Exponential growth in the energy demand on account of rising population and economic growth,
increasing apprehensions of energy security coupled with climate change and global warming concerns are some
of the major drivers for pushing the renewable energy (RE) to the top of the energy portfolio. Among various
renewable energy resources, wind and solar PV systems are experiencing rapid growth since 2010. By the end of
2016, the world total capacity of wind power generation was 487 GW and that of solar PV was 303 GW,
aggregating to a penetration level of 4.0% and 1.5% respectively. Global renewable energy penetration till Dec.
2016, excluding conventional hydro share (of 16.6%) was only around 8.0%. However, many countries have set
target of 30% RE based electricity generation by 2030. India has an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of RE
power by 2022, with 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro.
Power generation from renewables often takes place through distributed generation (DG). These units, mostly
located in remote locations, are not centrally planned or dispatched, and are usually connected to distribution grids
at LV or MV levels. In few cases, large capacity RE generation are also connected to transmission networks. As a
result, the power generation structure is moving from the large, centralized plants to a mixed generation pool
consisting of traditional large plants and many smaller DG units. Most of the RE generators have electrical
characteristics that are different from the synchronous machines. Since a large group of DG technologies use
power electronics converters for grid connectivity, they introduce many technical issues related to the operation,
control and protection of the power system, impacting generators, transmission system and consumer devices.
This paper presents some of the technical issues and challenges that need to be addressed for the effective
grid integration of RE based power generators so that eventually, our reliance on polluting and expensive fossilbased
hydro-carbon driven power generation can be reduced substantially.
ABB Training Colombia Inverters - Focus on residential and commercial solutio...Jesús Leyton P
Esta presentación pertenece a Marco Trova:
Director de Ventas y Servicio Técnico División de Energías Renovables.
Ingeniero Electrónico del Politécnico de Milán,Italia. Desde el 2003 Marco Trova se integró a la División de Energías Renovables y trabajó en el diseño e introducción al mercado de la línea de Inversores Solares AURORA®. En el 2007 fue nombrado como Director de Ventas y Servicio Técnico.
Marco Trova es miembro del IEC TC82 (Comité Técnico IEC 82: "Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems”) en la rama italiana CEI, en el cual participa activamente en los grupos de trabajo encargados de la elaboración de nuevas normas, incluidos los nuevos códigos de red de baja y media tensión para sistemas conectados a la red.
Wind farm development and operation - A case studyLeonardo ENERGY
This application note presents a case study for the development of a small wind farm. It discusses each of the four phases of a wind project in detail (feasibility study, pre-building phase, building phase, and operation & maintenance).
The section on the feasibility study includes site selection criteria and a discussion of the methodology for the assessment of the likely energy yield – a critically important factor in the investment decision. Often, several sites will need to be investigated before making a selection.
During the pre-building phase the necessary planning and building permissions must be obtained and a connection contract negotiated with the local network operator. The feed-in tariff – the money received for the energy produced – must be negotiated. Decisions made during these early stages determine the return on investment of the wind farm.
The case study continues with details of the steps to be taken to ensure rapid commissioning and reliable operation. The note concludes with a financial analysis highlighting the importance of an accurate energy yield assessment and adequate feed-in tariff.
Exponential growth in the energy demand on account of rising population and economic growth,
increasing apprehensions of energy security coupled with climate change and global warming concerns are some
of the major drivers for pushing the renewable energy (RE) to the top of the energy portfolio. Among various
renewable energy resources, wind and solar PV systems are experiencing rapid growth since 2010. By the end of
2016, the world total capacity of wind power generation was 487 GW and that of solar PV was 303 GW,
aggregating to a penetration level of 4.0% and 1.5% respectively. Global renewable energy penetration till Dec.
2016, excluding conventional hydro share (of 16.6%) was only around 8.0%. However, many countries have set
target of 30% RE based electricity generation by 2030. India has an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of RE
power by 2022, with 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro.
Power generation from renewables often takes place through distributed generation (DG). These units, mostly
located in remote locations, are not centrally planned or dispatched, and are usually connected to distribution grids
at LV or MV levels. In few cases, large capacity RE generation are also connected to transmission networks. As a
result, the power generation structure is moving from the large, centralized plants to a mixed generation pool
consisting of traditional large plants and many smaller DG units. Most of the RE generators have electrical
characteristics that are different from the synchronous machines. Since a large group of DG technologies use
power electronics converters for grid connectivity, they introduce many technical issues related to the operation,
control and protection of the power system, impacting generators, transmission system and consumer devices.
This paper presents some of the technical issues and challenges that need to be addressed for the effective
grid integration of RE based power generators so that eventually, our reliance on polluting and expensive fossilbased
hydro-carbon driven power generation can be reduced substantially.
ABB Training Colombia Inverters - Focus on residential and commercial solutio...Jesús Leyton P
Esta presentación pertenece a Marco Trova:
Director de Ventas y Servicio Técnico División de Energías Renovables.
Ingeniero Electrónico del Politécnico de Milán,Italia. Desde el 2003 Marco Trova se integró a la División de Energías Renovables y trabajó en el diseño e introducción al mercado de la línea de Inversores Solares AURORA®. En el 2007 fue nombrado como Director de Ventas y Servicio Técnico.
Marco Trova es miembro del IEC TC82 (Comité Técnico IEC 82: "Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems”) en la rama italiana CEI, en el cual participa activamente en los grupos de trabajo encargados de la elaboración de nuevas normas, incluidos los nuevos códigos de red de baja y media tensión para sistemas conectados a la red.
Wind farm development and operation - A case studyLeonardo ENERGY
This application note presents a case study for the development of a small wind farm. It discusses each of the four phases of a wind project in detail (feasibility study, pre-building phase, building phase, and operation & maintenance).
The section on the feasibility study includes site selection criteria and a discussion of the methodology for the assessment of the likely energy yield – a critically important factor in the investment decision. Often, several sites will need to be investigated before making a selection.
During the pre-building phase the necessary planning and building permissions must be obtained and a connection contract negotiated with the local network operator. The feed-in tariff – the money received for the energy produced – must be negotiated. Decisions made during these early stages determine the return on investment of the wind farm.
The case study continues with details of the steps to be taken to ensure rapid commissioning and reliable operation. The note concludes with a financial analysis highlighting the importance of an accurate energy yield assessment and adequate feed-in tariff.
The technical risks in solar PV projects are arising mainly in modules, inverters, other equipment. These risks are unpredictable and can be occurred in any phases of life cycle of PV project like development, installation, commissioning and operation leading to plant outage or reduction in energy output. The presentation covers the various risks and associated mitigation measures.
solar power satellite & microwave power transmissionbhavisha patel
In this seminar topic,I included all the things related SPS system & how microwave power transmission can done through magetron,retro directive beam controlling scheme & all.I also mentioned the design of optical rectenna & economic evolution of the topic.
During the normal operation of a power system, the frequency is regulated within strict limits by adjusting the electrical supply to meet the demand. If the balance between generation and demand is not reached, the system frequency will change at a rate initially determinate by the total system inertia. The total system inertia comprises the combined inertia of most of spinning generation and load connected to the power system. The contribution of the system inertia of one load or generator depend if the system frequency causes change in its rotational speed and, then, its kinetic energy. Worldwide, electricity generation from renewable energy is increasing rapidly; it is especially true in terms of the increasing of the wind power penetration. This situation arises some issues regarding the system frequency control because wind turbines provide small or even none response to frequency changes. Power electronically controlled and/or power electronically connected generators such as DFIG and FPC wind turbines do not naturally provide inertia response. However, inertia response can be emulated by adding a supplementary control signal proportional to the rate of change of frequency, this is named the Synthetic or Artificial Inertia. This approach imposes some challenges about control and protection systems. This workshop is designed to provide a general understanding of the frequency control schemes and frequency response of power systems with the integration of wind power penetration.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
No Wire is the brief description of the wireless technology and wireless power transmission. this presentation gives the overview of the wireless power transmission and also you can found the different types of the methods used to transfer the power wirelessly i mean the types of the wireless power transmission. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) – an overview of the basicsBushveld Energy
Presentation by Bushveld Energy on the basics of energy storage, specifically large scale batteries at the 6th Annual Africa Power Roundtable, hosted by Webber Wentzel in Sandton, South Africa on 10 April 2018.
This presentation details current models available for integrating electric vehicles onto the grid, case studies and possible improvements for future models.
Gensol group of companies corporate presentationAshish Verma
Established in the early months of 2009, Gensol Solar Division provides complete concept to commissioning solutions for Solar Power Plants. Being a pioneer in the field, Gensol has advised and executed solar power projects upwards of 2500MW with clients including top corporate and government bodies.
Gensol is leading Solar Advisory & Consulting firm is solar Enegry in India, provides owner's Engineer, PMC, Lender's Engineers, Policy Consulting, Plant Audit, Design Engineering, Pre feasibility & Detailed project report, EPC , I&C services, to the client in the field of Solar Energy.
Kinldy drop a mail for business enquiry
solar@gensol.in
Main equipment in the power plant is Generator. It's cost is much higher than any other equipment so we will have to protect the generator from all the possible faults and errors.
The technical risks in solar PV projects are arising mainly in modules, inverters, other equipment. These risks are unpredictable and can be occurred in any phases of life cycle of PV project like development, installation, commissioning and operation leading to plant outage or reduction in energy output. The presentation covers the various risks and associated mitigation measures.
solar power satellite & microwave power transmissionbhavisha patel
In this seminar topic,I included all the things related SPS system & how microwave power transmission can done through magetron,retro directive beam controlling scheme & all.I also mentioned the design of optical rectenna & economic evolution of the topic.
During the normal operation of a power system, the frequency is regulated within strict limits by adjusting the electrical supply to meet the demand. If the balance between generation and demand is not reached, the system frequency will change at a rate initially determinate by the total system inertia. The total system inertia comprises the combined inertia of most of spinning generation and load connected to the power system. The contribution of the system inertia of one load or generator depend if the system frequency causes change in its rotational speed and, then, its kinetic energy. Worldwide, electricity generation from renewable energy is increasing rapidly; it is especially true in terms of the increasing of the wind power penetration. This situation arises some issues regarding the system frequency control because wind turbines provide small or even none response to frequency changes. Power electronically controlled and/or power electronically connected generators such as DFIG and FPC wind turbines do not naturally provide inertia response. However, inertia response can be emulated by adding a supplementary control signal proportional to the rate of change of frequency, this is named the Synthetic or Artificial Inertia. This approach imposes some challenges about control and protection systems. This workshop is designed to provide a general understanding of the frequency control schemes and frequency response of power systems with the integration of wind power penetration.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
No Wire is the brief description of the wireless technology and wireless power transmission. this presentation gives the overview of the wireless power transmission and also you can found the different types of the methods used to transfer the power wirelessly i mean the types of the wireless power transmission. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) – an overview of the basicsBushveld Energy
Presentation by Bushveld Energy on the basics of energy storage, specifically large scale batteries at the 6th Annual Africa Power Roundtable, hosted by Webber Wentzel in Sandton, South Africa on 10 April 2018.
This presentation details current models available for integrating electric vehicles onto the grid, case studies and possible improvements for future models.
Gensol group of companies corporate presentationAshish Verma
Established in the early months of 2009, Gensol Solar Division provides complete concept to commissioning solutions for Solar Power Plants. Being a pioneer in the field, Gensol has advised and executed solar power projects upwards of 2500MW with clients including top corporate and government bodies.
Gensol is leading Solar Advisory & Consulting firm is solar Enegry in India, provides owner's Engineer, PMC, Lender's Engineers, Policy Consulting, Plant Audit, Design Engineering, Pre feasibility & Detailed project report, EPC , I&C services, to the client in the field of Solar Energy.
Kinldy drop a mail for business enquiry
solar@gensol.in
Main equipment in the power plant is Generator. It's cost is much higher than any other equipment so we will have to protect the generator from all the possible faults and errors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In a generating station the generator and transformer are the most expensive equipments and hence it is desirable to employ protective system to isolate the faulty equipment as quickly as possible to keep the healthy section in normal operation and to ensure uninterruptable power supply.
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDING Part 2Dr. Rohit Babu
Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems
Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance
Methods of neutral grounding
Solid
Resistance
Reactance
Arcing grounds and grounding Practices
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDINGDr. Rohit Babu
Generation of overvoltages in power systems
Protection against lightning overvoltages
Valve type and zinc oxide lightning arresters
Insulation coordination
BIL
Impulse ratio
Standard impulse test wave
Volt-time characteristics
Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems
Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance
Methods of neutral grounding
Solid
Resistance
Reactance
Arcing grounds and grounding Practices
An affordable 3d printed tracking system for low capacity PV applicationsSatya Sahoo
An approach to simplify and mass manufacture 2d pv tracking systems using 3d printed materials. Effective design implementation using topology optimisation.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Grounding
Connection of the system to ground.
Purpose:
1. Controlling the voltage with respect to
earth.
2. Fault detection
3. Protection from overvoltage and
overcurrent.
Types:
Solid Grounding
Impedance Grounding
3. Ungrounded
● Stray Capacitance Charging Current ~ 1% of 3ph fault current
● Over voltage on unfaulted lines -> Line to line voltages
● Transient overvoltage - 3 pu
Advantages:
● Possibility of service during L-G faults
● Low investment
Disadvantages
● Excessive transient voltage
4. Solidly grounded
● No intentional impedance
● I(LG)/I(3ph) ~ 60%
● Overvoltage < 1.5 pu
Application
● Single phase load supply during LG faults in LV system
● In MV and HV system with BIL (Basic insulation level) below LL voltage
5. Resistance grounded
High resistance Grounding - Similar to ungrounded
● Transient overvoltage - 2.73 pu
● Low fault current
Low resistance Grounding - Similar to Solidly grounded
● Limits LG fault current to 25% of 3ph fault current
● Transient overvoltage < 2.5 pu
6. Reactance grounded
Low reactance:
● LG fault current ratio between 25% to 100%
● Limits the transient overvoltage to 2.3 pu
● Requires fast fault clearing
High reactance
● LG fault current ratio is between 5% to 25%
● High transient overvoltages >2.3 pu
7. Ground fault neutralizer
● Designed to resonate with Stray Capacitance
● LG fault current is small and in phase with LG fault voltage
9. Different types of DG’s!
Synchronous
generators
High short-circuit
current that may
reach 10 pu of the
rated current
Example: small
hydro, solar
thermal etc.
Asynchronous
generators
The currents
decay rapidly and
may go below the
rated current, as
the asynch.
generator does
not have an
independent
excitation system.
Eg: SCIG, WRIG
Doubly fed asynch.
generator
Usually has a
crowbar scheme for
protection of the
rotor circuit. The
rotor is short
circuited and the
DFIG behaves like
the conventional
asynchronous
generator, with a
large initial current
that quickly decays.
Inverter based
systems
Very low (about 2-5
pu) short circuit
current.
Inverter control
ensures that this
current is quickly
reduced to below
the withstand level
of the power
electronic devices
10. Challenges in Microgrid Protection
Backfeed
Changing System
Hierarchy
During a fault, and it’s
subsequent islanding,
microgrid loses the
grounding of the grid
Fault current depends
upon the grounding of
the sources
Sympathetic
Tripping
False Tripping
The tripping of an
unfaulted region of any
power system based upon
the fluctuations caused
due a fault in another
region
Blinding
Decreasing sensitivity of
protection devices
Typical protection devices
estimate the location of
fault by measuring system
positive impedance
Backfeed disturbs these
estimations, effectively
“blinding” it
12. Transformer topologies impact
LV side grounded
A fault in the MV side
would not be fed with any
zero sequence current by
the source
Leads to sympathetic
tripping
Both sides grounded
A fault on the LV side may
be fed with a large inrush
current by the grid, and
the source
MV side grounded
The transformer acts as a
source of zero sequence
current, disrupting relay
coordination
13. Microgrid Grounding Configurations
Three-Wire Ungrounded Microgrid
● Do not suffer from disruptive LG fault
currents
● Designed to tolerate LG fault-induced
overvoltages
● Locating LG faults in an ungrounded
system is extremely difficult
● Possibility of undetected LG faults evolving
to LL faults
Three-Wire Uni-grounded Microgrid
● MG connected to a three-wire uni-
grounded utility system
● May not suffer from the fault location and
overvoltage issues associated with the
ungrounded configuration (only in grid
connected mode)
14. Four-Wire Multigrounded Microgrid
● Improved voltage transients, safety
● Optimized size of OV protective devices.
● Suffer from ground potential rise, large LG
fault currents, and ground fault protection
coordination issues.
● LG faults must be detected, located, and
isolated as quick as possible
Microgrid Grounding Configurations
Four-Wire Unigrounded Microgrid
● Does not become ungrounded while
islanded
● The neutral conductor continues to provide
grounding support to the microgrid
● Microgrid may experience neutral voltage
rise and large voltage imbalance if the
neutral is not solidly grounded or if the
feeder is long
15. Bibliography
Mohammadi, J., Ajaei, F.B. and Stevens, G., 2018. Grounding the AC Microgrid. IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, 55(1), pp.98-105.
IEEE 142-2007 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems