Plant hormones are organic compounds produced by plants that regulate various physiological processes. The main classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Each hormone has distinct functions like cell elongation, fruit development, and stress responses. They act in very low concentrations and often work together through complex interactions to control plant growth and development.
the presentation encompasses auxin synthesis, conjugation, degradation, polar and lateral transport and signalling and how all of these together have a bearing on programming and design of the whole plant
the presentation encompasses auxin synthesis, conjugation, degradation, polar and lateral transport and signalling and how all of these together have a bearing on programming and design of the whole plant
One important function of most seeds is delayed germination, which allows time for dispersal and prevents germination of all the seeds at the same time.
The staggering of germination safeguards some seeds and seedlings from suffering damage or death from short periods of bad weather or from transient herbivores; it also allows some seeds to germinate when competition from other plants for light and water might be less intense.
Generally plants or plant structures, in order to overcome or survive against hostile environmental conditions undergo a period of dormancy with suitable modifications.
In lower plants production of endospores, zygospores, auxospores, akinetes, etc, are some of the methods involved in tiding over unfavorable conditions
Angiosperms produce seeds within the ovary and ovary itself develops into a fruit. In Gymnosperms only seeds develop.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation describes about ethylene with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
Plant hormones (also known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) and phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. Plant hormones on the other hand, are not like animal hormones, they are often not transported to other parts of the plant and production is not limited to specific locations. Plants lack tissues or organs specifically for the production of hormones; unlike animals, plants lack glands that produce and secrete hormones to be moved around the body. Plant hormones shape the plant, effecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, its longevity, senescence of leaves and fruits, they affect which tissues grow up and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth and lacking them plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells.
after floral induction, the inflorescence meristem eventually forms the floral meristem. the process is controlled by an array of homeotic genes. this also involves microRNAs for their regulation
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Plant hormones or Plant hormones are Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. they are also called as Phytohormones or Plant Growth Regulators which play key role in various stages of plant development such as seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, stem elongation, scenescence, abscision, fruit ripining etc.
One important function of most seeds is delayed germination, which allows time for dispersal and prevents germination of all the seeds at the same time.
The staggering of germination safeguards some seeds and seedlings from suffering damage or death from short periods of bad weather or from transient herbivores; it also allows some seeds to germinate when competition from other plants for light and water might be less intense.
Generally plants or plant structures, in order to overcome or survive against hostile environmental conditions undergo a period of dormancy with suitable modifications.
In lower plants production of endospores, zygospores, auxospores, akinetes, etc, are some of the methods involved in tiding over unfavorable conditions
Angiosperms produce seeds within the ovary and ovary itself develops into a fruit. In Gymnosperms only seeds develop.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation describes about ethylene with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
Plant hormones (also known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) and phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. Plant hormones on the other hand, are not like animal hormones, they are often not transported to other parts of the plant and production is not limited to specific locations. Plants lack tissues or organs specifically for the production of hormones; unlike animals, plants lack glands that produce and secrete hormones to be moved around the body. Plant hormones shape the plant, effecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, its longevity, senescence of leaves and fruits, they affect which tissues grow up and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth and lacking them plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells.
after floral induction, the inflorescence meristem eventually forms the floral meristem. the process is controlled by an array of homeotic genes. this also involves microRNAs for their regulation
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Plant hormones or Plant hormones are Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. they are also called as Phytohormones or Plant Growth Regulators which play key role in various stages of plant development such as seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, stem elongation, scenescence, abscision, fruit ripining etc.
IT IS USEFULL FOR THE PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMCY AND DOCTOR OF PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR B.PHARM SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND SECOND YEAR DOCTOR OF PHARMACY STUDENTS
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
There are five groups of plant-growth-regulating compounds: auxin, gibberellin (GA), cytokinin, ethylene, and abscisic acid (ABA). For the most part, each group contains both naturally occurring hormones and synthetic substances
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant Growth Promoters – They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.
Plant Growth Inhibitors – These chemicals inhibit growth and promote dormancy and abscission in plants. An example is an abscisic acid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Outline of the presentations
➢ Introduction
➢ Literature review
➢ Conclusion
3. introduction
➢They are various organic compounds other than nutrients
produced by plants that control or regulate germination,
growth, metabolism, or other physiological activities.
➢Also called phytohormone and recently called growth
bioregulators.
5. Intro....
➢Plant hormones, which are active in very low concentrations, are produced in certain parts
of the plants and are usually transported to
other parts where they elicit specific biochemical, physiological, or morphological
responses. And hey are also active in tissues where they are produced.
➢ Each plant hormone evokes many different responses. Also,
the effects of different hormones overlap and may be
stimulatory or inhibitory .
➢The commonly recognized classes of plant hormones are the auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin,
abscisic acid, and ethylene.
6. Intro....
❖Each hormone performs its specific functions;
❖ however, nearly all of the measurable responses of plants to heredity or
environment are controlled by interaction between two or more hormones .
❖Such interactions may occur at various levels, including
a. The synthesis of hormones,
b. Hormone receptors, and second messengers,
c. Ultimate hormone action.
7. Intro...
Plant hormones (or plant growth regulators, or PGRs) are internally
secreted chemicals in plants that are used for regulating the plants’
growth.
According to a standard definition, plant
hormones are:
↔Signal molecules produced at specific locations, that occur in very low
concentrations, and cause altered processes in target cells at other
locations.
8. Characteristics
The concentration of hormones required for the plant response
is very low(10-6 to 10-5M), comparing with the requirement of
mineral and vitamin for plants.
The synthesis of plant hormones is more diffuse and not
always localized.
9. Classifications of plant hormones
It is accepted that there are two major classes of plant
hormones:
class action examples
PROMOTORS Cause faster
growth
Auxins
Cytokinin(cks)
Gibberellins (gas)
Brassinosteroids
INHIBITORS Reduce growth Ethylene
Abscisic acid (ABA)
10. What do hormones control in plants?
➢Roots and shoots growth
➢Seed germination
➢ Leaf fall
➢Disease resistance, and water stress
➢Fruit formation and ripening
➢Flowering time
➢ Bud formation
➢Anything related to plant growth!
14. Aux.....
✓Auxin is a general name for a group of hormones that are
involved with growth responses (i.e., elongate cells, stimulate
cell division in callus).
✓Not surprisingly, the term "auxin" is derived from the Greek
word "to increase or grow"
✓This was the first group of plant hormones discovered.
16. site of synthesis and transport
• Auxin is made in actively growing tissue which includes young
leaves, fruits, and especially the shoot apex.
• Made in cytosol of cells .
• Basipetal (or Polar) Transport Auxin is transported in a
basipetal (towards the base, base-seeking) direction.
• In other words, auxin moves from the shoot tip towards the
roots and from the root tip towards the shoot.
17. Auxin Actions
1. Cellular Elongation:
▪ Auxin can induce and amplify proton pumping.
▪ Acidified cell walls have increased elasticity which
lead to cell elongation
18. Auxin Actions cont....
2. Cell differentiation
➢Auxin promotes differentiation of vascular tissue (i.e.,
xylem & phloem):
➢Auxin and sugar -----> Vascular tissue
➢Auxin and low sugar (1.5 - 2.5%) -----> Xylem
➢Auxin and high sugar (4%) ------->- Phloem
➢Auxin and moderate levels of sugar (2.5 - 3.0%) ----->-
Xylem & Phloem
19. Auxin Actions cont....
3. Ethylene production
IAA apparently stimulates the production of
ethylene.
4. Inhibition of root growth
[IAA] > 10-6 M inhibit root elongation.
However, very low [IAA] (>10-8 M) favor root
elongation.
5. Stimulate root initiation (lateral roots,
adventitious roots)
Roots always form at the basal end of cutting
21. Auxin Actions cont....
6. Flowering
Although most plants don’t initiate the production of flowers
after auxin treatment, pineapple and its relatives (Bromeliaceae)
do. Once flowers are initiated, in many species, IAA promotes the
formation of female flowers.
22. Auxin Actions cont....
7. Parthenocarpic fruit development
Pollination of the flowers of angiosperms initiates
the formation of seeds.
As the seeds mature, they release auxin to the
surrounding flower parts, which develop into the
fruit that covers the seeds.
Some commercial growers deliberately initiate fruit development
by applying auxin to the flowers. Not only does this ensure that all the
flowers will "set“ fruit, but it also maximizes the likelihood that all the
fruits will be ready for harvest at the same time.
23. Auxin Actions cont....
➢8- Apical Dominance
❖ Lateral branch growth are inhibited near the shoot
apex, but less so farther from the tip.
❖ Apical dominance is disrupted in some plants by
removing the shoot tip, causing the plant to become
bushy.
24. Auxin Actions cont....
• 10- Tropic responses
Such as gravitropism and phototropism
A-Phototropism
is a growth movement induced by a light
stimulus
Phototropism
Sunlight breaks down auxin
Plant stems indirect sunlight will have the
least amount of auxin
Area of the plant that is more shaded will
have more auxin
More cell growth on shaded side
Plant bends towards light
26. Auxin Actions cont....
• Geotropism or Gravitropism
The plant stem that was once upright is on its side
The auxin are settle on the bottom side of the stem
More auxin accumulate on the stems bottom side
More cell growth occurs on bottom side
Plant bends upward
A growth response to gravity which causes roots to
grow downward and shoots to grow upward
28. Gibberellins cont..
Gibberellins are plant hormones that promote
growth, seed germination and leaf expansion.
They occur at low concentrations in vegetative tissues but at
higher concentrations in germinating seeds.
Induce cell elongation and cell division.
Important for plant growth and development through
flowering and/or seed germination.
29. Gibberellins cont..
• Site :
Young leaves, roots, and developing seeds
(developing endosperm) and fruits.
Transport :
Made in the tissue in which it is used
Transport occurs through xylem, phloem, or cell-tocell.
Phloem seems to be most important transport route
Transport is not polar, as it is for auxin.
30. Gibberellins Actions
1- Promotes stem elongation
When applied to intact plants, GA usually causes an
increase, unlike auxin.
It overcomes dwarfism in mutants that have a
mutation in the GA synthesis pathway.
dwarf = short;
wild type = tall ;
dwarf + GA = tall.
Thus, GA application:
(1) stimulates elongation; and
(2) acts on intact plants.
31. Gibberellins Actions
• 2- Overcomes dormancy in seeds
Gibberellins also have a fundamental role in breaking seed
dormancy and stimulating germination.
The endosperm of many seeds contains protein and
carbohydrate reserves upon which a developing embryo
relies for energy and nutrition.
These reserves must be mobilised and transported to the
embryo.
33. Gibberellins Actions
4- GA can induce fruit enlargement
External
application of
gibberellins can
also enlarge fruit
size in grapes
34. Gibberellins Actions
• 7-Sex expression
In plants with separate male and female
flowers, GA application can determine sex.
For example, in cucumber and spinach, GA
treatment increases the proportion of male
flowers.
In maize, GA treatment causes female flower
development
35. Cytokinins
• Cytokinins are hormones that stimulate cell
division, or cytokinesis
These hormones may also be involved in
controlling leaf senescence and the growth of
lateral branches
The most active, naturally-occurring cytokinin is
zeatin.
Cytokinins occur in most plants including mosses,
ferns, conifers, algae and diatoms
36. Cytokininns cont......
• Site:
Synthesized primarily in the meristematic region
of the roots.
This is known in part because roots can be
cultured (grown in Artificial medium in a flask)
without added cytokinin, but stem cells cannot.
Cytokinins are also produced in developing
embryos
• Transport:
Via xylem (transpiration stream).
Zeatin ribosides are the main transport form;
converted to the free base or glucosides in the
leaves.
Some cytokinin also moves in the phloem.
37. Cytokinins Actions
1- Control morphogenesis
2- Regulates the cell cycle/cell division
3- Bud development
4- Delay senescence
5- Greening
Cytokinins promotes the light-induced formation of chlorophyll
and conversion of etioplasts to chloroplasts (greening process)
38. Abscisic acid
• Inhibits growth
• Promotes dormancy
• Closes stomata
• Produced in response to stress.
Sites :
Plastids
Most tissues, especially leaves and seeds
Transport :
Xylem and phloem (greater amounts)
40. Ethylene
Ethylene is the only gaseous plant hormone (C2H4)
It is produced naturally by higher plants and is able to
diffuse readily, via intercellular spaces, throughout
the entire plant body
Ethylene is involved primarily in plant responses to
environmental stresses such as flooding and drought,
and in response to infection, wounding and
mechanical pressure
41. Ethylene Action
➢ Ethylene— signal transduction
➢ Ethylene— fruit ripening
➢Ethylene— Shoot Growth
➢Ethylene— flowering
42. summary
• hormones an organic compound produced naturally in higher plants
• Auxin, GAs, cytokinins, ABA, and ethylene are the most common
PGRH.
• The are active in very low(10-6 to 10-5M),
• And it might be promotors or inhibitors
• And each has distinct features
• It is very rarely, if ever, that the plant hormones work alone; rather
plant growth and development usually result from interactions of
plant hormones