LECTURE 2 (kechki guruhlar uchun).pptx
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The document discusses the structure and components of grammar. It explains that grammar has two main parts: syntax, which deals with sentence structure, and morphology, which deals with grammatical word classes. It defines the basic means of grammatical structure as sentence structure and grammatical word classes. Grammatical word classes are divided into notional parts of speech, such as nouns and verbs, and functional parts of speech, such as articles and prepositions. Five signals of syntactic structure are also outlined: word order, prosody, function words, inflections, and derivational contrast.
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This document summarizes the morphological structure of words in Common Germanic (CG). It discusses how words could be divided into three types - simple, derived, and compound - based on the number and character of their components. The stem of a word consisted of a root morpheme plus affixes. Over time, the morphological structure simplified as affixes fused with roots or were lost. Ablaut, or vowel alternation, was a prominent feature used to indicate grammatical forms. Parts of speech like nouns and verbs had categories like case, number, gender, tense, mood, and person that were indicated synthetically through changes to the word stem rather than using separate words.
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- 2. The grammatical signals have a meaning of their own independent of the meaning of the notional words. This can be illustrated by the following sentence with nonsensical words: Woggles ugged diggles.
- 4. All the words of a language fall, as we stated above, under NOTIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL words. Notional words are divided into four classes in accord with the position in which they stand in a sentence. Notional words as positional classes are generally represented by the following symbols: N, V, A, D. The man landed the jet plane safely N V A N D Words which refer to class N cannot replace word referring to class V and vice versa. These classes we shall call grammatical word classes.
- 5. GRAMMATICAL WORD CLASSES (PARTS OF SPEECH) (so’z turkumlari) NOTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH Noun Verb Adjective Adverb (Numeral) FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH Article (a,an,the) Particle (to make) Preposition(in,on) Conjunction (but,while)
- 6. The basic means of the grammatical structure of language are: a) sentence structure(SVO); b) grammatical word classes.
- 7. So, GRAMMAR is divided into two parts: SYNTAX (grammar which deals with sentence structure) and MORPHOLOGY (grammar which deals with grammatical word – classes)
- 9. 1. Word Order - is the linear or time sequence in which words appear in an utterance. S V O
- 10. 2. Prosody - is the over-all musical pattern of stress, pitch, juncture in which the words of an utterance are spoken
- 11. 3. Function words - are words largely devoid of lexical meaning which are used to indicate various functional relationships among the lexical words of an utterance
- 12. 4. Inflections s -plurality s -third person singular ‘s,s’ -possessiveness ing -progressive ed -past tense er -comparative degree est -superlative degree en -participle 2
- 13. 5. Derivational contrast - is the contrast between words which have the same base but differ in the number and nature of their derivational affixes. Read-readable-readibility
- 14. Lexical and Grammatical Meaning desk-s;bag-s; work-ed; lie-d …
- 15. Lexical meanings (Lexical morphemes) desk,bag,work,lie Grammatical meanings (grammatical morphemes) -s, -ed, -d words are not dependent as the second elements.