Glycolysis is the catabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. It occurs in two phases:
1) The energy investment phase uses two ATP molecules to phosphorylate and split glucose into two 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules.
2) The energy generation phase oxidizes the glyceraldehyde molecules to form two pyruvate molecules along with two NADH molecules and four ATP molecules. Overall, glycolysis generates two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Key regulatory enzymes include hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
Complete Set of Metabolism of Carbohydrate in that second chapter, glycolysis.
This presentation covers complete glycolysis pathway with step wise animated reactions and it includes clinical aspects also. This presentation is good for MBBS students.
Here you will get about glycolysis its regulation and energetics.Further updates like and follow my slideshare account
Click on below link to get presentation on Properties of cancer cell.
https://www.slideshare.net/PratikshaPuranik5/properties-of-cancer-cells
Complete Set of Metabolism of Carbohydrate in that second chapter, glycolysis.
This presentation covers complete glycolysis pathway with step wise animated reactions and it includes clinical aspects also. This presentation is good for MBBS students.
Here you will get about glycolysis its regulation and energetics.Further updates like and follow my slideshare account
Click on below link to get presentation on Properties of cancer cell.
https://www.slideshare.net/PratikshaPuranik5/properties-of-cancer-cells
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
metabolism of glucose into pyruvate or lactate depending upon the presence of oxygen. salient features of glycolysis, definition and sequence of reactions involved in glycolysis.
#medical #students #doctors #foodandnutrition #nurses #NEET #PCM #doctors #nutritioneducation #mscdfsm #dietician #nationaldieticians #RD #REGISTERED #DIETICIANS
#NUTRITIONIST #INTERNATIONAL DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
metabolism of glucose into pyruvate or lactate depending upon the presence of oxygen. salient features of glycolysis, definition and sequence of reactions involved in glycolysis.
#medical #students #doctors #foodandnutrition #nurses #NEET #PCM #doctors #nutritioneducation #mscdfsm #dietician #nationaldieticians #RD #REGISTERED #DIETICIANS
#NUTRITIONIST #INTERNATIONAL DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP ...RajkumarKumawat11
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP pathway, Embden- Meyerof-Paranas pathway, cabohydrate metabolic process for study, A presentation on cabohydrate metabolic process i.e. Glycolysis
All living cells require energy to carry out various cellular activities.
This energy is stored in organic molecules (e.g. carbohydrates, fats, proteins) that we eat as food.
These organic molecules are broken down into smaller units: proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into simple sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol by enzymatic reactions in cells to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The ATP generated by these pathways in cells is used to drive fundamental cellular processes.
Glucose is utilized as a source of energy, & stored as glycogen to release glucose as & when the need arises.
#medical #students #doctors #foodandnutrition #nurses #NEET #PCM #doctors #nutritioneducation #mscdfsm #dietician #nationaldieticians #RD #REGISTERED #DIETICIANS
#NUTRITIONIST #INTERNATIONAL DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
Complete Glycolysis in short or easy way to understand
Glycolysis is derived from the Greek words glykys = sweet and lysis = splitting.
This pathway was described by EMBDEN,MEYERHOFF and PARNAS. Hence, it is also called EMP PATHWAY.
glycolysis is the process in which 1 molecule of glucose broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.thus, 4 ATP molecules are synthesised and 2 ATP molecules are used during glycolysis. it occur in cytoplasm of animal cells,plant cell.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Biosynthetic pathways
1. Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates
2. Biosynthesis of Lipids
Biosynthesis of Fatty acids
Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids
3. Biosynthesis of Amino acids
7/13/2017
3. Glycolysis takes place in the Cytosol of cells.
Glucose enters the Glycolysis pathway by conversion to glucose-6-
phosphate.
Initially there is energy input corresponding to cleavage of two ~P
bonds of ATP.
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OPO3
2
H
OH
H
1
6
5
4
3 2
glucose-6-phosphate
7/13/2017
6. A. Energy investment phase or Preparative or priming
stage
B. Splitting phase
C. Energy generation phase or Pay-off phase
7/13/2017
7. Glycolysis
Steps [1] – [3] and [4] energy investment phase and splitting phase:
The 6-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two 3-carbon segments.
2 ATP molecules are hydrolyzed.
7/13/2017
8. Glycolysis
Steps ]- [5] and [6] – [10] Splitting and energy-generating phase:
producing 1 NADH and 2 ATPs for each pyruvate formed.
7/13/2017
10. Step [1] begins with the
phosphorylation of glucose
into glucose 6-phosphate,
using an ATP and a kinase
enzyme.
Glycolysis
7/13/2017
11. Step [2] isomerizes
glucose 6-phosphate to
fructose 6-phosphate
with an isomerase enzyme.
Glycolysis
7/13/2017
12. Step [3] is the
phosphorylation of
fructose 6-phosphate into
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
with a kinase enzyme.
Glycolysis
7/13/2017
13. Glycolysis
Overall, the first three steps of glycolysis:
1. 2 phosphate groups is added.
2. A 6-membered glucose ring is isomerized
into a 5-membered fructose ring.
3. The energy stored in 2 ATP molecules is utilized to
modify the structure of glucose
7/13/2017
14. Glycolysis- Splitting phase
Step [4] cleaves the fructose ring into a dihydroxy-acetone phosphate
and a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
7/13/2017
15. Step [5] isomerizes the dihydroxyacetone phosphate
into another glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Glycolysis
Thus, the first phase of glycolysis converts glucose into
2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate units and 2 ATP is used.
7/13/2017
16. In step [6] the aldehyde end of the molecule is oxidized and
phosphorylated by a dehydrogenase enzyme and NAD+;
this produces 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate and NADH.
Glycolysis- Energy Generating Phase
7/13/2017
17. Glycolysis
In step [7], the phosphate group is transferred onto an ADP with a
kinase enzyme, forming 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP.
7/13/2017
18. In step [8], the phosphate group is isomerized to
a new position in 2-phosphoglycerate.
Glycolysis
7/13/2017
19. In step [9], water is lost to form phosphoenol-pyruvate.
Glycolysis
7/13/2017
20. Glycolysis
In step [10], the phosphate is transferred to an ADP,
yielding pyruvate and ATP with a kinase enzyme.
7/13/2017
Pyruvate
21. The 2 glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate units are converted into 2
pyruvate units in phase two of glycolysis.
Overall, the energy-generating phase forms 2 NADHs and 4
ATPs.
Glycolysis
7/13/2017
22. Glycolysis
Overall of glycolysis
2 ATPs are used in phase one of glycolysis, and 4 ATPs are made in
phase two of glycolysis.
The net result is the synthesis of 2 ATPs from glycolysis.
The 2 NADHs formed are made in the cytoplasm and must be
transported to the mitochondria to join the electron transport chain
and make ATP.
7/13/2017
24. Aerobic conditions
The NADH formed needs O2 to return to NAD+, so without O2 no additional
pyruvate can be oxidized.
Pyruvate must diffuse across the outer and inner membrane of mitochondria
into the matrix.
7/13/2017
25. Fermentation is the anaerobic conversion of glucose to ethanol and
CO2 by yeast and other microorganisms.
Fermentation
7/13/2017
26. REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS
The three enzymes namely hexokinase (and glucokinase), phosphofructokinase and
pyruvate kinase, catalysing the irreversible reactions regulate glycolysis.
Hexokinase is inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. This enzyme prevents the
accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate due to product inhibition.
7/13/2017
Glucose 6-phosphate
27. PHOSPHOFRUCLOKINASE (PFK)
Phosphofruclokinase (PFK) is the most
important regulatory enzyme in glycolysis.
This enzyme catalyses the rate limiting
committed step.
PFK is an allosteric enzyme regulated by
allosteric effectors ATP, citrate and H+ ions
(low pH) are the most important allosteric
inhibitors.
Whereas, fructose2 ,6-bisphosphate, ADP,
AMP and Pi are the allosteric activators.
7/13/2017
