Glycolysis is the first step in breaking down glucose to extract energy. It occurs in two phases - the first uses energy to modify glucose so it can be split into two 3-carbon molecules, the second extracts energy and stores it as ATP and NADH. Glycolysis yields two pyruvate molecules, four ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules from one glucose molecule. It is the sole source of ATP for red blood cells and its last step, catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, is rate-limiting.
Complete Glycolysis in short or easy way to understand
Glycolysis is derived from the Greek words glykys = sweet and lysis = splitting.
This pathway was described by EMBDEN,MEYERHOFF and PARNAS. Hence, it is also called EMP PATHWAY.
glycolysis is the process in which 1 molecule of glucose broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.thus, 4 ATP molecules are synthesised and 2 ATP molecules are used during glycolysis. it occur in cytoplasm of animal cells,plant cell.
Complete Glycolysis in short or easy way to understand
Glycolysis is derived from the Greek words glykys = sweet and lysis = splitting.
This pathway was described by EMBDEN,MEYERHOFF and PARNAS. Hence, it is also called EMP PATHWAY.
glycolysis is the process in which 1 molecule of glucose broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.thus, 4 ATP molecules are synthesised and 2 ATP molecules are used during glycolysis. it occur in cytoplasm of animal cells,plant cell.
Cellular Energy Transfer (Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle) and ATPmuhammad aleem ijaz
This presentation is all about Cellular Energy Transfer with reference to Glycolysis and Kreb Cycle with all their stages involved.
It also includes ATP production in the body, its importance, structure.
Also contains a comparison of energy production in Krebs and Glycolysis cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent metabolic pathway. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes.
This is the glycolysis component of Bioc (chem) 361 at UAE University. Some from Campbell 6th ed and the rest from General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 5th edition (2007), by K.J.Denniston, J.J.Topping, and R.L.Caret.
Cellular Energy Transfer (Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle) and ATPmuhammad aleem ijaz
This presentation is all about Cellular Energy Transfer with reference to Glycolysis and Kreb Cycle with all their stages involved.
It also includes ATP production in the body, its importance, structure.
Also contains a comparison of energy production in Krebs and Glycolysis cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent metabolic pathway. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes.
This is the glycolysis component of Bioc (chem) 361 at UAE University. Some from Campbell 6th ed and the rest from General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 5th edition (2007), by K.J.Denniston, J.J.Topping, and R.L.Caret.
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP ...RajkumarKumawat11
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP pathway, Embden- Meyerof-Paranas pathway, cabohydrate metabolic process for study, A presentation on cabohydrate metabolic process i.e. Glycolysis
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
UNERSTANDING GLYCOLYSIS IN EASY 10 STEPSNoahPhilemon
Intent to provide easy understanding to all subjects of METABOLISM & METABOLICS and GLYCOLYSIS
Easy to understand short notes with illustrative diagrams to enhance quick understanding
All living cells require energy to carry out various cellular activities.
This energy is stored in organic molecules (e.g. carbohydrates, fats, proteins) that we eat as food.
These organic molecules are broken down into smaller units: proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into simple sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol by enzymatic reactions in cells to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The ATP generated by these pathways in cells is used to drive fundamental cellular processes.
Glucose is utilized as a source of energy, & stored as glycogen to release glucose as & when the need arises.
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#NUTRITIONIST #INTERNATIONAL DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
#medical #students #doctors #foodandnutrition #nurses #NEET #PCM #doctors #nutritioneducation #mscdfsm #dietician #nationaldieticians #RD #REGISTERED #DIETICIANS
#NUTRITIONIST #INTERNATIONAL DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular
metabolism.
In fact, nearly all living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism.
The process does not use oxygen directly and therefore is termed anaerobic.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways.
One method is through secondary active transport in which the transport takes place
against the glucose concentration gradient.
The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as
glucose transporter proteins. These transporters assist in the facilitated diffusion of glucose.
3. Glycolysis begins with the six-carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose
molecule and ends with two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate.
Glycolysis consists of two distinct phases.
GLUCOSE
The first part of the glycolysis pathway traps
the glucose molecule in the cell and uses
energy to modify it so that the six-carbon
sugar molecule can be split evenly into the two
three-carbon molecules.
The second part of glycolysis extracts energy
from the molecules and stores it in the form of
ATP and NADH—remember: this is the
reduced form of NAD.
First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-
Requiring Steps)
THREE CARBONTOCONVERTED
4. Step 1. The first step in glycolysis ((Figure)) is catalyzed by hexokinase, an enzyme with broad
specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates
glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive
form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to
interact with the GLUT proteins, and it can no longer leave the cell because the negatively charged
phosphate will not allow it to cross the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.
7. Step 2. In the second step of glycolysis, an isomerase converts glucose-6-
phosphate into one of its isomers, fructose-6-phosphate (this isomer has a
phosphate attached at the location of the sixth carbon of the ring). An
isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a molecule into
one of its isomers. (This change from phosphoglucose to phosphofructose
allows the eventual split of the sugar into two three-carbon molecules.)
Step 3. The third step is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate,
catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule
donates a high-energy phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In this pathway, phosphofructokinase is a rate-
limiting enzyme. It is active when the concentration of ADP is high; it is
less active when ADP levels are low and the concentration of ATP is high.
Thus, if there is “sufficient” ATP in the system, the pathway slows down.
This is a type of end product inhibition, since ATP is the end product of
glucose catabolism.
8. Step 4. The newly added high-energy phosphates further destabilize fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate. The fourth step in glycolysis employs an enzyme, aldolase, to cleave fructose-
1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon isomers: dihydroxyacetone phosphate and
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
Step 5. In the fifth step, an isomerase transforms the dihydroxyacetone-phosphate into its
isomer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Thus, the pathway will continue with two molecules of
a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. At this point in the pathway, there is a net investment of
energy from two ATP molecules in the breakdown of one glucose molecule.
The first half of glycolysis uses two ATP molecules in the phosphorylation of glucose, which
is then split into two three-carbon molecules.
9. So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar
molecules. Both of these molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and
sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment
and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH
molecules.
Step 6. The sixth step in glycolysis ((Figure)) oxidizes the sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate),
extracting high-energy electrons, which are picked up by the electron carrier NAD+, producing NADH.
The sugar is then phosphorylated by the addition of a second phosphate group, producing 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate. Note that the second phosphate group does not require another ATP molecule.
The second half of glycolysis involves phosphorylation without ATP investment (step 6) and produces
two NADH and four ATP molecules per glucose.
10. Here again is a potential limiting factor for this pathway. The continuation of the
reaction depends upon the availability of the oxidized form of the electron carrier,
NAD+. Thus, NADH must be continuously oxidized back into NAD+ in order to keep
this step going. If NAD+ is not available, the second half of glycolysis slows down or
stops. If oxygen is available in the system, the NADH will be oxidized readily, though
indirectly, and the high-energy electrons from the hydrogen released in this process
will be used to produce ATP. In an environment without oxygen, an alternate
pathway (fermentation) can provide the oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
Step 7. In the seventh step, catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase (an enzyme
named for the reverse reaction), 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates a high-energy
phosphate to ADP, forming one molecule of ATP. (This is an example of substrate-
level phosphorylation.) A carbonyl group on the 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is oxidized
to a carboxyl group, and 3-phosphoglycerate is formed.
11. Step 8. In the eighth step, the remaining phosphate group
in 3-phosphoglycerate moves from the third carbon to
the second carbon, producing 2-phosphoglycerate (an
isomer of 3-phosphoglycerate). The enzyme catalyzing
this step is a mutase (isomerase).
Step 9. Enolase catalyzes the ninth step. This enzyme
causes 2-phosphoglycerate to lose water from its
structure; this is a dehydration reaction, resulting in the
formation of a double bond that increases the potential
energy in the remaining phosphate bond and produces
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
12. The last step in glycolysis is catalyzed by the
enzyme pyruvate kinase (the enzyme in this case is
named for the reverse reaction of pyruvate’s conversion
into PEP) and results in the production of a second ATP
molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation and the
compound pyruvic acid (or its salt form, pyruvate).
Many enzymes in enzymatic pathways are named for
the reverse reactions, since the enzyme can catalyze
both forward and reverse reactions.
STEP10
13. Outcomes of Glycolysis
Glycolysisbegins with glucose and produces two pyruvate molecules, four new ATP molecules, and two
molecules of NADH. (Note: two ATP molecules are used in the first half of the pathway to prepare the six-
carbon ring for cleavage, so the cell has a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules for its use).
If the cell cannot catabolize the pyruvate molecules further, it will harvest only two ATP molecules from one
molecule of glucose.
Mature mammalian red blood cells do not have mitochondria and thus are not capable of aerobic respiration—
the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen—and glycolysis is their sole source of
ATP. If glycolysisis interrupted, these cells lose their ability to maintain their sodium-potassium pumps, and
eventually, they die.
The last step in glycolysiswill not occur if pyruvate kinase, the enzyme that catalyzesthe formation of
pyruvate, is not available in sufficient quantities. In this situation, the entire glycolysispathway will proceed,
but only two ATP molecules will be made in the second half. Thus, pyruvate kinase is a rate-limiting enzyme
for glycolysis.