Sb lakes intro pt1
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This document provides an overview of major lake types and how lakes can serve as archives of environmental change. It discusses volcanic, tectonic, and glacial lakes as the primary lake origins. It then explains how lakes record climate and environmental changes through responses in their physical, biological, and chemical properties over time, as seen in sediments, biota, and isotopic signatures. Specific examples demonstrate how paleoclimate reconstructions can be developed by analyzing changes in lake sediments, pollen, diatoms, ostracodes, chironomids, and other biological indicators.
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Sb lakes intro pt1
- 3. Kettle Lakes in Glacial Outwash
- 4. Ephemeral lake on the Great plains
- 5. Major Lake Types • Volcanic lakes – basaltic so relatively unproductive because nutrient concentrations are low. – Two types: • Maars - small depressions in craters of explosive origin resulting from lava coming into contact with groundwater or degassing of magma; • Caldera - formed by collapse of the roof of partially empty magma chamber. Big Soda lake, NV Crater Lake, OR
- 6. Major Lake Types • Tectonic lakes – basins formed by movements of the earth’s crust. • Ex. Lake Tanganyika • Ex. Eagle lake, CA
- 7. Major Lake Types • Glacial lakes – most common lake origin due to erosion and deposition associated with glacial ice movements.
- 8. II. Lakes as Archives of environmental change
- 10. Direct Precipitation Runoff What comes in? Water
- 11. Organic matter Sediments Pollen Material from the landscape
- 12. Organic matter SedimentsBiota Material produced within the lake
- 13. Two primary environmental or climate changes • Precipitation/Evaporation • Temperature That may initiate some response in the environment that may be recorded by lakes
- 14. Possible lake responses to climate • Physical – Change in water balance and lake level – Change in sediments delivered to lake • Biological – Diatom assemblages – Ostracode assemblages – Insects, e.g. chironomids • Chemical – Isotopic ratios of lake water, e.g. D/H – Change in salinity
- 16. For example – recent lake level changes in Great Salt Lake
- 17. And these are slight compared to ancient changes. Compare Great Salt Lake to Lake Bonneville
- 19. Little Mountain Shorelines – Bothwell, Utah
- 20. Major shorelines of Lake Bonneville and the early Great Salt Lake Shoreline Name Elevation*** at Antelope Island Approximate Age in Calendar Years before Present Gilbert* 4,275 12,800 - 11,600 Provo** 4,840 16,800 - 16,200 Bonneville** 5,220 18,000 - 16,800 Stansbury** 4,445 24,400 - 23,200 * Great Salt Lake shoreline ** Lake Bonneville shoreline ***Feet above mean sea level
- 25. Change in Sediments • Lithostratigraphy – Color, grain size, bedding, structures – Etc. • Water content • Petrographic examination and x-ray • Image Analysis • Phys. Properties – Magnetic suspectibility – GRAPE (gamma ray attenuation (density)
- 26. Paleolim 591L Core Lithology-PG1351 Silty-Clastic Layer Massive Grey Silty Clay Brownish-Grey Silty ClayOlive-Grey Laminae Deposited under anoxic conditions i.e. Glacial-type climate Lithology Depth(cm) Unit Olive-Grey Silty Clay Massive Interglacial-type sediments UnitUnit Sandy Layer Depth: 385 cm
- 29. Pollen data from Whitehead and Chrisman, 1979 FOSSIL POLLEN from BERRY POND, MASSACHUSETTS
- 30. Paleoclimatogical reconstructions based on biota • Based on the concept of ecological niche (a given population is adapted to survive and reproduce under a set of biotic and abiotic conditions). • A niche can be devised as a multi-dimensional space in which the axes represent variables.
- 31. • In paleoclimatology, useful species are those with limited niches; whose abundance, distribution, and presence or absence are controlled by climatic factors. • However, one needs to keep in mind that niches are dynamic and transient and that species can evolve and adapt.
- 32. Diatoms – single celled algae with a ‘shell’ made of silica, sensitive to salinity and pH
- 33. Walden Pond
- 36. Ostracodes – small crustaceans Can also analyze shell chemistry
- 37. Chironomids – midges, most common aquatic insect
- 38. Chitinous head carapaces preserved in sediemnts
- 41. Pollen
- 43. Example – The Younger Dryas cold period
- 44. named after an indicator genus, the alpine- tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala