1. GRAMMAR BOOK Jacobo Nagy

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. N a c i o n a l id a d e s
2. S te m C h a n g i n g Ve r b s
3. Para
4. Indirect Object Pronouns
5. P r o n o un P l a c e m e n t
6. Gustar
7. A f f i r ma t i v e a n d N e g a t i v e Wo r d s
8. S u p e r l a t iv e s
9. Re f l ex i ve s
10. A f f i r ma t i v e t u c o m m a n d s , i r r e g ul a r s , a n d p r o n o un p l a c e m e n t
11. N e g a t i v e t u c o m m a n d s , i r r e g ul a r s , a n d p r o n o un p l a c e m e n t
12. Sequencing Events
13. P r ete r i te
14. Tr i g g e r Wo r d s
15. - C a r, - G a r, - Z a r
16. Deber
17. M o d a l Ve r b s
18. P r e s e n t P r o g r e s si v e
19. Adverbs

4. STEM-CHANGING VERBS
 Boot verbs change only inside the “boot”
 There are 4 types of boot verbs:
1. Oue – almorzar, costar, dormir, poder
2. Eie – entender, pensar, querer
3. EI – servir, repetir, pedir
4. Uue - jugar

5. PARA
Use “para” (for) to indicate…
 The recipient of items: El regalo para tu mamá
 Purpose: Vamos al restaurante para comer
 Implied Purpose: Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo

6. INDIRECT OBJECTS PRONOUNS
me nos Use Indirect Object Pronouns
to tell to whom or for whom.
te os
le les

7. PRONOUN PLACEMENT
IOP/DOP – 4 places:
 Before a conjugated verb
 Attach to infinitive
 Attach to gerund
 Attach to af firmative command

8. GUSTAR
me nos
Conjugate “gustar” to gustan if
the recipient is plural, and
conjugate to gusta if the
te os recipient is singular
2 or more infinitives? Still singular
le les
Gusta can come before an infinitive

9. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
Af firmatives Negatives
 Algo – Something Nada - Nothing
 Alguien – Someone Nadie – No One
 Algún/Alguno – Some Ningún/Ninguno – None
 Siempre – Always
 También - Also
In Spanish, it is correct
grammar to use double negatives.

10. SUPERLATIVES
 -Ísimo, -ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas
 Added to adjectives and adverbs
 Means “extremely” or “very” before adjective or adverb
 MaloMalísimo
 MuchasMuchísimas
 DifícilDeficilimo
Adjectives-Adverbs ending in c, g, or z change to qu, gu, and c
respectively
RicoRiquisísimo
LargaLarguísima
FelizFelicísima
 Adjectives and Adverbs ending in n or r = císimo/císima

11. REFLEXIVES
 In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object
 The person does and receives the action
 Subject, pronoun, and verb are all in the same form
 Example: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana
 Example: Ella se despierta muy temprano
1. Conjugate the verb
me nos
2. Add the reflexive pronoun
te os Position
1. In front of conjugated verbs
2. Attach to gerund
3. Attach to infinitive
se se * Reflexive pronoun shows that the
direct object is the same as the doer

12. AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS
 Positive (+) – 1 . put into second person
2. drop the “s”
 Irregulars (+)
DecirDi
HacerHaz
IrVe
PonerPon
SalirSal
SerSé
TenerTen
VenirVen
DI HAZ VE PON SAL SÉ TEN VEN!

13. NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS
 Negative (-) – 1 . put into “yo” form
2. change vowel
- are
- er/ira
3. add “s”
 Irregulars (-) –
1. T Tener no tengas
2. V Venir no vengas
3. D Dar/Decir no de/digas
4. I Ir no vayas
5. S Ser no seas Do not talk!
6. H Hacer no hagas Hablar
7. E Estar no estés 1. Hablo
8. S Saber no sepas 2. Hable
3. Hables
¡No Hables!

14. SEQUENCING EVENTS
Primero – First Antes de… - Before
Segundo – Second Después de… - After
Tercero - Third
Por la mañana/tarde/noche
– In/During the…
Entonces – Then
Luego – After
Por fin - Finally
Los Lunes (etc.) – On Monday

15. PRETERITE
- AR Ending -ER/IR Ending
é í imos
amos
aste asteis iste isteis
ó aron ió ieron
Use Preterite for past tense

16. TRIGGER WORDS
 Un día
 Una vez
 Ayer
 A noche
 Hace un año
 Ya
 Al mes pasado
 Anteayer
 Por una hora
 Por fin
 A las (time)
 El (day) de (month)

17. -CAR, -GAR, - ZAR
 -Car  yo qué
 -Zar  yo  cé
 -Gar  yo  gué

18. MODAL VERBS
 When verbs are used in modal verb combinations, the 2 nd verb
is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form
• You would never say “no puedo nada”
Deber – Should
Desear – To Desire
Necesitar – To Need
Poder – To Be Able To
Querer – To Want
Saber – To Know How To Do Something
Soler – Usually/Used To
*CANNOT HAVE 2 CONJUGATED VERBS!

19. DEBER
 To say you should do something, use the conjugated form of
deber + the infinitive form of the verb that represents what
you should do
 I should study = Debo estudiar
 You should eat = Debes comer
debo debemos
debes debeis
debe deben

20. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE VERBS
 -ar-ando
 -er/-ir-iendo
 3 vowels in a row= yendo
 estar + present progressive
 Ex: Él leer leiendo está leyendo

21. ADVERBS
 When an adjective ends in e, l, or z, simply add –mente to the
end
Ex: recienterecientemente
Ex: felizfelizmente
Ex: normalnormalmente
 For adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –mente to the
feminine form
Ex: cuidasoso(a)cuidadosamente
 When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from the first
one, but keep it on the second one