Groundwater
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•19 views
The document discusses key concepts related to groundwater, including porosity, permeability, aquifers, aquitards, and the water table. It defines porosity as the percentage of voids in rock that can hold water, and permeability as the capacity for water to flow through rock. Rocks like sandstone and fractured limestone that allow easy water movement are called aquifers, while rocks like clay that retard flow are called aquitards. The water table is the top of the saturated zone where all openings are filled with water underground.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
River landforms - braiding
Braided rivers have multiple intertwining channels that diverge and converge around sediment islands. They form in areas with high sediment loads where the river flow speed varies greatly. Braiding occurs when high velocity rivers carry large amounts of sediment, which deposits and causes the main channel to split into several smaller channels that braid around islands as the river seeks new paths to the mouth. Examples include the Rakaia River in New Zealand and the Son-Kul River in Kyrgyzstan.
Geography elective revision rivers
The document describes various processes involved in river erosion and deposition. It discusses seven transport processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution, traction, saltation, and suspension - that erode and shape the river channel. It also describes deposition occurring when river energy decreases, forming features like deltas and levees. The document contrasts erosion and deposition patterns in the upper, middle, and lower course and discusses landforms formed through vertical erosion like gorges and waterfalls. River channel management techniques are also outlined.
Sediment Source and Transport in River Channels: Implications for River Struc...
This document discusses sediment source and transport in river channels and its implications for river structures. It contains 3 key points:
1) Rivers naturally transport and accumulate sediments from erosion. Understanding sediment characteristics and transport processes is important for managing rivers and engineering structures like dams and bridges.
2) Sediments are transported via various modes including bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. Factors like particle size, water flow, and channel geometry determine sediment transport rates.
3) High sediment influx can negatively impact structures like filling reservoirs in dams, disturbing turbine blades, and exposing foundations around bridge piers to erosion. Understanding sediment dynamics helps mitigate these problems and extend the lifespan of river engineering projects.
River Erosion and its Associated fetures
This document discusses river landforms and processes. It begins with a longitudinal profile diagram showing how a river's gradient is steepest at the headwaters and gentlest near the base level. It also includes diagrams of drainage patterns and stream order. Common river features are described such as meanders, floodplains, levees, and the formation of ox-bow lakes. The four main methods of river erosion and three methods of sediment transportation are defined. River landforms like waterfalls and pot holes are also examined. The document concludes with descriptions of the different stages in river development from youth to maturity.
sedimentary environment (fluvial channel)
This document outlines the key aspects of fluvial channels and deposits. It discusses the origin and stages of river development from mountainous sources. The main forms of fluvial channels are straight, anastomosing, braided, and meandering, with braided bars and point bars being the main deposits. Fluvial deposits have economic importance as aquifers, reservoirs, and hosts for minerals like gold. In conclusion, the presentation covered the origin, forms, deposits, and economic value of fluvial systems.
Rock types and landscapes
One quarter of the world's population lives in karst areas, most in China, which are formed by chemical weathering and erosion of limestone by rainwater. Karst areas lack rivers and lakes but have features like swallow holes, dolines, and underground water in caves. Rainwater dissolves the calcium carbonate in limestone, depositing calcite in cave formations. Karst areas are an important source of water for springs and are valuable for tourism, ecosystems, and history, but development is restricted due to engineering challenges like cave collapses and groundwater contamination.
1.3 river channel processes
1. The document defines key terms related to river channel processes including abrasion, attrition, capacity, competence, deltas, discharge, gorges, helicoidal flow, hydraulic action, laminar flow, levees, load, point bars, pools, riffles, river cliffs, solution, turbulent flow, waterfalls, and rapids.
2. It discusses factors that affect rates of erosion in river channels including load, velocity, gradient, geology, pH, and human impact.
3. The main types of river channel flow are laminar, turbulent, and helicoidal flow while channel types include straight, meandering, and braided channels. Meanders have asymmetric cross-sections
Rivers Revision
The document provides information about river processes and landforms, including a case study of the River Tees in England. It discusses the different features formed by erosion and deposition in the upper, middle, and lower courses of the river. These include waterfalls, meanders, ox-bow lakes, levees, and deltas. It also describes human interactions with rivers, including river management through strategies such as dredging, flood prevention schemes, and the use of dams and reservoirs. The case study of the River Tees illustrates these concepts and shows how the river has been developed for industry, housing, and ports in its lower course.
Recommended
River landforms - braiding
Braided rivers have multiple intertwining channels that diverge and converge around sediment islands. They form in areas with high sediment loads where the river flow speed varies greatly. Braiding occurs when high velocity rivers carry large amounts of sediment, which deposits and causes the main channel to split into several smaller channels that braid around islands as the river seeks new paths to the mouth. Examples include the Rakaia River in New Zealand and the Son-Kul River in Kyrgyzstan.
Geography elective revision rivers
The document describes various processes involved in river erosion and deposition. It discusses seven transport processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution, traction, saltation, and suspension - that erode and shape the river channel. It also describes deposition occurring when river energy decreases, forming features like deltas and levees. The document contrasts erosion and deposition patterns in the upper, middle, and lower course and discusses landforms formed through vertical erosion like gorges and waterfalls. River channel management techniques are also outlined.
Sediment Source and Transport in River Channels: Implications for River Struc...
This document discusses sediment source and transport in river channels and its implications for river structures. It contains 3 key points:
1) Rivers naturally transport and accumulate sediments from erosion. Understanding sediment characteristics and transport processes is important for managing rivers and engineering structures like dams and bridges.
2) Sediments are transported via various modes including bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. Factors like particle size, water flow, and channel geometry determine sediment transport rates.
3) High sediment influx can negatively impact structures like filling reservoirs in dams, disturbing turbine blades, and exposing foundations around bridge piers to erosion. Understanding sediment dynamics helps mitigate these problems and extend the lifespan of river engineering projects.
River Erosion and its Associated fetures
This document discusses river landforms and processes. It begins with a longitudinal profile diagram showing how a river's gradient is steepest at the headwaters and gentlest near the base level. It also includes diagrams of drainage patterns and stream order. Common river features are described such as meanders, floodplains, levees, and the formation of ox-bow lakes. The four main methods of river erosion and three methods of sediment transportation are defined. River landforms like waterfalls and pot holes are also examined. The document concludes with descriptions of the different stages in river development from youth to maturity.
sedimentary environment (fluvial channel)
This document outlines the key aspects of fluvial channels and deposits. It discusses the origin and stages of river development from mountainous sources. The main forms of fluvial channels are straight, anastomosing, braided, and meandering, with braided bars and point bars being the main deposits. Fluvial deposits have economic importance as aquifers, reservoirs, and hosts for minerals like gold. In conclusion, the presentation covered the origin, forms, deposits, and economic value of fluvial systems.
Rock types and landscapes
One quarter of the world's population lives in karst areas, most in China, which are formed by chemical weathering and erosion of limestone by rainwater. Karst areas lack rivers and lakes but have features like swallow holes, dolines, and underground water in caves. Rainwater dissolves the calcium carbonate in limestone, depositing calcite in cave formations. Karst areas are an important source of water for springs and are valuable for tourism, ecosystems, and history, but development is restricted due to engineering challenges like cave collapses and groundwater contamination.
1.3 river channel processes
1. The document defines key terms related to river channel processes including abrasion, attrition, capacity, competence, deltas, discharge, gorges, helicoidal flow, hydraulic action, laminar flow, levees, load, point bars, pools, riffles, river cliffs, solution, turbulent flow, waterfalls, and rapids.
2. It discusses factors that affect rates of erosion in river channels including load, velocity, gradient, geology, pH, and human impact.
3. The main types of river channel flow are laminar, turbulent, and helicoidal flow while channel types include straight, meandering, and braided channels. Meanders have asymmetric cross-sections
Rivers Revision
The document provides information about river processes and landforms, including a case study of the River Tees in England. It discusses the different features formed by erosion and deposition in the upper, middle, and lower courses of the river. These include waterfalls, meanders, ox-bow lakes, levees, and deltas. It also describes human interactions with rivers, including river management through strategies such as dredging, flood prevention schemes, and the use of dams and reservoirs. The case study of the River Tees illustrates these concepts and shows how the river has been developed for industry, housing, and ports in its lower course.
Rivers, floods and management
The document discusses drainage basins, the storm hydrograph, river erosion processes and landforms, flooding causes and impacts, and flood management strategies. It describes the hydrological cycle within a drainage basin and factors that influence the shape of a storm hydrograph. It outlines river erosion mechanisms and key landforms in the upper, middle and lower courses such as potholes, waterfalls, meanders, and deltas. Causes of flooding include excessive rainfall and development that increases runoff. Impacts are economic, social and environmental. Flood management includes hard and soft engineering approaches.
River processes
The document discusses the four main processes of erosion by rivers: abrasion (corrasion), hydraulic action, solution (corrosion), and attrition. It explains each process in detail. Corrasion involves rocks in the river's load scraping against the bed and banks, while corrosion dissolves certain rock types due to the river's slight acidity. Hydraulic action removes rocks from the bed and banks through the force of moving water, strongest in rapids. Attrition erodes the river's load as pieces knock together. The document also notes that erosion is more vertical near the source and more lateral further downstream.
Running Water
This document discusses various topics related to running water and drainage systems on Earth. It provides details on the water cycle and hydrologic cycle, describing how water moves between the oceans, atmosphere, and land. It also discusses different types of drainage patterns associated with geological features, and how landforms such as valleys, canyons, deltas, and alluvial fans are formed by the erosive power of running water over long periods of time. Monitoring of water levels and flood risks is important for managing water resources and mitigating hazards.
River flow
This document provides an overview of river flow and hydrology. It discusses key topics such as the characteristics of river systems including upper, middle and lower courses; factors that affect river runoff like climate and geology; parts of a river system from headwaters to mouth; different drainage patterns; sediment transport and deposition; and river stage in relation to low and high water levels. The document contains several figures and tables to illustrate river features and classifications.
Running water as an agent of Erosion
Running water is the most powerful natural agent of erosion. It acts almost everywhere on Earth, carrying rock fragments and breaking down the crust through hydraulic action and abrasion. Streams and rivers form complex drainage systems that collectively drain precipitation from drainage basins. As rivers flow from their headwaters to their mouths, their profiles evolve from steep slopes with deep valleys and gorges to flatter slopes with more deposition. Various landforms such as waterfalls, terraces, and canyons are created through the erosive processes of running water.
Fluvial processes and_land_forms
Streams shape the land through erosion and deposition via fluvial processes. A stream system typically has three courses - upper, middle, and lower. The upper course has steep valleys and gorges due to erosion. The middle course features meandering streams and floodplains. The lower course is dominated by depositional landforms like deltas. A stream erodes until it reaches its base level, which can be an ocean, lake, or resistant rock layer.
River processes
1) Rivers display different characteristics in their upper, middle, and lower courses. The upper course has a V-shaped valley and vertical erosion, forming waterfalls and gorges. The middle course has a wider valley and more lateral erosion forming meanders. The lower course has an even wider floodplain and well-developed meanders forming ox-bow lakes.
2) Meanders form through lateral erosion on the outside bend of rivers where current is fastest, undercutting the bank to form cliffs. Deposition occurs inside bends where current is slower, creating slip-off slopes. Over time, meander loops migrate laterally across the floodplain.
3) In estuaries near
Fluvial/River Processes
Here are the key points about how isostatic changes have impacted the Irish landscape:
- Isostatic changes refer to vertical movements of the Earth's crust due to adjustments in land masses following the melting of ice sheets during glacial periods.
- During the last ice age, much of Ireland was depressed under thick ice sheets, weighing the land surface down. As the ice melted about 10,000 years ago, the land began to rise again in a process known as isostatic rebound.
- This caused rivers to be elevated above their original base levels. Many rivers underwent rejuvenation as they cut downwards, forming features like waterfalls, incised meanders and terraces along their courses as they
Rivers 2
Rivers form distinctive landforms through erosion and deposition. In the upper course, valleys and gorges form through erosion in hard rocks. Waterfalls occur where rivers flow over bands of hard and soft rocks. In the middle course, meanders form through lateral erosion and deposition. In the lower course, floodplains and deltas form through deposition as the river speed decreases.
Rivers revision
This document provides information about rivers and flooding, including:
1) It discusses various river landforms and processes like meanders, floodplains, estuaries, and deltas. It also explains how v-shaped valleys and waterfalls are formed.
2) It covers causes of flooding like rainfall, soil permeability, and human impacts such as deforestation, farming, and urbanization.
3) It introduces hard and soft flood management options and provides examples like flood defenses and restoring natural floodplains. Practice questions are included about these topics.
River processes & landforms
This document discusses river processes and landforms. It explains that rivers erode, transport, and deposit sediment as they flow downstream. The faster the river flows and the greater its volume, the larger particles it can transport. A river's load gets deposited when the river loses energy. The channel changes as the river flows from its upper to middle to lower courses, with meanders and floodplains developing over time. Living in floodplains and deltas provides benefits but also flood risks that can be mitigated through various prevention methods.
Fluvail enviroments, Christian Romero, 2016
Fluvial environments can be categorized based on river type:
1) Meandering rivers are characterized by point bars and lateral accretion, with sediments that can be gravel, sand, or silt.
2) Braided rivers have multiple, interlacing channels that shift rapidly and are composed of cross-bedded sand and gravel deposits.
3) Anastomosed rivers have many stable channels separated by floodplains and may include wetlands or desiccated flats.
05 xiaodong liu geologic setting of interformational-braided-channel type sa...
This document summarizes uranium deposits in interformational braided channel sandstones in northern China. It describes the geologic setting and characteristics of major uranium-bearing basins, including the Ordos, Erlian, and Kailu Basins. Uranium mineralization is associated with braided stream depositional systems within these basins. In the Ordos Basin, uranium occurs in braided channel sandstones between the Yan'an and Zhiluo Formations. Hydrocarbons may have played a role in the formation of the Dongsheng uranium deposit. The Erlian Basin's Bayanwula deposit contains tabular and roll-front uranium ore bodies within braided channel sand
River landforms
This document summarizes various landforms created by rivers in different sections of their courses. In the upper course, waterfalls and rapids form where hard rock layers are exposed. In the middle course, meanders form as the gradient lessens and ox-bow lakes are created when meander loops are cut off. Floodplains and fluvial terraces are deposited during flooding. Near the mouth, deltas form in tideless seas and estuaries form where tidal currents meet river discharge.
Fluvial
This document provides information about fluvial and alluvial fan systems. It begins with an introduction to why fluvial systems are studied and describes their organization into drainage basins. It then discusses the morphology of rivers and floodplains. The rest of the document describes various fluvial environments like bars, channels, overbank areas and different channel patterns for braided, meandering and anastomosing rivers. It also discusses alluvial fans and their facies. In summary, the document outlines fluvial system components, morphologies and depositional environments to understand sediment transport and deposition.
Rivers 3
River management strategies include channelization through river realignment and re-sectioning, and bank protection through embankments and vegetation management. These strategies have limitations such as causing flooding downstream, accumulating sediments, destroying habitats, and being costly to implement and maintain.
Braided Fluvial Systems
Braided river systems have multiple shallow channels that divide and rejoin, forming bars within the channels and along the banks. Sediment is transported through these channels as structureless gravel, horizontally-bedded gravel and sand, or in trough and planar cross-sets. Over time, bars migrate downstream as new material is deposited on the upstream edge and erosion occurs downstream. This cyclic process, along with variable discharge and erodible banks, causes the channels to shift and result in the braided fluvial pattern.
Meander.ppt
This document discusses meandering river systems. It describes how meanders form through the erosion of the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank, creating sinuous bends in the channel over time. Key features of meandering rivers discussed include point bars, natural levees, crevasse splays, and oxbow lakes. The document also covers the helical flow processes responsible for erosion and deposition patterns in meander bends and defines the different facies deposits found in meandering river channels.
Geological action of river
The document discusses the geological action of rivers and their role in shaping landscapes. It describes how river systems erode, transport, and deposit sediment through various processes like meandering, delta formation, and flooding. Key landforms created by rivers include valleys, floodplains, terraces, and alluvial fans. The document also explains how urbanization has impacted river flow and sediment transport.
8 River Landforms
The document discusses various river landforms found along different parts of a river's course. It defines key terms like load, sediment, river bed, and river bank. It also defines the four types of erosion and four types of sediment transport processes. The document describes how particle size, channel width, and depth change downstream. It then provides more details on specific landforms usually seen in the upper, middle, and lower course, such as V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, meanders, point bars, oxbow lakes, and deltas.
Ground water
This document discusses groundwater, including:
- Groundwater is water found beneath the Earth's surface, filling spaces in rock and sediment. It is a major source of water supply.
- Groundwater originates from precipitation that infiltrates underground. It moves through the hydrologic cycle and is stored in aquifers.
- Aquifers are permeable rock formations that can supply significant water to wells and springs. Properties like porosity and permeability determine how much water rock can hold and transmit.
pdf-clasificacion-geomecanica-rmrpptx.pptx
Groundwater lies beneath the ground surface, filling pores and fractures. It represents a small fraction of Earth's total water but supplies wells. Porosity is the percentage of voids, and permeability is how easily fluid passes through. The water table is the top of the saturated zone. Aquifers transmit water easily while aquitards impede flow. Contaminants can pollute groundwater from various sources, which can be difficult to remediate. Withdrawal impacts and subsidence must be balanced with natural recharge.
More Related Content
What's hot
Rivers, floods and management
The document discusses drainage basins, the storm hydrograph, river erosion processes and landforms, flooding causes and impacts, and flood management strategies. It describes the hydrological cycle within a drainage basin and factors that influence the shape of a storm hydrograph. It outlines river erosion mechanisms and key landforms in the upper, middle and lower courses such as potholes, waterfalls, meanders, and deltas. Causes of flooding include excessive rainfall and development that increases runoff. Impacts are economic, social and environmental. Flood management includes hard and soft engineering approaches.
River processes
The document discusses the four main processes of erosion by rivers: abrasion (corrasion), hydraulic action, solution (corrosion), and attrition. It explains each process in detail. Corrasion involves rocks in the river's load scraping against the bed and banks, while corrosion dissolves certain rock types due to the river's slight acidity. Hydraulic action removes rocks from the bed and banks through the force of moving water, strongest in rapids. Attrition erodes the river's load as pieces knock together. The document also notes that erosion is more vertical near the source and more lateral further downstream.
Running Water
This document discusses various topics related to running water and drainage systems on Earth. It provides details on the water cycle and hydrologic cycle, describing how water moves between the oceans, atmosphere, and land. It also discusses different types of drainage patterns associated with geological features, and how landforms such as valleys, canyons, deltas, and alluvial fans are formed by the erosive power of running water over long periods of time. Monitoring of water levels and flood risks is important for managing water resources and mitigating hazards.
River flow
This document provides an overview of river flow and hydrology. It discusses key topics such as the characteristics of river systems including upper, middle and lower courses; factors that affect river runoff like climate and geology; parts of a river system from headwaters to mouth; different drainage patterns; sediment transport and deposition; and river stage in relation to low and high water levels. The document contains several figures and tables to illustrate river features and classifications.
Running water as an agent of Erosion
Running water is the most powerful natural agent of erosion. It acts almost everywhere on Earth, carrying rock fragments and breaking down the crust through hydraulic action and abrasion. Streams and rivers form complex drainage systems that collectively drain precipitation from drainage basins. As rivers flow from their headwaters to their mouths, their profiles evolve from steep slopes with deep valleys and gorges to flatter slopes with more deposition. Various landforms such as waterfalls, terraces, and canyons are created through the erosive processes of running water.
Fluvial processes and_land_forms
Streams shape the land through erosion and deposition via fluvial processes. A stream system typically has three courses - upper, middle, and lower. The upper course has steep valleys and gorges due to erosion. The middle course features meandering streams and floodplains. The lower course is dominated by depositional landforms like deltas. A stream erodes until it reaches its base level, which can be an ocean, lake, or resistant rock layer.
River processes
1) Rivers display different characteristics in their upper, middle, and lower courses. The upper course has a V-shaped valley and vertical erosion, forming waterfalls and gorges. The middle course has a wider valley and more lateral erosion forming meanders. The lower course has an even wider floodplain and well-developed meanders forming ox-bow lakes.
2) Meanders form through lateral erosion on the outside bend of rivers where current is fastest, undercutting the bank to form cliffs. Deposition occurs inside bends where current is slower, creating slip-off slopes. Over time, meander loops migrate laterally across the floodplain.
3) In estuaries near
Fluvial/River Processes
Here are the key points about how isostatic changes have impacted the Irish landscape:
- Isostatic changes refer to vertical movements of the Earth's crust due to adjustments in land masses following the melting of ice sheets during glacial periods.
- During the last ice age, much of Ireland was depressed under thick ice sheets, weighing the land surface down. As the ice melted about 10,000 years ago, the land began to rise again in a process known as isostatic rebound.
- This caused rivers to be elevated above their original base levels. Many rivers underwent rejuvenation as they cut downwards, forming features like waterfalls, incised meanders and terraces along their courses as they
Rivers 2
Rivers form distinctive landforms through erosion and deposition. In the upper course, valleys and gorges form through erosion in hard rocks. Waterfalls occur where rivers flow over bands of hard and soft rocks. In the middle course, meanders form through lateral erosion and deposition. In the lower course, floodplains and deltas form through deposition as the river speed decreases.
Rivers revision
This document provides information about rivers and flooding, including:
1) It discusses various river landforms and processes like meanders, floodplains, estuaries, and deltas. It also explains how v-shaped valleys and waterfalls are formed.
2) It covers causes of flooding like rainfall, soil permeability, and human impacts such as deforestation, farming, and urbanization.
3) It introduces hard and soft flood management options and provides examples like flood defenses and restoring natural floodplains. Practice questions are included about these topics.
River processes & landforms
This document discusses river processes and landforms. It explains that rivers erode, transport, and deposit sediment as they flow downstream. The faster the river flows and the greater its volume, the larger particles it can transport. A river's load gets deposited when the river loses energy. The channel changes as the river flows from its upper to middle to lower courses, with meanders and floodplains developing over time. Living in floodplains and deltas provides benefits but also flood risks that can be mitigated through various prevention methods.
Fluvail enviroments, Christian Romero, 2016
Fluvial environments can be categorized based on river type:
1) Meandering rivers are characterized by point bars and lateral accretion, with sediments that can be gravel, sand, or silt.
2) Braided rivers have multiple, interlacing channels that shift rapidly and are composed of cross-bedded sand and gravel deposits.
3) Anastomosed rivers have many stable channels separated by floodplains and may include wetlands or desiccated flats.
05 xiaodong liu geologic setting of interformational-braided-channel type sa...
This document summarizes uranium deposits in interformational braided channel sandstones in northern China. It describes the geologic setting and characteristics of major uranium-bearing basins, including the Ordos, Erlian, and Kailu Basins. Uranium mineralization is associated with braided stream depositional systems within these basins. In the Ordos Basin, uranium occurs in braided channel sandstones between the Yan'an and Zhiluo Formations. Hydrocarbons may have played a role in the formation of the Dongsheng uranium deposit. The Erlian Basin's Bayanwula deposit contains tabular and roll-front uranium ore bodies within braided channel sand
River landforms
This document summarizes various landforms created by rivers in different sections of their courses. In the upper course, waterfalls and rapids form where hard rock layers are exposed. In the middle course, meanders form as the gradient lessens and ox-bow lakes are created when meander loops are cut off. Floodplains and fluvial terraces are deposited during flooding. Near the mouth, deltas form in tideless seas and estuaries form where tidal currents meet river discharge.
Fluvial
This document provides information about fluvial and alluvial fan systems. It begins with an introduction to why fluvial systems are studied and describes their organization into drainage basins. It then discusses the morphology of rivers and floodplains. The rest of the document describes various fluvial environments like bars, channels, overbank areas and different channel patterns for braided, meandering and anastomosing rivers. It also discusses alluvial fans and their facies. In summary, the document outlines fluvial system components, morphologies and depositional environments to understand sediment transport and deposition.
Rivers 3
River management strategies include channelization through river realignment and re-sectioning, and bank protection through embankments and vegetation management. These strategies have limitations such as causing flooding downstream, accumulating sediments, destroying habitats, and being costly to implement and maintain.
Braided Fluvial Systems
Braided river systems have multiple shallow channels that divide and rejoin, forming bars within the channels and along the banks. Sediment is transported through these channels as structureless gravel, horizontally-bedded gravel and sand, or in trough and planar cross-sets. Over time, bars migrate downstream as new material is deposited on the upstream edge and erosion occurs downstream. This cyclic process, along with variable discharge and erodible banks, causes the channels to shift and result in the braided fluvial pattern.
Meander.ppt
This document discusses meandering river systems. It describes how meanders form through the erosion of the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank, creating sinuous bends in the channel over time. Key features of meandering rivers discussed include point bars, natural levees, crevasse splays, and oxbow lakes. The document also covers the helical flow processes responsible for erosion and deposition patterns in meander bends and defines the different facies deposits found in meandering river channels.
Geological action of river
The document discusses the geological action of rivers and their role in shaping landscapes. It describes how river systems erode, transport, and deposit sediment through various processes like meandering, delta formation, and flooding. Key landforms created by rivers include valleys, floodplains, terraces, and alluvial fans. The document also explains how urbanization has impacted river flow and sediment transport.
8 River Landforms
The document discusses various river landforms found along different parts of a river's course. It defines key terms like load, sediment, river bed, and river bank. It also defines the four types of erosion and four types of sediment transport processes. The document describes how particle size, channel width, and depth change downstream. It then provides more details on specific landforms usually seen in the upper, middle, and lower course, such as V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, meanders, point bars, oxbow lakes, and deltas.
What's hot (20)
05 xiaodong liu geologic setting of interformational-braided-channel type sa...
05 xiaodong liu geologic setting of interformational-braided-channel type sa...
Similar to Groundwater
Ground water
This document discusses groundwater, including:
- Groundwater is water found beneath the Earth's surface, filling spaces in rock and sediment. It is a major source of water supply.
- Groundwater originates from precipitation that infiltrates underground. It moves through the hydrologic cycle and is stored in aquifers.
- Aquifers are permeable rock formations that can supply significant water to wells and springs. Properties like porosity and permeability determine how much water rock can hold and transmit.
pdf-clasificacion-geomecanica-rmrpptx.pptx
Groundwater lies beneath the ground surface, filling pores and fractures. It represents a small fraction of Earth's total water but supplies wells. Porosity is the percentage of voids, and permeability is how easily fluid passes through. The water table is the top of the saturated zone. Aquifers transmit water easily while aquitards impede flow. Contaminants can pollute groundwater from various sources, which can be difficult to remediate. Withdrawal impacts and subsidence must be balanced with natural recharge.
Hydrologic cycle & groundwater
The document discusses various topics related to hydrologic cycles and groundwater including:
1) The water cycle is driven by energy from the sun and involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2) Groundwater occurs below the ground surface in voids and fractures in rocks and soil based on porosity and permeability.
3) Aquifers are underground areas that store and transmit groundwater while aquicludes and aquitards have low permeability and transmit water slowly or not at all.
4) Different rock types like sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks can serve as aquifers depending on their porosity and permeability.
Ground water harvesting
Groundwater is water found underground and stored in geological formations called aquifers. It moves slowly through cracks and spaces in soil, sand, and rock. There are several types of wells that can extract groundwater, including open wells, shallow tube wells, and deep tube wells. Open wells are the simplest but have limited yields, while tube wells can access groundwater from aquifers deeper underground. The document also discusses how groundwater moves through recharge and discharge zones, the different zones of water underground, and methods for exploring aquifers and their properties to determine suitable locations and methods for groundwater extraction.
Ground water
Groundwater exists below the Earth's surface within the pore spaces and fractures of rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt that percolates underground, where it moves slowly through the saturated zone and eventually resurfaces in streams, lakes, or oceans. The movement and storage of groundwater is dependent on the porosity, permeability, and saturation of geological formations. When groundwater is pumped from wells faster than it can recharge, water tables decline and other issues like land subsidence can occur. Groundwater supports various geological features and processes near the surface.
Chapter 11 graphics groundwater.ppt
Groundwater lies below the ground surface, filling pores and fractures in rock. It represents a small fraction of Earth's total water but supplies wells. Porosity refers to the void spaces in rock that can hold water, while permeability is the ease with which water can flow through the rock. The water table delineates the saturated and unsaturated zones. Groundwater flows slowly through the saturated zone. Aquifers are highly porous and permeable water-bearing formations, while aquitards impede flow. Unconfined aquifers have a water table, while confined aquifers are under pressure. Wells tap groundwater, and springs occur where it reaches the surface. Contamination can infiltrate and pollute this vital resource.
Lecture 11. groundwater hydrology
Groundwater is water located beneath the Earth's surface that saturates pores and fractures in rock and soil. It is the largest supply of fresh water available for human use. Groundwater occurs naturally and is replenished through precipitation, though the amount that can be accessed through wells varies significantly between locations. It is stored in porous geologic formations called aquifers and can be confined by layers of impermeable rock. Wells are constructed to access groundwater from aquifers, with casing, screens, grout and gravel packs used to properly construct the well. Groundwater can become contaminated if wells are improperly built or toxic materials leak into the ground near a well.
Ground Water (Unit-V)
The document discusses groundwater sources, zones, and types of aquifers. It describes the saturated and unsaturated zones, including the soil water, intermediate vadose, and capillary fringe zones. The main types of aquifers are defined as aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge based on their water transmission properties. Methods of artificial groundwater recharge include direct surface techniques like flooding basins and percolation tanks, and direct subsurface techniques like injection wells.
Wednesday may 4 water underground lesson
Groundwater moves slowly through pores and cracks in soil and rock underground. The saturated zone below the water table is filled with water and is called an aquifer. People access groundwater by drilling wells into aquifers below the water table. In an artesian well, groundwater rises to the surface under pressure without needing a pump.
Week-2: Basics of Groundwater,
The document provides information on groundwater including:
1. Groundwater is water found underground in soil and rock cracks and spaces called aquifers. It is stored and moves slowly through these geologic formations.
2. Groundwater exists below the land surface in saturated zones called aquifers. The upper boundary is the water table. Wells tap into groundwater by drawing water up from aquifers.
3. Groundwater is an important natural resource and water source where surface water is scarce. Proper treatment is needed for both groundwater and surface water to provide safe drinking water.
sources of water supply in cities - surface and groundwater sources
sources of water supply for urban water supply systems. groundwater sources and surface water sources. aquifer and its type. types of wells.
Prsn
Groundwater is water located beneath the Earth's surface. It is replenished by precipitation and flows slowly through pores and cracks in rock, filling aquifers. The water table marks the top of the saturated zone where all pores are filled. Factors like slope and permeability affect flow rate. Wells tap into aquifers for water access. Springs occur where aquifers meet the surface. Heavy pumping can lower water tables and cause land subsidence if withdrawal exceeds recharge. Groundwater pollution stems from agriculture, dumps, and industry. Geothermal energy harnesses underground heat to generate electricity.
Sources of drinking water on earth.
The document discusses the various sources of drinking water on Earth. It identifies surface water sources like streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and rain water, as well as groundwater sources such as wells, springs, infiltration galleries, and impounded reservoirs. Less than 3% of the planet's water is available as fresh water for human consumption. While Earth has abundant water resources overall, we need to conserve our valuable fresh water supplies for drinking.
Lecture 4
Groundwater can affect engineering structures through several mechanisms:
- It can erode foundations, cause settlement or collapse through volume changes in soil/rock.
- Increase moisture in slopes, reducing stability and increasing landslide risk.
- Impact excavation and construction by flowing towards work sites.
- Reduce bearing capacity and shear strength of soils.
- Cause uplift pressures that can lead to failure of structures.
Proper site investigation is needed to understand subsurface water conditions and mitigate risks.
Groundwater Hydrogeology
Groundwater, or water located beneath the Earth's surface, is an important source of freshwater. It is found in the pores and cracks of soil, sand, and rock below the water table. Groundwater hydrology is the study of groundwater movement and storage. Key aspects include aquifers, which are geologic formations that can store and transmit water; recharge from precipitation; and groundwater flow through aquifers driven by gravity and the hydraulic gradient. Mapping groundwater involves measuring water levels in wells to determine the piezometric surface and direction of subsurface flow. Sustainable groundwater use requires understanding recharge rates and connections to surface water.
slide-Geologic-Formations-as-Aquidfers.pptx
The document discusses different types of geologic formations that can serve as aquifers. It defines four types of formations: aquifers, aquifuges, aquicludes, and aquitards based on their ability to store and transmit water. Aquifers are formations that are permeable and can both store and transmit water. Examples of common aquifers discussed include alluvial deposits, limestone, volcanic rock, and sandstone. The document provides details on the characteristics of each that allow them to serve as aquifers. It also notes that igneous and metamorphic rocks generally make poor aquifers unless they have extensive fracture systems.
Groundwater 1
Groundwater is found underground in soil and rock pores and fractures. It is an important source of freshwater. Groundwater exists in three zones: the saturated zone where all pores are full of water, the capillary fringe just above it, and the aeration zone above that. The water table marks the top of the saturated zone. Groundwater interacts with streams, which can gain or lose water from interactions with the water table. Factors like porosity, permeability, and the slope of the water table influence groundwater storage and movement. Groundwater can emerge as springs, hot springs, or geysers, and be accessed via wells. Excessive pumping can cause problems like subsidence and saltwater contamination.
Lecture 5
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and water on Earth. It describes how water moves between various reservoirs in the cycle, driven by energy from the sun. The largest reservoirs are the oceans, polar ice sheets, and groundwater. Streams and drainage systems transport water across land surfaces and influence landscapes. Groundwater flows underground through porous rock and may discharge into springs, lakes, or streams. Water is essential for human and ecosystem needs but is increasingly threatened by pollution, overuse, and other impacts of human activities.
Hydrogeology 408
Groundwater exploration involves mapping potential aquifer horizons and investigating the saturated zone through field work. Groundwater moves slowly through aquifers compared to surface water. The rate of flow depends on factors like slope of the water table, permeability of the rock, and pressure differences. Effective porosity refers to the volume of pore space that allows water to drain over time under gravity. Darcy's Law is used to calculate groundwater velocity.
Geology: Water as a Resource
The presentation includes the following subtopics:
*FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
* FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
*SUBSURFACE WATERS
*AQUIFER GEOMETRY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*DARCY’S LAW AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*CONSEQUENCES OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL
*OTHER IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
*OTHER FEATURES INVOLVING SUBSURFACE WATER
*WATER QUALITY
*EXTENDING THE WATER SUPPLY
Similar to Groundwater (20)
sources of water supply in cities - surface and groundwater sources
sources of water supply in cities - surface and groundwater sources
Recently uploaded
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyOverview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionGlobal Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyRecently uploaded (20)
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Groundwater
- 1. Ground Water 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 1
- 2. Porosity and Permeability • Porosity - the percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings – Measurement of a rock’s ability to hold water – Loose sand has ~30-50% porosity – Compacted sandstone may have only 10-20% porosity • Permeability - the capacity of a rock to transmit fluid through pores and fractures – Most sandstones are porous and permeable – Granites, unfractured limestones are impermeable 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 2
- 3. 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 3
- 4. • Aquifer - body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily Sandstone Well-jointed limestone Sand and gravel Highly fractured volcanic rock • Aquitard - rock/sediment that retards ground water flow due to low porosity and/or permeability Clay, unfractured crystalline rocks Aquifer and Aquitard 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 4
- 5. 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 5
- 6. • Ground Water lies beneath the ground surface, filling pores in sediments and sedimentary rocks and fractures in other rock types • Represents 0.6% of the hydrosphere –Resupplied by slow infiltration of precipitation –Generally cleaner than surface water –Accessed by wells Ground Water 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 6
- 7. 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 7
- 8. 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 8
- 9. The Water Table • Subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water is the phreatic, or saturated zone • Top of the saturated zone is the water table – Water level at surface of most lakes and rivers corresponds to local water table • Above the water table is an unsaturated region called the vadose zone • A perched water table is above and separated from main water table by an unsaturated zone – Commonly produced by thin lenses of impermeable rock (e.g., clays) within permeable ones 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 9
- 10. 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 10
- 11. • Movement of ground water through pores and fractures is relatively slow (cms to meters/day) compared to flow of water in surface streams – Flow velocities in cavernous limestones can be much higher (kms/day) • Flow velocity depends upon: – Slope of the water table – Permeability of the rock or sediment Ground Water Movement 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 11
- 12. A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, and or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically or by hand. WATER WELL 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 12
- 13. Artesian Well 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 13
- 14. QANATS 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 14
- 15. 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 15
- 16. Ground Water Contamination Infiltrating water may bring contaminants down to the water table, including (but not limited to): – Pharmaceuticals – Pesticides/herbicides – Fertilizers – Mercury and gold mining – Landfill pollutants – Heavy metals – Bacteria, viruses and parasites from sewage – Industrial chemicals (PCBs) – Acid mine drainage – Radioactive waste – Oil and gasoline 6/28/2021 Muhammed Nafih Hassan P 16