The document discusses drainage basins, the storm hydrograph, river erosion processes and landforms, flooding causes and impacts, and flood management strategies. It describes the hydrological cycle within a drainage basin and factors that influence the shape of a storm hydrograph. It outlines river erosion mechanisms and key landforms in the upper, middle and lower courses such as potholes, waterfalls, meanders, and deltas. Causes of flooding include excessive rainfall and development that increases runoff. Impacts are economic, social and environmental. Flood management includes hard and soft engineering approaches.

1. geography revision
rivers, floods and management

2. drainage basins
• an area of land which is drained by a river and its tributaries.
• there is a drainage basin hydrological cycle which looks like this...
the cycle is an OPEN system
infiltration is the movement of water downwards from
surface into soil
throughflow is the water that moves down slope
through soil
percolation is the downward movement of water from
soil into rock below
groundwater storage is the water stored in the rock
pores underground

3. the storm hydrograph
• the graph is of river discharge against time, mainly
leading up to or after storm or rainfall event.
• they can help predict a storm, helps in managing
the river
• different variables can affect shape of graph, for
example:
o basin shape (can take varying times to reach
river)
o steepness (water gets into river more quickly)
o land use (towns have impermeable surfaces
so overland flow will increase)

4. valley profiles
types of river erosion:
• hydraulic action - force of air and water on sides and cracks of river
• abrasion - wearing away of bank by the load of the river
• solution/corrosion - removal of chemical ions, eg. calcium.
• attrition - wearing away of the load in the river, loads gets smaller and
smaller
types of river transportation:
• suspension - carried within flow, largest contribution
• saltation - small stones bouncing along river bed
• traction - bigger rocks/boulders rolled along river bed

5. valley profiles
the hjulstrom curve relates the work done by a river to its velocity
competence is the max load a river can carry
capacity is the maximum load carried
In general larger particles require more velocity to be lifted off the bed
Larger particles will be deposited at higher velocities where smaller particles
will remain in transport.

6. valley profiles

7. valley profiles
In the upper course of a river the velocity is low due to roughness of bed, it
mainly has potential energy. further down the long profile the energy turns
into kinetic energy due to river is bigger and moving more quickly.
wetted perimeter is the length of the banks and the bed that are in contact
with the river. The greater the channel roughness the greater the wetted
perimeter.
the hydraulic radius is a measure of the rivers efficiency, it equals CSA/WP.
The higher the hydraulic radius the more efficient the stream.

8. river landforms
landforms found in upper course include.
• potholes - caused by drilling (abrasion), pebbles collect in depression and
the flow causes them to rotate and create a hollow
• waterfalls - caused by a change in geology with underlying softer rock,
waterfalls migrates upstream due to lip collapsing.
• rapids - steeper sections of the long profile, usually have very turbulent
flow, caused by changes in geology.
middle/lower course landforms
• meanders - there are pools (deeper) and riffles (shallower) parts of the
river and they cause a change in speed, the river flows from one side to
another eroding the banks, on the inside of the meander where there isnt
enough energy there is deposition

9. river landforms
flood plains are flat areas of deposition close to river channel
many rivers have natural embankments called levees, formed during floods,
they can act as a natural flood defence.
deltas are formed when a river enter the sea, as the river slows down it loses
competence and deposits. the fresh water mixes with salty water and they
coagulate called flocculation.
braided channels are created when a river loses competence and look like
small islands.
rejuvenation occurs when its landscape is dominated by erosion, causes
include uplift of land due to melting land ice or uplift of land caused by
tectonics.

10. river landforms
knickpoints, river terraces and incised meanders are created because of the
difference of height between the river and the sea (caused by rejuvenation),
this causes river to gain potential energy thus eroding vertically.
knickpoint are sudden changes in the rivers gradient, river terraces occurs
when a river cuts into its floodplain. Incised meanders are a result of
established meanders cutting vertically into the landscape.

11. flooding
physical causes:
• excessive rainfall = increased overland flow and soil saturation
• intense rainfall, when its > rate of infiltration, overland flow occurs, can be
exacerbated by impermeable surfaces.
• rapidly melting snow
• coastal storm surges
human causes
• urban areas - impermeable surfaces increase overland flow
• deforestation - removes interception store which decreases evaporation.
vegetation store removed, soil has lower infiltration rate. sediment can also
get into the rivers.
• failure of dams

12. flooding
areas at risk from flooding get mapped, flood prediction is not reliable due to
it is based on historical data. recurrence interval can be calculated and tells
us how often a flood will occur.
physical impacts of flooding:
• area of land flooded
• sediment deposited or washed away
• change in rivers’ course eg. meander turns into oxbow lake
human impacts
• economic costs to householders, insurance, businesses, agriculture,
organizing help and aid
• social costs like deaths, homelessness, health issues

13. flooding case studies 1
Bangladesh LEDC july - september 2004
very populated country is south asia and is subject to annual monsoon floods
and cyclones.
most of the country consists of a huge floodplain and delta, 70% of country is
below 1m sea level, also there is snow melt from the himalayas.
the 3 rivers ganges, brahmaputra and meghna all exceeded their flood levels
during heavy intense rains following monsoon weather.
deforestation in the himalayas and urbanisation also increased run off
the level of sea in the bay of bengal was at a record high

14. flooding case studies 1
short term impacts
• 1 million km^2 flooded
• 1050 dead
• 30 million left homeless
long term impacts
• exports decreased by 20%
• 14,000 schools flooded
• 26,500 livestock lost
• 1 million houses destroyed
short terms relief measures
● volunteers/aid workers
● rapid creation of shelters
● international food programmes
Long term relief measures
● creation of embankments
● flood protection shelters
● flood proof storage
● suggested dam construction

15. flooding case studies 2
carlisle MEDC january 2005
located at confluence of rivers eden, caldew and petteril
short term impacts
• 3 dead
• 120 injuries
• roads were impassable
long term impacts
• 1925 homes and business flooded
• 3000 homeless
• high financial costs

16. flooding case studies 2
flood management strategy
the SPAR decided their best option was to perform upstream managed
realignment:
• involved moving existing line of defence back from river to provide larger
area of floodplain
• also raise existing flood defences
this was selected because t was seen an environmentally acceptable, with it
providing more opportunity for environmental enhancement.
this would provide protection to an estimated 1 in 200 year standard.

17. flooding
flood management strategies can be divided into hard and soft engineering
strategies.
hard engineering - either requires construction or landscape change,
includes dams, river straightening, levee construction. they are generally
found in LEDC’s as they are expensive and are protecting high value
property.
soft engineering - floodplain management, wetland conservation and river
banks conservation. Also forecasting comes under it and better forecasting
in bangladesh would have reduced death toll due to more time to react.
river restoration is about enhancing the environment rather than reducing
flood risk, but when rivers are returned to their original state floods may be
less catastrophic and less frequent.