My Final Grammar Book for 2nd period Honors Spanish 2

1. Grammar Book Alejandro Bentle

2. Table of Contents Ser Estar Verbs like Gustar Hacer Expressions Preterito Trigger words Car, Gar, Zar Spock Verbs Cucuracha Verbs DOP Affirmative Commands Irregular Commands IOP Snakes Snakeys Se Impersonal

3. Table of Contents (Cont’d) Past Particples as Adjectives Irregular Past participles as Adjectives Irregular Futuro El Futuro Ir + a + Infinitive AdjectivosDemonstrativos MandatosFormales Los MandatosInformales Modal Verbs Reflexives Saber vs. Conocer

4. SER! Description-¿Quees? (Ex: Un papel, un libro) Origin-¿De Donde Es? (Ex: Nicaragua) Characteristics-¿Como Es? (Ex: Alto) Time- ¿QueHora Es? (Ex: Son las dos) Occupation- ¿QueHace (Ex: Es Doctor) Relationships- ¿Quien Es? (Ex: Es mi mama) Possession- ¿De Quien Es? Events- ¿Cuando/Donde Es? (Ex: La Clase) Dates- ¿QueDiaes Hoy? (Ex: Lunes)

5. ESTAR! Health- ¿Como Estas? (Ex: Bien) Emotions- ¿Como Estas? (Ex: Triste) Location- ¿DondeEstas? (Ex:La Casa) Present condition- ¿Como Esta? (Ex: Nublado) “ING”- ar: ando/ er-ir: endo

7. Me

8. Te

9. Les

10. Nos

11. Os

12. Les-Me gustancarros -Les gustanzanahorias

14. Antayer

15. A las (any time)

16. El (insert day)Estoes el preterito!

17. PRETERITO (continued) YO Tú Él, ella, Ud Nosotros Ellos, Ustedes

18. TRIGGER WORDS Ayer: Yesterday Antayer: Day before yesterday A las ___(a time) El _____(insert a day)

19. CAR, GAR, ZAR In order to preserve the sound of the infinitive, a number of verbs change spelling in the preterite tense. The following changes occur in the "yo" form only

21. Iste

22. o

23. Imos

24. Isteis

27. IRREGULAR COMMANDS Affirmative Negative

28. IOPs Answers the question: To Whom For Whom Has no feminine factors Examples: I gaveitto her -----›Se lo di Give it to him -----› déselo

29. SNAKES Snakes stem change in 3rd person

30. SNAKEYS Snakeys are verbs like leer, creer, and oir. Change the I to the y in the 3rd person

31. SE IMPERSONAL Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb. Sevendefruta en la frutería. When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person. Aquísehablaespañol. Se can be used in all tenses. Sehizo mucho. Sehará mucho. Sehabíahecho.

32. Past Participles as Adjectives Past participles as adjectives are conjugated as follows: Take off the ending and attach “ado” or “ido” depending on if it is an ar, ir, or er verb.

33. Irregular Past Particples as Adjectives Abrir (to open) - abierto Cubrir (to cover) - cubierto Decir (to say) - dicho Escribir (to write) - escito Freir (to fry) - frito Hacer (to do) - hecho Morir (to die) - muerto Poner (to put) - puesto Resolver (to resolve) - resuelto Romper (to break) - roto Ver (to see) - visto Volver (to return) -vuelto

34. Irregular Futuro Decir…dir Hacer…har Poder…podr Poner…pondr Querer…querr Saber…sabr Salir…saldr Tener…tendr Valer…valdr Venir…vendr

35. El Futuro Infinitive + ending Most endings are the same for ar, er, and ir

36. Ir + a + Infinitives Going to go somewhere, do something, etc. Included in el futuro Example: Yovoy a viajarextremadura en España. English: I am going to travel to extremadurain Spain

39. Los MandatosInformalesCon’t

40. Modal Verbs

41. Reflexives Relfexive pronouns can be: In front of the conjugated verb Attached to the infinitive Attached to the present participle When it is attached, the reflexive pronoun changes the number of syllables in the word. This makes it necessary to add an accent to the proper syllable. Other verbs come with ‘se’ attached to the end. These verbs are reflexive and are conjugated along with changing the pronoun to agree.

42. Reflexives: Cont’d

43. Saber vs. Conocer