Greek temples were decorated with colorful sculptures depicting scenes from mythology. A prominent place for sculptures was the pediment, or triangular area above the entrance. Pediment sculptures evolved over time from bas-relief to fully three-dimensional figures fitted within the triangular space. One example is the Temple of Aphaia pediments showing Greeks battling their enemies with the goddess Athena at the center. These pediment sculptures illustrated important myths and represented ideals of Greek civilization triumphing over barbarism.
The Aegean (Bronze Age) (Presentation) Author De Anza CollegeJoão Ramos
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Para compreender melhor a idade do Bronze, com base científica, para trabalhos académicos
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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3. A prominent place for sculptural decoration was the pediment, the triangular area beneath the
sloping roof
4. Temple decorations usually depicted scenes from mythology, rather than everyday reality; they
represented a “perfect” world where super-heroes mingled with the gods, and good always
triumphed over evil
5. The earliest temple pediments were decorated with relief sculptures
West Pediment of the Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece, c. 600-580 BCE
6. But over time pediment sculptures became more three dimensional, and fitted within the
pediment like actors on a stage
West Pediment of the Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece, c. 600-580 BCE
7. This illustration shows the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina, which dates from
about 490-500 BCE
9. The subject is the legendary battle from the Trojan War, described by Homer in The Iliad
10. The Goddess Athena is in the center, wearing a helmet and carrying a shield and spear
Athena
11. The battle wages around her, as the Greeks (identified by their heroic nudity) battle against
their foes
12. The sculptures were created fully in the round (here you see them as they are on display in the
museum in Munich)
13. One of the challenges the sculptor had to deal with was fitting the action into the triangular
shape of the pediment
14. This was done by varying the poses: The Greek warriors bend their knees just slightly, then the
archers are squatting, and finally the wounded soldiers who recline in either corner
Bent
knees
Squatting
Reclining
15. Even without the architectural setting, you can see how the poses fit within the sloping roof
line
16. The statues were also originally painted; this reconstruction shows one of the archers, dressed
in a colorful costume that would have identified him as of eastern origin
17. Two of the most fascinating figures are the wounded soldiers that occupy the outer edges of
the scene
20. But this figure, from the East Pediment, was completed ten years later, and the transition from
the Archaic to the Classical period is evident
21. The pose is more complex, and the anatomy is handled with much greater sophistication
22. And there is a much more convincing sense of emotion, as we empathize with his defeat
23. This group of statues decorated the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia
24. Olympia was one of the most important sanctuaries in all of the Greek city-states. The Olympic
games were held here, and the main temple was dedicated to the chief Olympian god Zeus
25. The building was designed by the architect Libon, and was built between 470-456 B.C.E. When
it was completed, it was the largest and most beautiful building in all of the Greek city-states (a
distinction that would soon pass to Athens with the building of the Parthenon in 447-438 BCE)
26. East Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
The East pediment depicts the legendary story of a chariot race between Pelops and King
Oinomaos
27. East Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
The figures are lined up like actors on a stage, with Zeus in the center, and the competitors
poised in their chariots to either side
28. East Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
The theme of competition was certainly suitable to the setting, but the story was also about
cheating, and the fate of those who try to win by other than honorable means. This would
have sent a powerful message to the participants in the games!
29. The West pediment depicts the mythical story of the Lapiths and Centaurs
Lapiths and Centaurs, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
30. Centauromachy, Françoise Vase, c. 570 BCE
Centaurs were mythical creatures that were half man, half beast, and were known for their
“wild” behavior
31. Centauromachy. Side A from an Attic red-figure column-krater, ca. 450–440 BCE. Louvre Museum
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centauromachy_Louvre_G367.jpg
According to this myth, the Centaurs were invited to a Lapith wedding (the Lapiths were a
Greek tribe). The Centaurs got drunk and began to rape the women (not exactly “civilized”
behavior!)
32. Although in fragments, we can see the Centaurs attacking the Lapith women in the left and
right portions of the pediment
Lapiths and Centaurs, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
33. In this scene we see a woman struggling with a Centaur on the left, while another Centaur bites
the arm of a Greek on the right
36. In this scene we see a Centaur attacking a Lapith woman
37. While the Centaurs literally “man-handle” the Lapith women, their “lusty” behavior contrasts
dramatically with the serene expressions on the faces of the Lapith women, who remain
inexplicably calm even though they are being literally “man-handled” by the Centaurs
38. The emotional restraint of the Lapith women reflects their more “civilized” character, and acts
as a foil to the “barbaric” behavior of the Centaurs
39. In the center of the composition is the god Apollo, who comes upon the scene like Superman,
ready to “save the day”
40. Youthful, and flawlessly beautiful, he stands perfectly composed like the calm center of a
storm, as he raises his arm in a commanding gesture that will restore order out of chaos
41. According to Judith Barringer, the West pediment (and other decorations at Olympia) were
uniquely suited to the site of the Olympic games
Lapiths and Centaurs, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
42. She notes that many of the poses resemble wrestling poses, and one of the figures actually has
a “cauliflower ear” — a common wrestling and boxing injury
Lapiths and Centaurs, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
43. The message of the statue group, as she summarizes, was to inspire competition:
“[T]he west pediment . . . was intended to be an inspiring exhortation to the Olympic
athletes: “Successful athletes, who behave like heroes . . . will win honor, glory, and wives
not by violence like the Centaurs but by athletic prowess and martial honor . . . Win, and
win honorably, and all will be yours.”
Judith M. Barringer, “The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Heroes and Athletes,” p. 7
Lapiths and Centaurs, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
44. But scholars have also interpreted the Lapith and Centaur theme to be a political allegory
alluding to the Greek victory over the Persians
Lapiths and Centaurs, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
45. “[C]entauromachies were extremely popular in Greek art and represented the struggle of the
civilized world against barbarians. In the years following the invasion of the Persians and their
repulsion by the Greeks, the period in which the Temple of Zeus was built, the subject was a
reference to that crisis and ultimate victory of the Greeks and to the values for which they had
stood.”
Olympia, West Pediment – Perseus Project, Tufts University
Lapiths and Centaurs, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
46. So the Greeks who visited the sanctuary of Olympia for the Olympic games would have
recognized a political allegory in the temple’s decorations
Lapiths and Centaurs, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, 471-456 BCE
47. Like the monstrous Centaurs, the Persians were characterized as “barbarians” — they lacked
restraint, gave in to their animal instincts, and were lacking in physical and moral beauty
48. In contrast, the Greeks (like the god Apollo) were “civilized,” as evidenced by their moderation
and self restraint, and were therefore superior to their foreign enemy
49. As we will see, the story of the Lapiths and Centaurs will reappear on the Parthenon — only
there Athens will claim the victory over the Persians as her own!