This document defines groups and group dynamics and discusses various types of groups. It begins by defining a group as a collection of people who interact and work towards a common goal. It then discusses different types of groups including formal vs informal, primary vs secondary, and interest vs friendship groups. The document also covers stages of group formation, factors that influence group effectiveness, and principles of group dynamics such as cohesiveness and the need for members to feel a sense of belonging.
MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION, GROUP FORMATION, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR, GROUPS, KINDS OF GROUPS, GROUP VS TEAM, REASONS OF GROUPS FORMATION, IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS IN A GROUP, STAGES OF GROUP FORMATION, PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE OF THE GROUP, ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOR
MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION, GROUP FORMATION, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR, GROUPS, KINDS OF GROUPS, GROUP VS TEAM, REASONS OF GROUPS FORMATION, IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS IN A GROUP, STAGES OF GROUP FORMATION, PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE OF THE GROUP, ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Individual and Group-group and intergroup dynamics; managing group in an organization- intragroup behavior and intergroup behavior; self-change- resistance to change- nature of the change-transactional analysis
Individual and Group-group and intergroup dynamics; managing group in an organization- intragroup behavior and intergroup behavior; self-change- resistance to change- nature of the change-transactional analysis
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. Introduction
With the origin of the complex societies there came into being
the different social groups that are significant for the human
or individual welfare
A group comes into being when there is need to achieve the
wants of the members. In the course of interaction the
members develop a group ideology which regulates their
attitudes/actions and influence their satisfaction
Human beings have to learn to function effectively in groups
Nurse has to create conducive atmosphere for group
interaction
In a group, all members influence each other and work
towards common goal
3. Definition
Group: It is a collection of people who interact with one
another, accept rights and obligations as members and
who share a common identity
Group: It refers to 2 or more individuals interacting and
interdependent who have come together to achieve
particular objective
Group dynamics: A study of forces operating within a
group
Group dynamics: It refers to changes which take place
within groups and is concerned with the interaction and
forces obtained between group members in social
settings
4. Need for joining group
Stability: People often join groups as it gives the members
a stability and enhances their achievement capacity
Security: Enables the person to reduce a sense of
insecurity and have stronger feeling with few self-doubts
and more resistant to threats
Self esteem: Help a person develop a sense of “to –
belong”, feelings of self- worth, develops confidence
Affiliation: Groups can fulfill social needs. People enjoy
the regular interaction that comes with the group
membership
5. Need for joining group
Status: Group members can be easily recognized and a
status is achieved by them is viewed as important &
provides recognition
Goal achievement: Goal can be achieved more easily when
a group effort is present
Power: Power is derived on the strength of closeness of the
group members with greater power achieved when in group
6. Characteristics of a group
Common goal
Reciprocal relationships
Sense of unity
Sense of belongingness
Common interest
Group norms
Degree of participation
Definite membership
Interdependence
Interaction
Communication
7. Types of groups
Formal vs. Informal group
Psychological vs. Social group
Primary vs. Secondary group
Membership vs. Reference group
Command vs. Task group
Interest vs. Friendship group
8. Formal vs. Informal group
Formal groups refer to those which are established under
the legal or formal authority with the view to achieve a
particular end result. The group is designated by the
organizational structure, having work assignments
establishing tasks (airline flight crew, health care team,
trade unions)
Informal groups refers to the aggregate of the personal
contacts/interaction and the network of relationships
among individuals
9. Differences: formal & informal group
Character Formal group Informal group
Origin Planned and relatively
stable
Spontaneous and dynamic
Relationship Job determines R/S
between org and
individual
Role determines
relationship
Goals To achieve profitability,
service to society
Satisfaction of members
Influence In form of authority,
attached to position
In form of power and to
satisfy member needs
Control
mechanism
Rules and policies Standard of behavior,
norms
Comm Slow, high accuracy,
moves through formal
channels
Marked speed, low
accuracy
10. Psychological vs. Social group
Psychological group: One in which the two or more persons who
are interdependent as each members nature influences every
other person, members share an ideology and have common
tasks. These include families, friendship circles, political clubs,
work, educational, religious, neighborhood, and recreational
groups
Social group: Integrated system of interrelated psychological
groups formed to accomplish a defined function or objective. A
political party with its many local political clubs , friendship
circles are the social organizations
11. Primary vs. Secondary group
• Primary groups is characterized by small size, face to
face interactions and intimacy among the members of
the group. The examples are family groups, pay groups
and neighborhood groups
• Secondary group is characterized by large size and
individuals identification with the values and beliefs
prevailing in them rather than actual interactions
(occupational associations, ethnic groups)
12. Membership vs. Reference
• Membership group is those where the individual
actually belongs
• Reference group is one in which they would like to
belong
13. Command vs. Task group
• Command group are formed by subordinates reporting
directly to the particular manager and are determined by
the formal organizational chart (an assistant regional
transport officer and his two transport supervisors form a
command group)
• Task groups are composed of people who work together to
perform a task. Its boundaries are not located within its
immediate hierarchical superior
14. Interest vs. Friendship group
Interest group involves people who come together to
accomplish a particular goal with which they are concerned
Office employees joining hands to go to vacation or get
vacation schedule changed form an interest group. This
includes people who may or may not be aligned to a common
command and may affiliate to attain a specific objective
Friendship group is formed by people having one or more
common features . These often develop because individual
members have 1 or more common characteristics (people
supporting same candidate)
15. Functions of a group
Formal organizational functions: These relates to basic mission
attainment by the organization. The group completes the work,
creates ideas and embraces all activities for which they are
accountable
Psychological Personal functions: The group formation facilitates
psychological functioning, satisfaction of the needs, outlet for
affiliation and helps in getting stability and enhancing the
achievements
Mixed or Multiple functions: The formal as well as informal both
kinds of roles are taken up by the members of the group. The formal
group can try to fulfill various psychological roles and leading to
increased loyalty, commitment and energy for effective attainment of
the administrative and organizational goals
16. Stages of group formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oi6e_on6xVc
17. Stages of group formation
1. Forming: characterized by great deal of uncertainty about
group’s purpose, structure, leadership, members are
testing matters
1. Storming: members accept existence of group but resist
the constraints the group imposes on members. Conflict
on who will control the group
18. Stages of group formation
3. Norming: development of close relationships, strong
sense of group identity, group structure solidifies
4. Performing: structure is fully functional and accepted.
Member are performing the tasks
5. Adjourning: this is for temporary committees, teams,
task force. Members prepare for disbandment, winding
up activities
19. Group dynamics
GD is that division of social psychology that investigates the
formation and change in the structure and functions of the
psychological grouping of people into self-directing wholes
Refers to changes that take place within the group
GD is concerned with interrelation between group members in
a social situation, it is concerned with gaining knowledge
about group, how they develop, their effect on individual
members
It reveals how a group should be organized and conducted,
members participation and overall cooperation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUXdrl9
ch_Q
20. Concept of GD
Founded by Kurt Lewin in 1945 at the Massachusetts Institute,
USA
The underlying assumption was that the laws of the group
behavior can be established independently of the goals or
specific activities of group irrespective of the structure of the
group
GD is a technique of fostering the conciliation between
individuals and groups with an idea to formulate principles
which underlie group behavior, and devise principles of group
decisions and actions
21. Features of GD
Individuals interact and members are continuously changing and
adjusting relationship with respect to each other
Continuous change: introduction of the new members, leaders, rules,
norms
Rigidity/flexibility: If the members get along well there is smooth
sailing for the group and if there is conflict it leads to problems. A
rigid group may not change and lacks adaptability to change
Group organization: It leads to greater group effectiveness,
participation, cooperation and a constructive morale
It is a continuous process of restructuring, adjusting and readjusting
members to one another for the purpose of reducing the tensions ,
eliminating the conflicts and solving the problems which its members
have in common
22. Factors influencing group effectiveness/participation
Leadership style: any style appropriate according to group
and situation
Common ideology: all must agree to work towards
common ideology
Task completion: time target must be known to all
members to complete the task
Role behavior of group members: each member should
take on the group assigned role
23. Factors influencing group effectiveness/participation
Communication pattern among members: depends on
situation and leadership style
Feeling status of members: all members to feel good
while working together most of the time
Level of member satisfaction: all members feel they have
contributed and gained something in group activity
Familiarity
Physical and psychological atmosphere
24. Principles of GD
Sense of belongingness: members must have a strong sense
of belonging to the group
Cohesiveness: The more attraction members have, greater
influence on its members
The greater the prestige of the group member in the eyes of
the member in the eyes of the members, the grater influence
he would exercise on the theme
Implementing change in subparts
25. Principles of GD
Rationalize need for change
Reduce change related stress by bringing about
readjustments in the related parts
The groups arise and function owing to common motives
The groups survive by pacing the members into functional
hierarchy and facilitating the action towards the goal
26. Principles of GD
The intergroup relations, group organization, member
participation is essential for effectiveness of a group
Strong sense of belongingness VS stability
Cohesiveness VS influence
Prestige VS influence
Member participation in change process
27. Facilitating a group
A group cannot automatically function effectively, it needs to
be facilitated
Facilitation can be described as a conscious process of assisting
a group to successfully achieve its task while functioning as a
group. Facilitation can be performed by members themselves,
or with the help of an outsider
To facilitate effectively the facilitator needs to
- Understand what is happening within the group
- Be aware of his/her own personality
- Know how to facilitate
28. Conclusion
Groups operate on a common task and common attitudes
GD is concerned with the interaction between the group
members in a social situation
This is concerned with the gaining in the knowledge of the
group, how they develop and their effect on the individual
members and the organization in which they function
GD is essential to study since it helps to find how the
relationships are made within a group and how the forces act
within the group members in a social setting
This helps to recognize the formation of group and how a
group should be organized, lead and promoted