Plant growth and development is influenced by both external and internal factors. External factors include light, temperature, water, and mineral nutrients from the soil. Internal factors are plant hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Plant growth occurs through cell division, cell enlargement, and cell differentiation. There are three phases of cellular growth: meristematic phase involving cell division, elongation phase where cells elongate, and maturation phase where cells reach their final size. Growth can be measured by increases in parameters like length, area, fresh weight and dry weight. The document discusses various plant growth processes and how environmental stimuli influence plant responses.
The outermost layer is termed as epiblema.
Cuticle and stomata are absent.
Cortex is formed of parenchymatous cells.
Endodermis is well developed.
Pericycle is distinct.
Vascular bundles are radial.
Xylem is exarch.
Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. (In monocots however, the phloem parenchyma is absent).
Plant growth and development are intricate processes influenced by a multitude of factors, both internal and external. A thorough understanding of these processes is indispensable for students of plant biology and agriculture, especially those preparing for competitive exams like NEET and board exams. This set of comprehensive study notes aims to delve into various aspects of plant growth and development, elucidating key concepts essential for exam preparation.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
The outermost layer is termed as epiblema.
Cuticle and stomata are absent.
Cortex is formed of parenchymatous cells.
Endodermis is well developed.
Pericycle is distinct.
Vascular bundles are radial.
Xylem is exarch.
Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. (In monocots however, the phloem parenchyma is absent).
Plant growth and development are intricate processes influenced by a multitude of factors, both internal and external. A thorough understanding of these processes is indispensable for students of plant biology and agriculture, especially those preparing for competitive exams like NEET and board exams. This set of comprehensive study notes aims to delve into various aspects of plant growth and development, elucidating key concepts essential for exam preparation.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
IT IS USEFULL FOR THE PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMCY AND DOCTOR OF PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR B.PHARM SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND SECOND YEAR DOCTOR OF PHARMACY STUDENTS
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
IT IS USEFULL FOR THE PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMCY AND DOCTOR OF PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR B.PHARM SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND SECOND YEAR DOCTOR OF PHARMACY STUDENTS
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. What is Growth?
irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or
its parts or even of an individual cell.
as accompanied by metabolic processes (both
anabolic and catabolic), that occur at the expense of
energy
3. Terms
Morphogenesis is the process of development of shape
and structure of an organism
Differentiation is the process of change in cells, tissues
or organs to carry out different functions
Development is the whole series of qualitative and
quantitative changes such as growth, differentiation
and maturation, which an organism undergoes
throughout its life cycle
4. STAGES OF CELLULAR GROWTH
Cell division : The number of cells
increases due to mitosis
Cell enlargement: The size of individual
cell increases after cell division due to
increase in the volume of its protoplasm
Cell differentiation: In this stage, structure
of the cells changes to perform specific
functions. And similar type of cells having
same functions form a group, which is
known as tissue
5. GROWTH CURVE
Lag Phase – This is the initial phase of
growth when the rate of growth is very
slow.
Log Phase – It shows rapid growth and
is maximum during the entire life span.
Stationary Phase – Here the rate of
growth starts decreasing and finally it
stops
6. Growth
Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
• Plant growth is unique because plants retain the capacity
for unlimited growth throughout their life
• This ability of the plants is due to the presence of
meristems at certain locations in their body
7. Growth
Growth is Measurable
• Growth, at a cellular level, is principally a consequence of
increase in the amount of protoplasm
increase in fresh weight
dry weight
length
area
volume and cell number
8. Measurement of Growth
Increase in length or growth – in case of stem and
root;
Increase in area or volume – in case of leaves and
fruits;
Increase in the number of cells – in algae, yeast and
bacteria.
9. Phases of Growth
Meristematic - The constant dividing phase of cells at the shoot
and root apex
Elongation - The cells that are present close to meristematic
cells are in the elongation phase
- These cells elongate due to the growth of the
vacuole within the cell, and this zone is known as the zone of
elongation
Maturation - The cells in this region reach their maximum size
with respect to their protoplasm and cell wall thickening.
10. Growth Rates
a. Arithmetic growth - following
mitotic cell division, only one
daughter cell continues to divide
while the other differentiates and
matures
b. Geometrical growth - the initial
growth is slow (lag phase), and it
increases rapidly thereafter – at an
exponential rate (log or exponential
phase)
11. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
External growth factors
External factors are those factors present in the environment that
affect the growth of the plants directly or indirectly.
(i) Light
(ii) Temperature
(iii) Water
(iv) Mineral nutrients
12. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
External growth factors
(i) Light
• for the process of photosynthesis
• seed germination
• growth of seedling
• differentiation of various tissues and organs
• reproduction
13. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
External growth factors
(ii) Temperature
• optimum temperature required for growth of plants ranges
between 28-30°C, but it may occur in the temperature range of
4-45°C
• very low temperature causes injuries to the plant due to chilling
and freezing, and very high temperature stops its growth
14. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
External growth factors
(iii) Water
• primary component in photosynthesis and respiration
• Responsible for turgor pressure in cells
• A solvent for minerals and carbohydrates moving through the plant
• Responsible for cooling leaves as it evaporates from leaf tissue during
transpiration
• A regulator of stomatal opening and closing, thus controlling transpiration
and, to some degree, photosynthesis
• The source of pressure to move roots through the soil
• The medium in which most biochemical reactions take place
15. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
External growth factors
(iv) Mineral nutrients
• Soil minerals serve as both sources and sinks of essential plant
nutrients
16. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
Internal Growth Factors
• are substances produced in the plant body itself, which affects
the growth of the plant. These are called plant hormones or
phytohormones or growth hormones.
a phytohormone is an organic substance produced in a small
quantity in one part of plant body and capable of moving to other
parts to influence the growth of that part
17. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
Internal Growth Factors
The naturally produced growth hormones are broadly grouped
under five major classes
(i) Auxin
(ii) Gibberellins
(iii) Cytokinins
(iv) Ethylene
(v) Abscissic acid
18. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
(PLANT HORMONES)
• Internal and external signals that regulate plant growth are
mediated, at least in part, by plant growth-regulating
substances, or hormones (from the Greek word hormaein,
meaning "to excite")
19. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
(PLANT HORMONES)
Plant hormones differ from animal hormones in that:
No evidence that the fundamental actions of plant and animal
hormones are the same.
Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones are not made in tissues
specialized for hormone production. (e.g., sex hormones made in
the gonads, human growth hormone - pituitary gland)
Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones do not have definite
target areas (e.g., auxins can stimulate adventitious root
development in a cut shoot, or shoot elongation or apical
dominance, or differentiation of vascular tissue, etc.).
20. Factors Affecting Plant Growth
Internal Growth Factors
Auxin
growth promoter
generally produced by the growing apex of stem and root of the
plants
helps in the elongation of shoot and root tips behind apical
meristem
21. Functions of Auxin
(a) It promotes cell elongation;
(b) It suppresses the growth of lateral bud. If the tip of a plant is
removed, the lateral branches begin to grow; In most of the
plants apical bud suppresses the development of lateral buds.
This is called apical dominance.
(c) It delays fall of leaves. (leaf abscission)
(d) NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) is used for preventing fruit drop
in apples before they are ripe.
(e) 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) acts as a dicot
weedicide
22. Internal Growth Factors
Gibberellin Gibberellin or Gibberellic Acid (GA)
initially isolated from a fungus Gibberella fujikuroi
In plants, it is produced in embryos, roots, and young
leaves and it enhances growth
23. Functions of Gibberellins
(a) It helps in elongation of stems in genetically dwarf plants.
By using gibberellin the height of the dwarf plants can be
increased
(b) It breaks dormancy of seeds and buds
(c) It induces parthenocarpy. (Formation of seedless fruits
without fertilization) or provides stimulus received by
pollination
24. Internal Growth Factors
Cytokinins
They were extracted from coconut milk
Heredity Cytokinins are synthesized in root apex,
endosperm of seeds, and young fruits where cell division
takes place continuously
25. Functions of Cytokinins
(a) They stimulate cell division, cell enlargement and cell
differentiation
(b) They prevent aging of plant parts
(c) They inhibit apical dominance and help in growth of lateral
buds into branches
26. Internal Growth Factors
Ethylene
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone
It is found in ripening fruits, young flowers and young
leaves
27. Functions of Ethylene
(a) It induces ripening of fruits
(b) It promotes senescence and abscission of leaf, and flowers
(c) In cells it only increases the width not the length
28. Internal Growth Factors
Abscissic acid
Abscissic acid also known as Dormin is a naturally
occurring growth inhibitor found in wide variety of plants
It is synthesised in leaves
29. Functions of Abscissic acid
(a) It induces dormancy of buds and seeds as opposed to
Gibberellin, which breaks dormancy
(b) It promotes the senescence of leaf, i.e., fall of leaves
happen due to abscissic acid
(c) It inhibits seed germination and development
(d) It causes closing of Stomata
30. Practical Application of Growth Regulators
With the help of auxins and gibberellins seedless varieties of
fruits can be produced. You might have seen seedless
grapes and papayas in the market
Early flowering in some plants is possible by applying growth
regulators
31. Practical Application of Growth Regulators
With the use of hormones some fruits can be ripened at an
early stage
Germination in seeds can be possible by applying auxins
Germination of potatoes and onions can be stopped in
storage by application of growth inhibitors
33. HOW PLANTS RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULI
Tropisms - plant growth toward or away from a stimulus
such as light or gravity.
Nastic Movements - response to environmental stimuli
that are independent of the direction of the stimulus. Pre-
determined response.
34. HOW PLANTS RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULI
Phototropisms - Phototropic responses
involve bending of growing stems toward
light sources.
Individual leaves may also display
phototrophic responses.
auxin most likely involved
35. HOW PLANTS RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULI
Gravitropism is the response of a plant
to the earth’s gravitational field.
present at germination
auxins play primary role
36. Gravitropism
• Increased auxin concentration on the lower side in
stems causes those cells to grow more than cells on
the upper side.
stem bends up against the force of gravity
negative gravitropism
• Upper side of roots oriented horizontally grow more
rapidly than the lower side
roots ultimately grow downward
positive gravitropism
37. HOW PLANTS RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULI
Thigmotropism is directional growth
response to contact with an object.
tendrils
38. HOW PLANTS RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULI
SEISMONASTY - a nastic response
resulting from contact or mechanical
shaking
Mimosa pudica L. (sensitive plant)
39. HOW PLANTS RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULI
NYCTINASTY
sleep movements
prayer plant - lower leaves during
the day and raises leaves at night
legumes
40. Topics
1. Flower and Fruit Development
2. Seed and Seed Germination
3. Plant-water Relations
4. Physiological Processes Affecting Crop Production
5. Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition
6. Genetics
7. Agronomic Principles
8. Principles of Crop Protection
9. Conservation Farming
41. Topics
1. Flower and Fruit Development
a. Flower initiation and fertilization
b. Fruit set and seed development
2. Seed and Seed Germination
a. Seed structure
b. Seed germination
3. Plant-water Relations
a. Water properties
b. Water movement
c. Water potential
42. Topics
4. Physiological Processes Affecting Crop Production
a. Photosynthesis
b. Respiration
c. Transpiration
d. Translocation
5. Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition
a. Soil composition
b. Soil characteristics
c. Plant nutrition
43. Topics
6. Genetics
a. Genetic terms
b. Mitosis
c. Meiosis
d. Mendelian laws of inheritance
7. Agronomic Principles
a. Agro-ecological zones
b. Tillage practices
c. Plant population
d. Crop rotation
44. Topics
8. Principles of Crop Protection
a. Weed management
b. Pest management
c. Diseases management
9. Conservation Farming
a. Principles and practices