Strong mineral acids and weak
mineral acids such as carbonic
acid, acetic acid present in the
water sample contributes to
acidity of water. Usually
dissolved carbon-dioxide is the
major acidic component
present in the unpolluted
surface water.

23. SL.NO AREA NAME LATITUDE LONGITUDE
1 S.B.H COLONY 16°11'18.49"N 77°20'55.33"E
2 ARALIBENCHI VILLAGE 16°9'7.24"N 77°19'28.47"E
3 STATION AREA 16°11'20.83"N 77°20'32.3"E
4 NIJALINGAPPA COLONY 16°12'8.72"N 77°20’27.46”E
5 RAMPUR VILLAGE 16°11'35.92"N 77°19'47.75"E
6 ASKIHAL VILLAGE 16°12'22.58"N 77°19'28.35"E
7 DADDY COLONY 16°12'40.2"N 77°20'30.62"E
8 YERMARAS CAMP 16°15'7.47"N 77°21'56.08"E
9 GHALIB NAGAR 16°12'14.07"N 77°20'47.52"E
10 AZAD NAGAR 16°11'47.89"N 77°20'40.65"E
11 ZAHEERABAD 16°11'50.15"N 77°21'30.87"E

24. SL.NO AREA NAME LATITUDE LONGITUDE
12 MANIKNAGAR 16°11'41.43"N 77°21'46.49"E
13 BOLAMANDODDI 16°11'6.78"N 77°24'28"E
14 MITTIMALKAPUR VILLAGE 16°8'37.44"N 77°23'23.07"E
15 BIJENGERA VILLAGE 16°9'36.75"N 77°25'6.78"E
16 PAVAN LAYOUT 16°10'23.76"N 77°20'11.21"E
17 JYOTHI COLONY 16°11'17.12"N 77°20'55.29"E
18 IDSMT LAYOUT 16°11'17.12"N 77°20'56.59"E
19 VASAVI NAGAR 16°12'3.72"N 77°21'59.85"E
20 SATYANATH COLONY 16°11'32.44"N 77°21'36.41"E
21 NIT GIRLS HOSTEL 16°11'24.43"N 77°22'40.97"E

27.  HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION:
 It is clearly observed from the graph that the pH of all the samples
are well within the limits of 6.5-8.5 as prescribed by Indian
standards.
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
Values
Samples
pH
Value

28.  This graph shows that 10 samples have a turbidity of
zero value when compared to standard range of 1-5.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Values
Samples
Turbidity
Value

29.  The conductivity of all the samples are good enough as
inferred from the standards for ion exchange
1.57
1.575
1.58
1.585
1.59
1.595
1.6
1.605
1.61
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
Values
Samples
Electrical Conductivity
Value

30.  The graph shows that all the samples have TDS within
the limits and the maximum TDS is found in sample 10.
785
790
795
800
805
810
815
820
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
Values
Samples
Total Dissolved Solids
Value

31.  It is observed from the graph that hardness of sample 5
is exceeding the range by 1550 mg/l and samples
1,2,4,10,12,14,16,20 have total hardness less than the
desirable limit.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
Values
Samples
Total Hardness
Value

32.  The graph indicates calcium hardness of all samples with
samples 14,15,16 being less than desirable limits.
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
Values
Samples
Calcium Hardness
Value

33.  We infer from the graph all the values exceed the limits
for which remedial measures need to be taken and the
maximum level of magnesium is observed in sample 5.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
Values
Samples
Magnesium Hardness
Value

34.  We see from the graph that all the samples are well
within limits of standards with maximum alkalinity for
sample 19.
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
values
samples
Alkalinity
Value

35.  The graph shows variation of fluoride in samples where
we see 13 samples according to 2012 IS standards of
desirable 1 is less than it and sample 19 just exceeds the
permissible limit by 0.0056mg/l
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
Values
Samples
Fluoride
Value

36.  The graph indicates sulphates variation and 4 samples
are less than desirable value and 3 more than
permissible value.
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
Values
Samples
Sulphate
Value

37.  From the graph we observe that 4 samples have values
less than desirable limits and sample 5 has exceeding
highest value which has to be treated for a remedial
measure.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
values
samples
Chloride
Value

38.  The graph shows acidity variation in samples which are
all within the range except a small rise in 4th & 5th
samples.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
values
samples
Acidity
Values

39. Sl.No pH Tu EC TDS TH Ca2+ Mg2+ Alk F SO4
2- Cl- Aci WQI
1 7.66 0 1.59 795 265 120 145 143 0.68 189.8 257 9 93.58
2 7.79 3 1.593 797 225 83 142 186 1.38 195.9 91.6 8.3 137.0
9
3 7.35 1 1.588 795 350 198 152 233 0.88 205.6 303 10 106.9
1
4 7.68 2 1.600 799 222.5 106 116.5 216 1.42 232.7 224.2 12 117.1
5 7.13 1 1.598 796 2150 186 1964 160 0.96 434.8 2493 7 515.2
6

40. Sl.No pH Tu EC TDS TH Ca2+ Mg2+ Alk F SO4
2- Cl- Aci WQI
6 7.66 1 1.595 798 325 185 140 156 1.22 406.9 990 8.3 148.9
7
7 7.72 2 1.603 801 365 180 180 247 0.47 420.2 978 7.6 117.3
4
8 7.96 2 1.608 800 312 195 117 230 0.34 3856 443 7 144.3
4
9 7.69 0 1.602 801 350 196 154 301 0.76 259.2 512 4.3 125.0
3
10 7.88 1 1.603 814 205 78.6 126.4 237 0.92 367.2 336 7 123.6
9

41. Sl.No pH Tu EC TDS TH Ca2+ Mg2+ Alk F SO4
2- Cl- Aci WQI
11 7.52 1 1.603 801 350 190 160 340 0.58 358.3 439.6 8.6 146.4
4
12 7.46 0 1.598 802 245 112 133 200 1.18 278 266 6 103.1
8
13 7.54 1 1.591 796 378 199 179 220 0.42 339.4 559 6 147.5
7
14 7.79 0 1.599 801 325 74 151 152 1.39 200,4 48 5.67 91.25
15 7.96 0 1.605 805 205 64.8 140.2 302 1.49 211.6 275 5 114.2
6

42. Sl.No pH Tu EC TDS TH Ca2+ Mg2+ Alk F SO4
2- Cl- Aci WQI
16 7.31 0 1.603 803 190 53.2 136.8 170 0.46 186.6 27 6 93.83
17 7.24 0 1.583 800 365 198 167 160 1.40 199.3 318 9 109.4
6
18 7.33 0 1.601 799 312 198 114 188 1.56 317.8 810 6 130.0
4
19 7.48 0 1.603 798 310 197 113 455 0.95 393.2 894 8.33 148.1
20 7.96 1 1.593 796 255 85.2 169.8 180 0.78 278.1 223 7.3 120.3
8
21 7.06 0 1.603 798 327.5 170 157.5 221 0.82 249.4 108 8.6 85.18
5

43.  A number of indices have been developed to summarize water
quality data in an easily expressible and easily understood format. A
water quality index is a means to summarize large amounts of water
quality data into simple terms (e.g., good) for reporting to
management and the public in a consistent manner.
WQI VALUE WATER QUALITY NO. OF WATER SAMPLES DETAILS OF SAMPLES
50 EXCELLENT 0
50-100 GOOD 4 1,14,16,21
100-200 POOR 16 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,
12,13,15,17,18,19,20
200-300 VERY POOR 0
300 WATER NOT SUITABLE
FOR DRINKING
1 5

44. PARAMETERS DESIRABLE PERMISSIBLE MAXIMUM MINIMUM
pH 6.5 8.5 7.96 7.06
TURBIDITY 1 5 3 0
TDS 500 2000 814 795
TOTAL HARDNESS 200 600 2150 190
CALCIUM 75 200 199 74
MAGNESIUM 30 100 1964 113
ALKALINITY 200 600 455 143
FLUORIDE 1 1.5 1.56 0.34
SULPHATE 200 400 186.6 420.2
CHLORIDE 250 1000 2493 27

45.  From the overall survey of Raichur taluk its clear that it
is an arid area and majorly prone to scarcity of water in
the summer seasons and hence proper quality
maintenance of ground water is a necessity.
 As observed from the quality analysis of various
sample points it’s clear that sample 5 the location of
which is Rampur village is completely not suitable for
drinking purpose and measures need to be taken to
avail the masses with the knowledge of the quality of it
and find remedial measures either.
 The analysis even shows high amount of magnesium
in each samples as a precautionary use the hardness
removal of magnesium ions has to be implemented.
 As far as our knowledge is concerned the entire
analysis is done based on the standard norms and
comparison is done based on the IS STANDARDS.

46.  A provision for helping residents of
Rampur village is considerable as per
analysis is done. Major parameters
analysis in this area can be redone and
then provided with full awareness of it with
remedial measures.
 A further analysis of left out areas and
villages can be done within Raichur taluk
and can be reported to KSPCB Raichur.

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