The document defines groups and their key characteristics such as interaction among members, common interests or goals, and members seeing themselves as part of the group. It discusses different types of groups including formal groups established by an organization, informal groups, and change membership groups. The types and purposes of formal and informal groups are described. Factors influencing why people join groups and the benefits of groups from an organizational perspective are also summarized. Stages of group development including forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning are outlined. Alternative theories of group development and some limitations of groups are mentioned. Key aspects related to group norms, tasks, cohesiveness, and increasing/decreasing cohesiveness are defined at a high level

2. Definition-
Group may be defined as a common belief with a
common attitude the number peoples work together
,Integrated with each other and perceived themselves as
a group.
Characteristics-
• Interaction among members.
• Common interest or goal.
• People see themselves as member.
• Two or more people are needed to form goal.

3. People
See themselves
As Member
Shared Goals
Interaction
Among
Members

4. Types of Group
Formal Group
Change Membership
Group
Informal Group
In or out Group

5.  Formal Group-Formal group is that group which are made to perform specific task
Peoples are selected by the organization itself. A senior authority is handle it with some rules
and regulations
Types of Formal Group-
• Standing Task Group or Command Group-In this group the task has been achieved by
the administrative principle and command of a supervisor whose command to the
subordinates to achieve the goals of the organization.
• Task Group-
It is temporarily created formal group which task is to solve some problems of the
organization and different department members are together to make this types of
group there is no unique command.
Characteristics of Formal Group-
• Independent task
• Creates new Innovations
• Coordinate interdepartmental efforts.
• Solve Complex Problem Together.
• Implement action plan.
• Self esteem
• Reduces stress and insecurity.
• Solving personal problems.

6.  Informal Group-
It is not made by any organization and not normally formed and made for need of social
contacts.The friends and references are the part of the informal groups
Types of Informal Group-
• An Interest Group-An objective which is not a part of the organizational task but interest to
achieve the objective by their interest
Eg-Solving Problem of a Marketing faculty who knows about the finance analysis
• A Friendship Group-A friendship group in an organization who has common political
views,Bachelors,Sports interests.
• A reference Group-The References group are a group of friendship group which can be
formed inside or outside the organization. With same political views, Social Status, Religions
etc.
Importance of Informal Group-
• Satisfy the Social needs.
• Satisfy the needs of security and Support.
• Enhance feelings and self esteem.
• Appropriate Behaviour.
• Enhance assess of Information's.
• Provide sense of Identity.

7.  Change Membership Group-
Open and Closed Group-
Open and Closed group different from each other in the following parameters
1.Changing group membership-Open Group can leave and new members are
join but close group is stable and they don not change their membership.
2.Frame of Reference-Open group enhance the group norms by increasing the
membership and add new members to group and closed group do not like these things.
3.Time Presepctive- Open group has less long planning due to unstable in nature
but closed group has a vision and planning a long term for the group .
4.Equlibrium-New Members are very imbalance in nature due to the norms and
policies of group but the close groups are stable and in equilibrium
 In and Out Group-
The relation between opposing principles, forces or factors

8. Why People Join the Groups
• Proximity-The Behaviour and Comfort to make a group and work near to each
other with good interactions.
• Security-The Group provides a psychological strength inside the mind of the
members to reduces the stress from the mind and group support the member
against any unethical determinants against the employee by the organization.
• Esteem-It Increase the esteem inside the person some posative energy inside
the person .
• Affiliation-Some are join the group for the entretenment and frienship purpose.
• Power-The Power of unity and enjoy the group power by the part of that
particular group.
• Identity-The group provides an identity to the individuals like who am I?
• Huddling-Some Information are together which are very useful to join those
groups.

9. From the Organization Point of View
• Working on a complex task & independently which is so hard
to achieve.
• New Ideas required to solve some problems.
• Facilitating the implementation of complex decision
• Serving and facilitating and developing the new employees
and group norms

10. THE OPERATIONAL
STRATEGY OF THE
ORGANIZATION
FACTORS
AFFECTING
GROUP
WHO IS THE AUTHRORITY
AND WHO TAKE THE
DECISION FOR THE
GROUP
PERFORMANCE
APPRAISAL & HRP
FAILITY AND
RESOURCES OF
ORGANIZATION TO
FACILITATE THE GROUP

11. Group Development Process By W.Cook
Forming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
Storming

13. Forming –
• This the Stage of Awareness about the group ,what is the exact purpose of the
group what are the tasks of the group.
• The Commitment about the groups
• Acceptance of the group norms and culture
Storming-
• In this Stage of Development the conflict arises.
• They want to play different roles and different task
• Related to Power allocations.
Norming-
Here the Single leader form and they want to develop the group process in stead
of conflict with each others by Cooperation, Support and Development
Performing-
The Task achievement, Maximize the productivity, feeling proud for what they
did
Adjourning-The Last Stage of Group Development in this stage the leader close to
the group members and said about the emotional things give them rewards

14. Alternative Theory of Group Development
Mutual Acceptance
New Tasks
New Members
Control and
Organization
Motivation and
Productivity
Communication and
Decision Making

15. • Mutual Acceptance-
Know each other and Sharing information's about
themsleves.Shring Knowledge about the politics,Sports,Events
and Etc.
• Communication and Decision Making-
Decision are made by discussion, Opinions and Ideas from
different point of Views.
• Motivation and Productivity Stage-
Co-Operate to achieve the goal of the Organization
• Control and Organization-
Correct track and well leadership to utilize the group meaning
to accomplish the goals.

16. Some Limitations of the Groups
1.Status Difference-It is all about respect the high status employees
wants a respect and their views are accepted .
2.Group Norms-Some economical norms, Supportive norms which
are the limitation of the groups.
3.Risky-The Mission which made by the group might be risky because
the whole decision made .
4.Polarisations-They Support another person and cause a inefficiency
in group.

17. Group Norms
 Norms are likely to be strongly to enforce the group success and
survival.
 The Norms reflect the group is a strong group.
 To Avoid conflict and bad situation norms must be important.
 Avoid embarrassing the Inter personal problems
 Group Norms Control the group
 Group Norms make a strong relation among members.

18. CARRY OVER THE
EXPERIENCES
EXPLICIT STATEMENST
OF LEADERTHE 1ST EXPERIENCE
CRITICAL INSIDENTS
NORMS MAKING

19. How to develop the norms of a group
1.Peoples brings their past experiences from others group.
2.The 1st experiences is most important (in which way the group
concluding)
3.Critical incidents in an organization developed the group norms.
4.Exiplict communication and decision develop the norms

20. Group Task
• Production Task-All individual must gives their
input and efficiency to maximize the
productivity
• Discussion task-Summaries the resolve the
issue & presentation to the group authority
• Problem solving-Together solve the problem
find the error and send solution and
implemented the solution

22. COHENSIVENESS OF GROUP
Cohesiveness means the extent to which the members like to each
other
Action of Increase the Cohesiveness
• Decrease group size
• Maximize the interaction
• Introduce the Competition with other groups
• Allocate the reward for total group instead of the individual.
To Decrease cohesiveness
• Maximize the group size
• No Interaction
• Involve Dominating members.
• Competition inside the group itself

23. • Interaction
• Attitude
• Threats
• Cooperation
• Size
Cohesiveness
Positive
• Increase moral
• Productivity
• Conformity
Negative
• Performance is
low
• Member left the
group