1. The document defines growth as an increase in size that is quantitative and irreversible, while development is a process towards maturity that is qualitative.
2. In plants, growth occurs through cell division and enlargement, primarily in root tips, stem tips, and secondary growth in woody stems. Development begins as a zygote and progresses to an embryo, then a plant with organs.
3. In animals and humans, growth and development begin as a zygote and progress through embryonic and post-embryonic phases as an embryo forms and the individual matures.
Discover about the Characteristics of Living Things:
Cellular Organization
Genetic Control
Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism
Adaptation
Sensitivity/Response
Movement
This PowerPoint was one very small part of my Ecology Interactions Unit from the website http://sciencepowerpoint.com/index.html .This unit includes a 3 part 2000+ Slide PowerPoint loaded with activities, project ideas, critical class notes (red slides), review opportunities, challenge questions with answers, 3 PowerPoint review games (125 slides each) and much more. A bundled homework package and detailed unit notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow.
Areas of Focus within The Ecology Interactions Unit: Levels of Biological Organization (Ecology), Parts of the Biosphere, Habitat, Ecological Niche, Types of Competition, Competitive Exclusion Theory, Animal Interactions, Food Webs, Predator Prey Relationships, Camouflage, Population Sampling, Abundance, Relative Abundance, Diversity, Mimicry, Batesian Mimicry, Mullerian Mimicry, Symbiosis, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Plant and Animal Interactions, Coevolution, Animal Strategies to Eat Plants, Plant Defense Mechanisms, Exotic Species, Impacts of Invasive Exotic Species.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thank you again and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Discover about the Characteristics of Living Things:
Cellular Organization
Genetic Control
Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism
Adaptation
Sensitivity/Response
Movement
This PowerPoint was one very small part of my Ecology Interactions Unit from the website http://sciencepowerpoint.com/index.html .This unit includes a 3 part 2000+ Slide PowerPoint loaded with activities, project ideas, critical class notes (red slides), review opportunities, challenge questions with answers, 3 PowerPoint review games (125 slides each) and much more. A bundled homework package and detailed unit notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow.
Areas of Focus within The Ecology Interactions Unit: Levels of Biological Organization (Ecology), Parts of the Biosphere, Habitat, Ecological Niche, Types of Competition, Competitive Exclusion Theory, Animal Interactions, Food Webs, Predator Prey Relationships, Camouflage, Population Sampling, Abundance, Relative Abundance, Diversity, Mimicry, Batesian Mimicry, Mullerian Mimicry, Symbiosis, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Plant and Animal Interactions, Coevolution, Animal Strategies to Eat Plants, Plant Defense Mechanisms, Exotic Species, Impacts of Invasive Exotic Species.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thank you again and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The outermost layer is termed as epiblema.
Cuticle and stomata are absent.
Cortex is formed of parenchymatous cells.
Endodermis is well developed.
Pericycle is distinct.
Vascular bundles are radial.
Xylem is exarch.
Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. (In monocots however, the phloem parenchyma is absent).
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH
Refers to the irreversible (permanent) increase in size and mass of an organism.- Reproduction results in the formation of new organisms. Every newly produced organism is usually small in size, with time the organism increase in size and weight.- In multicellucar organisms the increase in size and weight is a result of the increase in the number and size of body cells. As the number of cells increases various organs are formed.- The changes can take place only if energy and raw materials are available. The energy and raw materials are derived from food. Because raw materials are used, growth brings about an increase in the mass of an organism.- In some multicellular organisms as new cells are formed some old cells usually die off. In such cases there is therefore a continuous addition and less of cells. But for growth to occur the rate of cell increase must exceed the rate of cell less.- When the rate of cell increase is higher than the rate of cell less growth is referred to as POSITIVE GROWTH.- When the rate of cell increase is lower than the rate at which cells are lost from the body, the organism decrease in size and weight. This is also growth and it is referred to as NEGATIVE GROWTH. It may be caused by an illness or starvation.- It should be noted however that negative growth cannot go on indefinitely. An organism cannot resume the size , weight and body shape of a newly born body. For this reason growth is said to be irreversible.
Plant hormones or Plant hormones are Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. they are also called as Phytohormones or Plant Growth Regulators which play key role in various stages of plant development such as seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, stem elongation, scenescence, abscision, fruit ripining etc.
Reproduction In Living Beings Class - 10thNehaRohtagi1
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Reproduction In Living Beings'. For Class:- 10th
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'.
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Thank You!
Please give feedbacks and suggestions to get presentations on more interesting topics.
Expains in detail the Plant Growth Hormones, Plant growth promoters and plant growth retardants/inhibitors. The role of Growth hormones in Physiological process of Plants and their application in Plant Tissue culture (Auxins, cytokinins, Gibberellins, ABA, Ethylene)
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant Growth Promoters – They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.
Plant Growth Inhibitors – These chemicals inhibit growth and promote dormancy and abscission in plants. An example is an abscisic acid.
Role of various plant growth regulators in germination of seeds.
This presentation includes - process of seed germinationand effect of plant growth regulators such as - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene on seed germination. Overall flow chart to descibe the role of pgr's are also provided in this ppt.
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8-1.Growth and development
1. GROWTH
and
DEVELOPMENT
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
2. a. The Definition
• Growth constitutes an increase process in
size including increases in height, and
weight. Growth is quantitative and
irreversible in nature
• Development is a process towards
maturity. Development is qualitative in
nature, meaning that it is immeasurable
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
3. b. GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT in
THE PLANTS
• Plant growth occurs because of the size increase
which is caused by the increase in the number
of cells through cell division (mitosis) in the
growing points and enlargement in each cell
• Cell division mostly occurs in the meristem
tissue, that mostly found in the root tip and
stem tip which are called apical meristem
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
4. • When the young plants grow, the root and
the stem grow longer, this growth is called
primary growth
• Some plants, such as wooden plants, have
stems and roots which become thicker, this
growth is called secondary growth
• To measure the speed growth of plants, we
use the auxanometer
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
5. • The development of seed plants which reproduce
through the generative method starts with a zygote
• The zygote grows into embryo then become an
individual which posseses roots, stems, and leaves.
• After reaching a certain age, the plants will produce
flowers and seeds
• The changes of shape and function from one zygote
until the plant is forming root, stem and leaf organ is
called the development process of plants
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
6. Factors Which Affect Plants Growth
And Development
• Internal Factors
a. Genes
- the size and shape of plants are affected by
the genes inside the chromosomes
- Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
- Genes are derived from the parents
- Genes control the growth pattern of the
plants
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
7. b. Hormones
- A hormones is a chemical subtance which
is produced by plants, are often called
growth subtances
- Its function is to control the growth
process
- the common growth hormones are auxin,
cytokinin, and gibberellin
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
8. 1. Auxin
- Auxin is produced in the stem tip (bud), young leaves,
flowers, fruit, and root tip
- Auxin which found in the stem tip can inhibit the
growth of branches, this condition is called apical
dominance. Therefore the plants can grow tall and
straight.
- The effects of auxin are :
to stimulate the lateral roots and fibrous roots growth
to stimulate the growth of stem cells and inhibit the
growth of root cells
to stimulate the forming of flowers and fruit
to speed up the cell division in Teacher of
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology
growing points
GIS JH
9. 2. Cytokinin
- Cytokinin is produced by plants in the root
and then transported to the other organs
- The role of cytokinin are :
influencing the growth of the root
stimulating cell division
retarding the aging of plant organs (leaf,
flower, and fruit)
controlling the forming of flowers and fruit
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
10. 3. Gibberellin
- Gibberellin is produced by the plants in the
root meristem tissue, stem meristem, and
young leaves
- The role of gibberellin are :
stimulating the growth and development of
embryos and sprouts
causing massive growth in plants
Producing big and seedless fruit
(parthenocarpy)
stimulating the forming of flowers
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
11. • External Factors
a. Water and Minerals
- water and minerals are absorbed from the soil
by the roots.
- the minerals required by plants are carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur,
phosporus, calcium, potassium, and
magnesium. They are absorbed in form of ions
that dissolved in the water.
- water not only serves as a solvent but is also
required for photosynthesis
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
12. b. Temperatures
- temperatures influences the work of enzymes
- a temperatures which is too low or too high will disrupt the work of
enzymes, so it will inhibit plant growth and development
- Every plant has the minimun, optimum, and maximum temperature to
grow
- the lowest temperature that still enables plants to grow and develop is
called the minimum temperature
- the most suitable temperature for plant growth and development is called
the optimum temperature
- the highest temperature that still enables the plants to grow and develop is
called the maximum temperature
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
13. c. Humidity
- an environment with low humidity will
increase the evaporation (transpiration) of
plant so that the water and mineral
absorption from the soil will become more
frequent, this will increase the speed of
plant growth
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
14. d. Light Intensity
- sunlight is highly required by plants for
photosynthesis, this process produces food that
is required for growth
- the light can also influence auxin hormone, it
will break down if it is exposed to sunlight
- for example, a sprout that is exposed to light
will slowly grow, while the sprout which put in a
dark place will grow faster
- the faster growth in darkness is called
etiolation
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
15. c. GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT in
ANIMALS and HUMANS
• Growth and development in animals and humans occurs in all
parts of the body, different from those of plants which only
occur in certain parts.
• Growth and development in animals and humans begin at the
formation of the zygote
• One zygote will grow and develop until an embryo is formed
• In that particular stage, the embryo cells will differentiate to
form various tissues and develop into fetus
• The fetus will be born as a baby which then grow and develop
into a toddler, adolescent, and then a adult
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
16. 2 phases in animals/humans’ growth
and development
• Embryonic phase
Is phase started with the establishing of
zygote up to embryo.
Fertilization is a process in which a fusion
of the sperm and ovum gamete occurs.
• Post-embryonic phase
Is phase after the embryo is formed. in
animals, post embryonic is only a change in
size, namely an increase in size of body parts.
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
17. Factors that Affect Animals Growth
and Development
a. Genes
- a gene is a hereditary factor inherited by the parents
- genes will determine and control the basic patterns of
growth and development of an organism
b. Hormones
- hormones are secreted by endocrine glands
- the hormone which has the main role in human or animal
growth is the growth hormone (GH/Somatotropin)
- people who are lacking somatotropin will undergo stunted
growth, while those with an excessive amount of
somatotropin will undergo GIS A Biology Teacher of
Created By Alfi Msk_
gigantic growth
JH
18. c. Food
- one of characteristics of living organism is the need for
food
- the most important roles of food is to construct the
body and as a source of energy.
- the food subtance which has the biggest role in growth
is protein
d. Water
- water is a solvent and a media for chemical reactions in
the body
- the chemical reactions will produce energy, help the
forming of new cells, and repair damaged body tissues
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
19. e. Activity
- physical activity which is done for years will affect the
structures of bones and muscles
- for example, body builders or runners, they possess
good body posture and muscles.
- people who do less physical activity wil possess weaker
muscles and they will not properly develop.
f. Sunlight
- sunlight can alter provitamin D in the body into
vitamin D which is needed in the growth of bone
- lack of vitamin DCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of can cause rickets
during childhood
GIS JH
20. d. THE STAGE of HUMAN GROWTH
• Human growth and develoment begin from a very small ovum
cell
• The ovum is fertilized by sperm and the two nuclei will then
fuse to form a zygote
• A zygote will cleavage and become morulla
• A morulla is developed become blastula through blastulation
• A blastula is developed become gastrula through gastrulation
• A gastrula has 3 embrionic layer : ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
21. • Ectoderm will diffrentiate become skin,
hair, nervous system, and sense organ
• Mesoderm will differentiate become
muscles, skeleton, reproductive organ,
transportation system, and excretion
system
• Endoderm will differentiate become
digestive system, and respiratory system
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
22. Zygote Morula
Blastula Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of Gastrula
GIS JH
23. 1. Baby Birth
• After about 9 months of growing and developing inside the uterus, the
baby is ready to be born
• The baby, which has come out of the uterus is still connected to her
mother by umbilical cord and the placenta
• The umbilical cord and the placenta are then cut by the doctor or the
midwife
• At this stage, the physical connection between the mother and the
baby is broken, so that the baby can no longer obtain food and oxygen
from the mother
• When the umbilical cord and the placenta are cut, the breathing organs
will soon function, so that the baby can inhale the air, and usually it is
marked by the first cry
• The cry is also a sign that the baby is able to pump the respiratory air
from the lungs to the heart By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
Created
GIS JH
24. 2. THE TODDLER and CHILDREN
• The neonatal period is the first day of a
baby’s life until the age of four weeks
• In this period, the baby is able to adapt to life
outside the uterus, can start suckling at its
mother’s breast, and organs like lungs, heart,
and also excretion organs are already well
functioning
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
25. 3. PUBERTY
• Puberty begins at about age 9 to 14, this
is the stage you are going through now
• Girls’ puberty characteristics are shown
in some physical changes ;
- the developing of hip and breasts
- the appearance of pubic hair
- the developing of reproductive organs,
is marked by the first menstruation
(menarche) Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
26. • boys’ puberty characteristics are shown
in some physical changes ;
- the chest looks wider
- facial hair and pubic hair appears
- the voice change
- the deloping of reproductive organs, is
marked by the wet dream
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
27. 4. ADULT STAGE
• In this stage, the growth of bones and
muscles begin to stop so adults cannot
grow taller
• Human psychological condition becomes
more stable than during adolescence
• People start to think about getting married
and producing offspring
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
28. 5. OLD AGE
• The cell ability starts degenerating, this
causes some physical changes
• Like weaker bones, degenerating ability to
breath, degenerating elasticity of veins,
and also causes skin to wrinkle
• But sufficient nutrients and regular
exercise can inhibit aging
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
29. e. METAGENESIS and
METAMORPHOSIS
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
30. METAGENESIS
• Moss and ferns experience two
development stage in hteir life span, the
spore producing stage (sporophyte
generation, asexual) and the gamete
producing stage (gametophyte generation,
sexual)
• The alternation from sporophye to
gametophyte or vice-versa is called
metagenesis Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
31. Moss Metagenesis
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
32. Fern Metagenesis
Spore
Protalium
Anteridium Arkegonium
Spermatozoid Ovum
Zygote
Fern
Spore
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
33. Metamorphosis
• Is the shape and structural alternation
which occurs in animals, starting from the
embryo stage to adult
• Animal which undergo metamorphosis
are insects and frogs
• Metamorphosis is differentiated into two
types ; the complete metamorphosis and
the incomplete metamorphosis
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
34. Complete metamorphosis
• The metamorphosis which passes the
stages egg, larva, pupa, and adult (imago)
• In metamorphosis, the increase of body
size is a growth process, while the change
of the body shape from egg to adult is
development process
• For example, butterflies and frogs
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH
41. Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Only passes the stages of egg, nymph
(young animal), and imago ( adult animal)
• No significant change of body shape
occurs
• For example, grasshoppers, cockroaches,
and crickets
Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of
GIS JH