A good measuring tools is one which can secure valid evidence of desired change of behaviour . It is not synonymous with paper or pencil tests. It evaluates one specific performance by rating behaviour as it progresses and to sum up many casual observations over a period of time.

1. By,
Rupa Gupta
Rupa Gupta

2.  Introduction : Qualities Of Good Measuring Tools.
 Its Characteristics
 Categories & Types along with explanations
 Conclusion
Rupa Gupta

3.  A good measuring tools is one which can secure
valid evidence of desired change of behaviour .
 It is not synonymous with paper or pencil tests.
 It evaluates one specific performance by rating
behaviour as it progresses and to sum up many
casual observations over a period of time.
Rupa Gupta

4.  A good measuring tool requires various characteristics.
 They are as follows.
 1. A good measuring tool should be objective. Subjectivity cannot be said to be
a characteristic of a good measuring tool.
 2. A good measuring tool should be reliable. The result and items of measuring
tool should not deviate easily, so that it can be implied in every relation.
 3. It should be valid. If an instrument is reliable , it should also be valid.
 4. A good measuring tool should be comprehensive as well as precise.
 5. It should also be practicable.
 6. It should be easily administered.
 7. It should be economical in favour of time, energy and money.
Rupa Gupta

5. The characteristics of a good measuring
tool can be classified into two categories.
Criterion of good
measuring tools
Practical
Criteria
Technical
Criteria
Rupa Gupta

6. A. Practical Criteria:
1. Ease of Scoring – Scoring would be easy, if items have been objectively
constructed and the scoring procedure adopted is also objective. Scoring may
be done manually , as well as by machine.
2. Time – The time available for testing is always very short, as tests requiring
longer time are not easily accepted by the examinees.
But , the reliability and validity of a test depends on its length . Shortening tests
ruin the value but not much is gained by lengthening test beyond 100 items.
Hence , this fact should be kept in mind while considering the time factor.
3. Cost : A good tool should be economical not only from money
point of view , but also from the point of time and effort required by the testing
procedure.
Rupa Gupta

7. 4. Face Validity : It means how worthwhile a test will appear to examinees ,who
takes it and to other layman who will see the results. Face validity refers not to
what the test actually measures , but to what it appears superficially to
measure.
5. Purpose : One must search for a test that fits the decisions to be made . It is
unrealistic to evaluate a test in abstract. The test manual should be approached
with a definite measurement problem in mind.
6. Meaningfulness of Test Scores : A tester may obtain several scores from a test ,
while he may get only one score from another test. The single score is likely to
be much more reliable than the several scores of the other test.
7. Acceptability : A good test must be acceptable to all the persons and in all the
circumstances and situations.
8. Ease of Interpretation : A good tool is one , which could easily be interpreted.
Rupa Gupta

8. I. Validity :
 Validity is the most important quality of a good measuring
tools.
 Validity of the indicator – Is it a true measure ? Are we
tapping the concept?
 Abstract ideas (construct) but concrete observations.
 A test with high validity has items closely linked to the
test’s intended focus. A test with poor validity doesn’t
measure the content & competencies it ought to.
Rupa Gupta

9. Kinds of
Validity
Criterion
Validity
Predictive
Validity
Concurrent
Validity
Face
Validity
Construct
Validity
Content
Validity
Rupa Gupta

10.  Content Validity – It refers to the connections between the test
items & the subject related task
 Construct Validity – It implies using the construct ( concept ,
ideas , notion ) in accordance to the state of the art in the field.
 Criterion – Related Validity – Also known as instrumental
validity ; it is used to demonstrate the accuracy of a procedure by
comparing it with another process or method.
 Concurrent Validity – It uses statistical method of correlation to
other measures.
 Predictive Validity – It considers the question , “ How well does
the test predict examinees’ future status as masters or non-
masters?”
 Face validity – It is determined by a review of the items and not
through the use of statistical analysis.
Rupa Gupta

11. 1. Inappropriateness of test items – Items that measure
knowledge can’t measure skill.
2. Direction – Unclear direction reduce validity.
3. Reading vocabulary and sentence structures – Too
difficult and complicated vocabulary and sentence
structure will not measure what it intend to measure.
4. Length of test – A test should be of sufficient length to
measure ,what it is supposed to measure.
5. Arrangement of items – Test item should be arranged to
difficulty , with the easiest items to the difficult ones.
Rupa Gupta

12.  Reliability is the second important quality of
measuring tools.
 It refers to consistency and accuracy of the test results.
 It is necessary but not sufficient condition of the test
of goodness of a measure.
 A measure could be highly stable & consistent , but
may not be valid.
Rupa Gupta

13. Types of
Reliability.
Equivalency Stability Internal Inter rater
Rupa Gupta

14.  Equivalency Reliability – It is determined by relating two sets of
test scores to one another to highlights the degree of relationship
or association.
 Stability Reliability – ( Sometimes called re-test reliability ). To
determine stability , a measure or test is repeated on the same
subject at a future date. Result are compared and correlated with
the initial test to give a measure of stability.
 Internal consistency – It interpret data & predict the value of
scores & the limits of relationship among variables.
 Interrater Reliability – It is the extent to which two or more
individuals ( coders and rater) agree.
Rupa Gupta

15. 1. Length of test – The longer the test , the higher the
reliability.
2. Difficulty of the test – When the test is too easy or too
difficult , it can’t show the differences among individuals ;
thus it is unreliable.
3. Objectivity – Reliability is greater when the test can be
scored objectively.
4. Heterogeneity of the student group – Reliability is higher
when test scores are spread over a range of abilities.
Rupa Gupta

16.  Usability means degree to which the tests are used
without much expenditure of:
- time
- money
& - effort.
 It also means “ practicability .”
Rupa Gupta

17.  Administrability - It means that the test can be
administered with ease , clarity & uniformity .
 Scorability - It is concerned on scoring of test. A good test
is easy to score.
 Interpretability – Test results can be useful if after
evaluation it is interpreted , hence useful for sound
educational decisions.
 Proper mechanical make-up – It concerns on how tests are
printed , what font size are used , & are illustration fit the
level of student.
Rupa Gupta

18.  It refers to the degree to which personal judgement is
eliminated in the scoring of the test.
 Therefore , objectivity is the test requires that the
personal opinion of the teachers doesn’t affect the
score of an individual student.
Rupa Gupta

19.  Tools ability to accurately measure variability in
responses.
 A dichotomous response category , such as “ agree or
disagree ” doesn’t allow the recording of subtle attitude
changes.
Rupa Gupta

20. Quality of good measuring tools.
 Validity :
Does it measure what it is supposed to measure ?
 Reliability :
How representative is the measurement ?
 Usability:
Is it easy to construct , administer , score & interpret ?
 Objectivity:
Do independent scores agree ?
Rupa Gupta

21. Rupa Gupta