Grammatical classes of words
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•1,752 views
This document discusses the grammatical classification of words. It outlines the different levels of language, including the lexemic or word level. There are several ways words can be classified grammatically, including semantically, formally, and functionally. Traditionally, words are divided into parts of speech, which are further divided into notional parts of speech, which have complete meaning on their own, and functional parts of speech, which have relational meaning. The main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, numeral, article, particle, conjunction, interjection, and preposition. There is also a three-layer classification of words proposed by M. Blokh, with notional words in the top
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Words and lexemes
Word can refer to the smallest unit that can be pronounced alone (contrasted with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning). A word may consist of a single morpheme or multiple morphemes. Words can be made of roots, affixes, and compounds. Words are combined to form larger linguistic elements like sentences, phrases, and clauses. Word classes are either open, accepting new additions, or closed, rarely accepting new items. A lexeme refers to a word and all its forms, while a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning a word can be broken into. The mental lexicon contains a person's representations of words, differing from the lexicon as a general collection.
Intro to lexis
A lexicon is the body of words that make up a language. Lexicology is the study of words, their meanings, uses, and relationships. A lexicographer writes dictionaries by determining what words and concepts to include from a language's lexicon. A lexeme is the basic unit of lexical meaning, such as a word and its inflected forms that share the same core meaning. Determining what to include in a dictionary considers factors like parts of speech, regional terms, slang, abbreviations, proper nouns, and more.
Lexicology as a science
Lexicology is the scientific study of words and vocabulary in a language. It examines words' origins, development, and current usage. Lexicology is closely related to other linguistic fields like phonetics, grammar, and stylistics. It studies words as part of a system, while lexicography focuses on individual words for dictionary purposes. There are two main approaches in lexicology - synchronic looks at vocabulary at a point in time, while diachronic examines changes over time. Methods of investigation include observation, classification of facts, generalization of rules, and verification. Contrastive analysis compares vocabulary between languages.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
Properties of language
The document discusses several key properties of language:
1) Languages are arbitrary systems of symbols and codes that have no natural connection between their sounds and meanings.
2) Languages have a dualistic structure with smaller meaningless elements that form larger meaningful units.
3) The elements of language, such as sounds, are discrete and distinct from one another.
4) Languages have productivity, allowing speakers to generate an infinite number of novel utterances.
Other significant properties discussed include language universals, the cultural transmission of language, and how language both shapes and is shaped by culture.
Phonology
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.
Vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs
The document provides information about diphthongs including their definition, characteristics, and classification. It defines diphthongs as sounds consisting of a movement from one vowel to another, with the first part being longer and stronger. Diphthongs are classified as centring, closing, or ending in specific vowels. Examples of each type of diphthong are provided.
Written language - Discourse Analysis
Written language emerged around 3500 BC in Sumer in Mesopotamia. Other early writing systems developed in China and among the Mayans. While spoken language is natural, written language is less so due to differences from spoken language like orthography replacing phonology and more formal syntax. Written language allows for a permanent record of information and serves different social functions than spoken language. It differs from spoken language in that the writer and readers may be separated in time and space, the act of writing is deliberate, and writers may not know their audience. Written texts also contain more content words that carry meaning.
Recommended
Words and lexemes
Word can refer to the smallest unit that can be pronounced alone (contrasted with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning). A word may consist of a single morpheme or multiple morphemes. Words can be made of roots, affixes, and compounds. Words are combined to form larger linguistic elements like sentences, phrases, and clauses. Word classes are either open, accepting new additions, or closed, rarely accepting new items. A lexeme refers to a word and all its forms, while a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning a word can be broken into. The mental lexicon contains a person's representations of words, differing from the lexicon as a general collection.
Intro to lexis
A lexicon is the body of words that make up a language. Lexicology is the study of words, their meanings, uses, and relationships. A lexicographer writes dictionaries by determining what words and concepts to include from a language's lexicon. A lexeme is the basic unit of lexical meaning, such as a word and its inflected forms that share the same core meaning. Determining what to include in a dictionary considers factors like parts of speech, regional terms, slang, abbreviations, proper nouns, and more.
Lexicology as a science
Lexicology is the scientific study of words and vocabulary in a language. It examines words' origins, development, and current usage. Lexicology is closely related to other linguistic fields like phonetics, grammar, and stylistics. It studies words as part of a system, while lexicography focuses on individual words for dictionary purposes. There are two main approaches in lexicology - synchronic looks at vocabulary at a point in time, while diachronic examines changes over time. Methods of investigation include observation, classification of facts, generalization of rules, and verification. Contrastive analysis compares vocabulary between languages.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
Properties of language
The document discusses several key properties of language:
1) Languages are arbitrary systems of symbols and codes that have no natural connection between their sounds and meanings.
2) Languages have a dualistic structure with smaller meaningless elements that form larger meaningful units.
3) The elements of language, such as sounds, are discrete and distinct from one another.
4) Languages have productivity, allowing speakers to generate an infinite number of novel utterances.
Other significant properties discussed include language universals, the cultural transmission of language, and how language both shapes and is shaped by culture.
Phonology
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.
Vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs
The document provides information about diphthongs including their definition, characteristics, and classification. It defines diphthongs as sounds consisting of a movement from one vowel to another, with the first part being longer and stronger. Diphthongs are classified as centring, closing, or ending in specific vowels. Examples of each type of diphthong are provided.
Written language - Discourse Analysis
Written language emerged around 3500 BC in Sumer in Mesopotamia. Other early writing systems developed in China and among the Mayans. While spoken language is natural, written language is less so due to differences from spoken language like orthography replacing phonology and more formal syntax. Written language allows for a permanent record of information and serves different social functions than spoken language. It differs from spoken language in that the writer and readers may be separated in time and space, the act of writing is deliberate, and writers may not know their audience. Written texts also contain more content words that carry meaning.
Lecture 1 introduction to syntax
This document provides an introduction to syntax from a lecture given at the University of Aden. It begins by discussing related linguistic concepts like grammar and morphology. Grammar is defined as the mental representation of a speaker's linguistic competence, while morphology examines word structure and formation. Syntax is then defined as the study of how words are combined in an orderly manner to form phrases, clauses and sentences. The goals of syntax are outlined, such as illustrating patterns of language and analyzing sentence structure. The document concludes by noting that syntax establishes rules based on traditional grammar and requires recalling information over time.
Generative grammar
This document provides an overview of generative grammar and its evolution over time. It discusses the following models of transformational grammar: (1) Standard Theory, (2) Extended Standard Theory, (3) Revised Extended Standard Theory, (4) Relational Grammar, (5) Government and Binding/Principles and Parameters, and (6) Minimalist Program. Each model made contributions and revisions to the theory. The document also discusses strengths, weaknesses, and implications of generative grammar for language teaching.
Lexical Relations in Semantic
SEMANTIC, LEXICAL RELATIONS, COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
by AYU MONITA and ABILL WIMANDA
UDINUS INDONESIA
Grammar and its types
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.
Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...
The document discusses words and lexemes. It defines a word as the smallest meaningful unit in a language that can be used independently, representing a thought or psychological unit. A lexeme is the smallest semantic unit, which can be formed from root words through the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and affixes. While a word remains a word even if its class or form is changed, it will then represent a separate lexeme. Examples are provided to illustrate this distinction between words and lexemes.
Stylistics and its Levels.pptx
What is stylistics?
What are the levels and features of stylistics?
What is the purpose of stylistics?
What are the outcomes of stylistics?
grammar and style
The document discusses grammar and style. It defines grammar as the systematic study and description of language, noting that grammar establishes rules that are necessary for a language to be complete, similar to rules in games. Style refers to word choices used by specific groups. The document then presents the basic model of grammar as having a hierarchy from small linguistic units like clauses to larger units. It describes the key components of a clause as the subject, predicator, complement, and adjunct. Various types of clauses are also discussed, including imperative, interrogative, and declarative clauses as well as variations involving different grammatical moods.
I C ANALYSIS
This document provides information about Immediate Constituent (IC) analysis, including:
- IC analysis breaks down sentences into constituent groups of words.
- Constituents are joined by horizontal lines to show their relationship.
- The analysis continues breaking down constituents until reaching individual morphemes.
- Examples demonstrate analyzing sentences with vertical lines and brackets.
- Limitations include not indicating grammatical functions, which labeling systems address.
Phonological and Graphological level
Phonological and Graphological level examines the sound system and written form of language. The phonological level studies how sounds are organized into tone groups, feet, syllables and phonemes. The graphological level looks at how writers use punctuation, capitalization, spacing and other written elements to convey meaning and achieve stylistic effects. It identifies the basic written units of a language, such as the paragraph, sentence, word and letters in English.
Word classes
This document discusses open class words, specifically nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. It provides definitions and examples of each part of speech. Nouns can be common or proper, count or non-count. Verbs can be regular, irregular, transitive or intransitive. Adjectives modify nouns and can occur before or after the noun. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and usually end in "-ly". Open class words are content words that can be freely added to the language.
Phonetic stylistic devices
This powerpoint deals with the phonetic stylistic devices or figures of speech based on Galperin´s Classification.
Types of Morpheme Presentation
A brief explanation about Morphology
Elaborating the definition of Morpheme, Morph, Allomorphs, with their type
Kindly Read it, Thank you :)
Lexical stylistic devices and expressive means -with examples
This powerpoint shows lexical stylistic devices as explained by IR.R. Galperin. some exmaple are taken form the net the others were created by the author of this powerpoint..
Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
LING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories
This document contains lecture notes on morphosyntactic categories from a linguistics class. It discusses parts of speech and provides formal criteria to identify nouns, verbs, and adjectives in English based on their distributional properties. For nouns, evidence includes plural formation, occurring with determiners and adjectives, and being derived from suffixes like -er, -ion, -ment. For verbs, evidence includes inflecting for tense/aspect with suffixes like -ed, -s, being modified by adverbs, and occurring with modal auxiliaries. For adjectives, the document states the criteria will be discussed but does not list them. Examples are provided to illustrate the criteria for each part of speech
Suprasegmental features and Prosody
The document discusses several topics related to prosody and suprasegmental features in language:
- It defines prosody and suprasegmental features, and gives examples like pitch, loudness, duration.
- It describes the three main prosodic systems in English: stress, rhythm, and intonation. Stress operates at the word level, rhythm at the phrase level, and intonation spans entire utterances.
- It also discusses topics like word stress patterns, compounds words, and the rhythmic nature of English as being stress-timed.
- Intonation is defined as the melody of an utterance, with elements like pitch accents and their meaning determined by context.
Syntax
This document discusses syntax and syntactic categories. It defines syntax as the study of sentence patterns and rules that determine word order and structure in a language. There are various syntactic categories including parts of speech, phrases, and sentences. Phrases are groups of words that function as a unit, and there are five main types: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. Phrase structure trees are used to represent syntactic categories and the hierarchical structure of phrases in a sentence. Basic phrase structure rules are provided.
Stylistics introduction, Definitions of Stylistics
This document defines stylistics and discusses its branches. Stylistics is the analysis of linguistic variation in actual language use. It examines how the same content can be expressed differently and analyzes styles across texts. Stylistics considers the natural properties of language that ensure intended effects. The document also distinguishes between spoken and written language at the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic levels, and categorizes words as common, formal, technical, and slang.
Stylistics
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
Introduction to semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It is a branch of linguistics that examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through signs and symbols like words, phrases, and sentences. Understanding semantics is essential for studying language acquisition and how meaning can be constructed, clarified, or obscured through things like ambiguity, synonyms, and context.
Examples of words grammatical differences
This document provides examples of different parts of speech in the English language including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, articles, prepositions, pronouns and examples of their grammatical uses such as in sentences. It also demonstrates homophones with different meanings based on their grammatical function like light/light and off/off.
Morphological Processes
Created by Camille Ann Tambal and Jayvee Tagaytay. Students from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Arts in English Major in Language.
More Related Content
What's hot
Lecture 1 introduction to syntax
This document provides an introduction to syntax from a lecture given at the University of Aden. It begins by discussing related linguistic concepts like grammar and morphology. Grammar is defined as the mental representation of a speaker's linguistic competence, while morphology examines word structure and formation. Syntax is then defined as the study of how words are combined in an orderly manner to form phrases, clauses and sentences. The goals of syntax are outlined, such as illustrating patterns of language and analyzing sentence structure. The document concludes by noting that syntax establishes rules based on traditional grammar and requires recalling information over time.
Generative grammar
This document provides an overview of generative grammar and its evolution over time. It discusses the following models of transformational grammar: (1) Standard Theory, (2) Extended Standard Theory, (3) Revised Extended Standard Theory, (4) Relational Grammar, (5) Government and Binding/Principles and Parameters, and (6) Minimalist Program. Each model made contributions and revisions to the theory. The document also discusses strengths, weaknesses, and implications of generative grammar for language teaching.
Lexical Relations in Semantic
SEMANTIC, LEXICAL RELATIONS, COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
by AYU MONITA and ABILL WIMANDA
UDINUS INDONESIA
Grammar and its types
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.
Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...
The document discusses words and lexemes. It defines a word as the smallest meaningful unit in a language that can be used independently, representing a thought or psychological unit. A lexeme is the smallest semantic unit, which can be formed from root words through the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and affixes. While a word remains a word even if its class or form is changed, it will then represent a separate lexeme. Examples are provided to illustrate this distinction between words and lexemes.
Stylistics and its Levels.pptx
What is stylistics?
What are the levels and features of stylistics?
What is the purpose of stylistics?
What are the outcomes of stylistics?
grammar and style
The document discusses grammar and style. It defines grammar as the systematic study and description of language, noting that grammar establishes rules that are necessary for a language to be complete, similar to rules in games. Style refers to word choices used by specific groups. The document then presents the basic model of grammar as having a hierarchy from small linguistic units like clauses to larger units. It describes the key components of a clause as the subject, predicator, complement, and adjunct. Various types of clauses are also discussed, including imperative, interrogative, and declarative clauses as well as variations involving different grammatical moods.
I C ANALYSIS
This document provides information about Immediate Constituent (IC) analysis, including:
- IC analysis breaks down sentences into constituent groups of words.
- Constituents are joined by horizontal lines to show their relationship.
- The analysis continues breaking down constituents until reaching individual morphemes.
- Examples demonstrate analyzing sentences with vertical lines and brackets.
- Limitations include not indicating grammatical functions, which labeling systems address.
Phonological and Graphological level
Phonological and Graphological level examines the sound system and written form of language. The phonological level studies how sounds are organized into tone groups, feet, syllables and phonemes. The graphological level looks at how writers use punctuation, capitalization, spacing and other written elements to convey meaning and achieve stylistic effects. It identifies the basic written units of a language, such as the paragraph, sentence, word and letters in English.
Word classes
This document discusses open class words, specifically nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. It provides definitions and examples of each part of speech. Nouns can be common or proper, count or non-count. Verbs can be regular, irregular, transitive or intransitive. Adjectives modify nouns and can occur before or after the noun. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and usually end in "-ly". Open class words are content words that can be freely added to the language.
Phonetic stylistic devices
This powerpoint deals with the phonetic stylistic devices or figures of speech based on Galperin´s Classification.
Types of Morpheme Presentation
A brief explanation about Morphology
Elaborating the definition of Morpheme, Morph, Allomorphs, with their type
Kindly Read it, Thank you :)
Lexical stylistic devices and expressive means -with examples
This powerpoint shows lexical stylistic devices as explained by IR.R. Galperin. some exmaple are taken form the net the others were created by the author of this powerpoint..
Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
LING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories
This document contains lecture notes on morphosyntactic categories from a linguistics class. It discusses parts of speech and provides formal criteria to identify nouns, verbs, and adjectives in English based on their distributional properties. For nouns, evidence includes plural formation, occurring with determiners and adjectives, and being derived from suffixes like -er, -ion, -ment. For verbs, evidence includes inflecting for tense/aspect with suffixes like -ed, -s, being modified by adverbs, and occurring with modal auxiliaries. For adjectives, the document states the criteria will be discussed but does not list them. Examples are provided to illustrate the criteria for each part of speech
Suprasegmental features and Prosody
The document discusses several topics related to prosody and suprasegmental features in language:
- It defines prosody and suprasegmental features, and gives examples like pitch, loudness, duration.
- It describes the three main prosodic systems in English: stress, rhythm, and intonation. Stress operates at the word level, rhythm at the phrase level, and intonation spans entire utterances.
- It also discusses topics like word stress patterns, compounds words, and the rhythmic nature of English as being stress-timed.
- Intonation is defined as the melody of an utterance, with elements like pitch accents and their meaning determined by context.
Syntax
This document discusses syntax and syntactic categories. It defines syntax as the study of sentence patterns and rules that determine word order and structure in a language. There are various syntactic categories including parts of speech, phrases, and sentences. Phrases are groups of words that function as a unit, and there are five main types: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. Phrase structure trees are used to represent syntactic categories and the hierarchical structure of phrases in a sentence. Basic phrase structure rules are provided.
Stylistics introduction, Definitions of Stylistics
This document defines stylistics and discusses its branches. Stylistics is the analysis of linguistic variation in actual language use. It examines how the same content can be expressed differently and analyzes styles across texts. Stylistics considers the natural properties of language that ensure intended effects. The document also distinguishes between spoken and written language at the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic levels, and categorizes words as common, formal, technical, and slang.
Stylistics
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
Introduction to semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It is a branch of linguistics that examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through signs and symbols like words, phrases, and sentences. Understanding semantics is essential for studying language acquisition and how meaning can be constructed, clarified, or obscured through things like ambiguity, synonyms, and context.
What's hot (20)
Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...
Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...
Lexical stylistic devices and expressive means -with examples
Lexical stylistic devices and expressive means -with examples
Stylistics introduction, Definitions of Stylistics
Stylistics introduction, Definitions of Stylistics
Viewers also liked
Examples of words grammatical differences
This document provides examples of different parts of speech in the English language including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, articles, prepositions, pronouns and examples of their grammatical uses such as in sentences. It also demonstrates homophones with different meanings based on their grammatical function like light/light and off/off.
Morphological Processes
Created by Camille Ann Tambal and Jayvee Tagaytay. Students from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Arts in English Major in Language.
Morphology
Morphology is the study of word formation and internal structure. It examines the smallest units of meaning called morphemes, which can be free standing words or affixes. There are several approaches to morphology, but they generally analyze words as arrangements of morphemes or as transformations from word stems. Inflectional morphology creates word forms that express grammatical concepts like number, while derivational morphology forms new words.
5 types of nouns powerpoint
This document discusses 5 types of nouns: common and proper nouns, concrete and abstract nouns, and collective nouns. Common nouns name general people, places, things or ideas while proper nouns name specific ones. Concrete nouns can be physically touched while abstract nouns name ideas and qualities. Collective nouns name groups considered as a single unit. Nouns can belong to more than one category, such as "milk" being both common and concrete.
Nominal and functional parts of speech
The document provides an overview of the different parts of speech in English, including their definitions and classifications. It discusses nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, and prepositions. For each part of speech, it covers morphological and semantic properties, functions, and ways they can be classified.
Function words & content words
Function words serve important grammatical functions and have little meaning on their own. They include articles, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, determiners, intensifiers, prepositions, pronouns, and interjections. Articles precede nouns and can be definite or indefinite. Auxiliary verbs combine with other verbs to form verb phrases. Conjunctions link words and phrases. Determiners introduce nouns. Pronouns replace nouns.
Verbal and Nominal Sentences in Arabic
This presentation introduces the nominal and the verbal sentences and explains the differences and the word ordering options.
Words and lexemes ppt
The document defines key linguistic terms:
- A word is the smallest unit that can stand alone when pronounced, consisting of either a single morpheme like "rock" or multiple morphemes like "rocks".
- A lexeme is a set of forms taken by a single word, like "run", "runs", "ran", and "running" which are all forms of the lexeme "RUN".
- A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, for example "cat" and "-s" in "cats" where "cat" means the animal and "-s" indicates plural.
Morphology. words and lexemes
The document discusses morphological processes in English including inflectional and lexical morphology. It covers topics such as:
- Inflectional morphology deals with changes in word forms to express concepts like number, case, and tense, while lexical morphology focuses on word formation through processes like compounding, affixation, and conversion.
- In inflectional morphology, nouns inflect for number and case, verbs for tense and person/number, and adjectives have comparative and superlative forms.
- Lexical morphology examines processes like compounding, affixation, conversion and others to understand how new words are formed from existing word elements or bases.
- Productivity refers to whether a word
word classes
This document discusses criteria for classifying words into categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. It outlines morphological, morpho-syntactic, syntactic, and semantic criteria. Morphological criteria examines a word's inflectional suffixes. Morpho-syntactic criteria looks at suffixes that indicate information like number, case, tense. Syntactic criteria considers a word's position and phrases. Semantic criteria encompasses a word's meaning and how speakers use words in speech acts like asserting or commanding. Reliable definitions of word classes are based on these formal criteria rather than just meaning alone.
Grammatical categories and word classes
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
Viewers also liked (11)
Similar to Grammatical classes of words
Brand Naming: Linguistic Analysis Terms Defined
This document defines key linguistic terms used in brand naming analysis. It provides definitions for terms related to the scriptability, syllabic balance, aural comprehensibility, viability, visual aesthetics, evocative semantics, ease of pronunciation, durability, phonemic simplicity, gender properties, morphological complexity, syntactic construction, inflectional category, phonemes, morphemes, graphemes, and other linguistic concepts. Additional terms are defined in a glossary related to phonology, dialects, codas, idiolects, orthography, consonant clusters, lexicons, lexical stress, tense, number, person, mood, gender, case, voice and other grammatical concepts.
LECTURE 2 (kechki guruhlar uchun).pptx
The document discusses the structure and components of grammar. It explains that grammar has two main parts: syntax, which deals with sentence structure, and morphology, which deals with grammatical word classes. It defines the basic means of grammatical structure as sentence structure and grammatical word classes. Grammatical word classes are divided into notional parts of speech, such as nouns and verbs, and functional parts of speech, such as articles and prepositions. Five signals of syntactic structure are also outlined: word order, prosody, function words, inflections, and derivational contrast.
Contrastive Analysis.ppsx
A seminar on Contrastive Analysis
the linguistic components of Contrastive Analysis,
prepared by: Ibrahim Adel
University of Mosul
College Of Arts
Department of English
The nature of linguistic competence
This document discusses the nature of linguistic competence and the universality of human language. It covers topics like the components of grammar, including phonology, morphology, and syntax. While languages vary in small ways like word order, they are all similar in having a lexicon and grammar to form sentences. The document also discusses concepts like phonemes, morphemes, rules of phonology and morphology, and the basic operations of syntax.
The parts of speech problem
The document discusses different approaches to classifying words into parts of speech. There are four main approaches discussed: classical/logical-inflectional, functional, distributional, and complex. The classical approach uses word forms and inflections to classify words, while the functional approach considers meaning and use. The distributional approach focuses solely on word order and substitutability. The complex approach integrates semantic, formal, and functional criteria.
Statistical features of newspaper language
This document outlines the stylistic features of language that can be analyzed at different levels, including phonological, graphological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels. It discusses analyzing sound patterns and pronunciation at the phonological level, the form and appearance of written text at the graphological level, word building and affixes at the morphological level, phrase and clause structures at the syntactic level, and meanings and contexts at the semantic level. Discourse analysis is also mentioned as the study of text language and conversations.
Aw32322326
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a morphological analyzer for the Marathi language. It discusses the key components of Marathi morphology including the alphabet, vowels, linguistic resources like lexicons and inflection rules. It then describes the morphological formulation and rules for different grammatical categories in Marathi like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives and postpositions. The goal is to evaluate the morphological analyzer for Marathi and integrate it with POS taggers and chunkers to improve NLP applications for the language.
Grammatical meaning
This document discusses grammatical meaning and categories. It defines grammatical meaning as the meaning of a whole class or subclass conveyed by a word. Grammatical categories are systems that express generalized grammatical meanings through paradigmatic correlations between forms. Categories can be realized synthetically, analytically, or through sound changes and are based on oppositions between forms. Grammatical categories correlate with both conceptual categories and objective reality.
граматика английского языка.kobrina
This document provides an overview of English grammar and parts of speech according to the authors. It begins by outlining the 9 notional parts of speech - noun, adjective, stative, pronoun, numeral, verb, adverb, modal words, and interjection - and the 3 functional parts of speech - preposition, conjunction, and particle. More details are given on the formation and categories of verbs, including the distinction between regular and irregular verbs. The summary provides context and essential information about the document's coverage of English grammar.
Levels of Linguistic Analysis.pptx
The document discusses the different levels of linguistic analysis:
1. Phonology examines a language's sound system and sound devices used in texts.
2. Graphology studies a language's written conventions like punctuation, spacing, and formatting.
3. Lexis refers to a language's vocabulary, including individual words and phrases.
4. Syntax analyzes a language's sentence structure and grammatical rules.
5. Semantics focuses on the meanings and intentions conveyed through word choices in context.
1. grammar (ina rosita)
This document discusses different approaches to grammar:
Traditional grammar focuses on parts of speech and sentence structure rules. Functional grammar views language as a tool for meaning making and analyzes whole texts and their contexts. It describes language using categories like participants, processes, and circumstances. Formal grammar examines sentence structure but is more concerned with validation than prescription. The document provides examples applying each approach and their pedagogical implications, concluding that traditional grammar prioritizes correctness while functional grammar emphasizes cohesion and coherence in text production.
2013-2016 İNGİLİZCE ÖABT SORU ANALİZ
This document provides an overview of introductory lessons and statistics from English exams given in Turkey between 2013-2016. It outlines the contents and structure of questions on language proficiency, literature, linguistics, and education that appeared on the exams each year, with links to additional resources. The questions assessed grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, dialogues, and restatements across various content areas of English language teaching.
Determining of test objectives (language Testing)
This document discusses the objectives and content areas that should be considered when developing and administering a language proficiency test. It outlines the interrelationships between linguistic and cultural subsystems that tests should measure, including phonology, grammar, lexicon, and culture. It also addresses the testing modalities, skills, and approaches that can be used, such as discrete-point versus integrative testing and measuring receptive versus productive abilities.
Level ofn language.ppt
This document discusses the different levels of linguistic analysis:
1) Phonetics and phonology concern the sounds of human language and how phonemes are organized in a given language.
2) Morphology examines the structure of words and how they are formed from morphemes.
3) Syntax analyzes the rules and patterns for combining words into phrases and sentences.
4) Semantics is the study of meaning at all linguistic levels.
5) Pragmatics considers how language is used in real communication and the effects of utterances in context.
англ
This document discusses several key concepts related to word formation and meaning in translation:
1. It defines a word as the smallest unit with semantic or pragmatic meaning, which can consist of a single or multiple morphemes.
2. It describes different types of word formation processes in English like compounding, prefixation, suffixation, conversion, and back derivation.
3. It explains how word meaning can differ between the source and target languages during translation, requiring semantic differentiation of lexical units.
Class6 - Languaging - part 2
This document discusses the different levels of language structure, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse.
It provides details on the units, organizing structures, and sub-levels/categories of each level. Phonetics deals with sounds and has no units, while other levels have units like morphemes, words, and sentences. Each level is composed of and integrates units from lower levels.
Components of language
The document defines and provides examples of key linguistic concepts including the phoneme, morpheme, lexical and grammatical morphemes, free and bound morphemes, lexeme, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language that can change a word's meaning. They can be lexical, carrying meaning, or grammatical, specifying relationships. Morphemes are either free, able to stand alone, or bound, only occurring attached to other morphemes. Syntax refers to the rules for constructing sentences using words, phrases, and their order. Semantics and pragmatics relate to meaning derived from language based on the words and context used.
Chinese Mandarin Style.pptx
The document discusses the definition and importance of syntax in language. Syntax refers to the set of rules that determine the arrangement of words in a sentence. It is the part of linguistics that studies the structure and formation of sentences. Syntax skills are important for understanding how sentences work through word order, structure, and punctuation, which can help readers comprehend increasingly complex texts.
SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS: LANGUAGE STRATAFICATION
In systemic functional theory, language is organized as a multidimensional semiotic space according to (i) the hierarchy of stratification (semantics, lexicogrammar, and phonology or graphology); (ii) the metafunctional spectrum of meaning (ideational: experiential, logical, interpersonal and textual); and (iii) the cline of instantiation (the cline between potential and instance).
FREE TO USE IT!
Similar to Grammatical classes of words (20)
SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS: LANGUAGE STRATAFICATION
SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS: LANGUAGE STRATAFICATION
Recently uploaded
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaHindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdRecently uploaded (20)
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Grammatical classes of words
- 1. GRAMMATICAL CLASSES OF WORDS. Elene Tsikarishvili
- 2. THE WORD IS THE THIRD LEVEL OF LANGUAGE Phonemic level Morphemic level LEXEMIC LEVEL (WORDS) Phrasemic level Pro-semic level Supra-prosemic level
- 3. LINGUISTIC DISTINCTION OF WORD CLASSES Grammatical Etymological Semantic Stylistic No classification can be adequate to its aim if it ignores the grammatical principles.
- 4. TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF WORD Semantic ( The semantic criterion presupposes the evaluation of the generalized categorial meaning of the words of the given part of speech.) Formal (The fromal criterion provides for the exposition of all formal features of all the lexemic subsets of a particular part of speech. ) Functional (The functional criterion concerns the typical syntactic functions of a part of speech. )
- 5. GRAMMATICAL CLASSES ‘’PARTS OF SPEECH’’ The words of language are divided into grammatical classes. The traditional grammatical classes are called ‘’parts of speech’’. Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective Numeral oArticle oParticle oConjunction oInterjunction oPreposition oModal Verb
- 6. The notional parts of speech are the words of complete nominative value. In the utterance they fulfil self-dependent functions of naming and denoting things , their substantial properties. The functional words are words of incomplete nominative value, but of absolutely essential relational (grammatical) value.
- 7. Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective Numeral Article Particle Conjunction Interjunction Preposition Modal Verb Notional Parts Of Speech Functional Parts of speech
- 8. SYNTACTIC CLASSSIFICATION OF WORDS The syntactic classification of words is based on syntactic featuring of words only. Four main syntactic positions of notional words: o Noun o Verb o Adjective o Adverb Pronouns are included as their substitues.
- 9. THE THREE-LAYER CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS BY M. BLOKH. The first ,the upper layer, is formed by four classes of notional words. The second, intermediate layer is formed by pronominal words. The third, the lower layer is formed by functional words .
- 10. THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION !