This document discusses several global environmental issues including acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse gases and global warming. It provides details on the causes and effects of acid rain such as sulfur dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels which leads to forest and aquatic damage. The document also explains the formation of the ozone layer and the depletion of ozone by CFCs which increases UV exposure. Greenhouse gases are discussed along with their role in enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and causing global warming. International steps taken through agreements like the Kyoto Protocol are mentioned for mitigating global climate change.

1. Branch : Computer
Group : 11
Topic : Global Environmental Issues
Prepared By:
(1) Zadafiya Megha 140760107061
(2) Zalavadiya Krishna 140760107062
(3) Patel Zil 140760107063
Guided By: Prof. Krishna Kakadiya
Prof. Darshika Patel

3. *INTRODUCTION
*ACID RAIN
*OZONE DEPLETION
*GREEN HOUSE AND GLOBAL WARMING
*INTERNATIONAL STEPS FOR MITIGATING
GLOBAL CHANGE

4. There are significant changes in the global
ecosystem after the world war II. The mam
made forces distrupting the global ecosystem
can be enlisted as under:
1. Population explosion
2. Rapid industrialisation
3. Urbanisation
4. Morden life style

5. *The increased population has enhanced demands for
food, shelter and natural resources.
*Rapid and unplanned industrial growth has created
increase demand of natural resources water and
energy especially fossil foels.
*All these factor are collectively cause following
global environment problems like.
(i) Acid rain
(ii) Global warming due to green house gases
(iii) Ozone depletion

6. *Acid Rain refers to the deposition of acidic
components in either wet or dry forms.
*Defined by the pH of the liquid. Less than 7 pH is
acidic, more than 7 is basic.
*Natural acid rain can be caused by volcanic
emissions and biological processes .
*“Clean” rain has a natural acidity of about 5.2 on
the pH scale due to water reacting with carbon
dioxide in the air to form carbonic acid
*H2O (l) + CO2 (g) → H2CO3 (aq)
*2 H2O (l) + H2CO3 (aq)  CO3
2− (aq) + 2 H3O+ (aq)

8. •Human emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides contribute to the acidification of rain
•Emissions began during the industrial
revolution, remaining unchecked until the 1970s
•Biggest contributor is the burning of coal
•Annually 70Tg (1012 g) of Sulfur emissions comes
from fossil fuel burning, compared to 8Tg from
volcanoes and 2.8Tg from wildfires

9. *Burning coal is extremely cheap and efficient
but dirty, releasing sulfur dioxide which
becomes sulfuric acid in the atmosphere
*Areas downwind of power plants receive
heavy acid rain
*Smoke stacks built to counteract direct
deposition of sulfuric acid only spread the
problem

10. *Not many things can grow in acidic conditions
*Low pH and high aluminum concentrations can
damage or kill fish and aquatic populations
*Soils can be damaged by the hydronium ion,
which mobilizes aluminum and encourages
leaching of minerals such as magnesium essential
for plant life
*Forests suffer from soil damage, however most
food crops are unharmed because the nutrients
lost are replaced in fertilizer

12. •Monuments made of
Calcium Carbonate
(limestone and
marble) will react
with acid rain to
form Gypsum
•Increases the
oxidation rate of
metals such as
copper and bronze

14. * Emission of S𝑜2 and N𝑜2 from industries and
power plants should be reduced by using pollution
control equipments.
*Liming of lakes and soils should be done to
correct the adverse effects of acid rain.

15. *Why was it possible to construct an international
*regime to respond to Ozone Depletion
Small set of CFC producers
Industry interested in product change
*Relatively Low Cost to Industry
No net economic impact on states
*Developed-Developing states rift healed by funding

16. •O3
•a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen
•bluish gas that is harmful to breathe
•Nearly 90% of the Earth's ozone is in the
stratosphere and is referred to as the ozone
layer
•Ozone absorbs a band of ultraviolet radiation
called UVB

19. •CFCs,
•HCFCs,
•halons,
•methyl bromide,
•carbon tetrachloride, and
•methyl chloroform.

21. • Skin Cancer ( melanoma and non-
melanoma) Premature aging of the
skin and other skin problems
• Cataracts and other eye damage
Immune system suppression

22. The Earth’s surface thus receives energy
from two sources: the sun & the
atmosphere
• As a result the Earth’s surface is
~33C warmer than it would be
without an atmosphere
• Greenhouse gases are transparent to
shortwave but absorb longwave
radiation
• Thus the atmosphere stores energy
•

23. 1. Shorter, high Energy
wavelengths Hit the earths
Surface.
2. Incoming energy Is converted
to heat.
3. Longer, infrared Wavelengths
hit Greenhouse gas Molecules
in the atmosphere.
4. Greenhouse gas Molecules in
the Atmosphere emit Infrared
radiation Back towards earth.

24. • 78% nitrogen
• 20.6% oxygen
• < 1% argon
• 0.4% water vapor
• 0.036% carbon
dioxide
• traces gases:
Ne, He, Kr, H, O3
• Methane, Nitrous
Oxide

25. Absorption Spectra of Atmospheric
Gases
CH4
N2O
O2&O3
CO2
H2O
atmosphere

26. Selected Greenhouse
Gases
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
– Source: Fossil fuel burning, deforestation
 Anthropogenic increase: 30%
 Average atmospheric residence time: 500 years
Methane (CH4)
– Source: Rice cultivation, cattle & sheep ranching,
decay from landfills, mining
 Anthropogenic increase: 145%
 Average atmospheric residence time: 7-10 years
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
– Source: Industry and agriculture (fertilizers)
 Anthropogenic increase: 15%
 Average atmospheric residence time: 140-190
years

27. • The “greenhouse effect” & “global
warming” are not the same thing.
– Global warming refers to a rise in the
temperature of the surface of the earth
• An increase in the concentration of
greenhouse gases leads to an increase in
the magnitude of the greenhouse effect.
(Called enhanced greenhouse effect)
– This results in global warming

30. This image is of the Easton Glacier on Mount Baker in
the North Cascades of Washington taken in 2003. It
shows the terminus position of the glacier in 1985 as
well.

32. Atmospheric Feedbacks
Increased CO2
Higher temperature
More water vapor
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
More water
vapor & other
changes
Increased cloud cover
More reflected solar radiation
Lower temperature
Less water vapor
More absorbed infrared radiation
Higher temperature
More water vapor
+
+
+
+
+
–

33. •Immediate environmental influences high in
past: very high risks for humans, examples of
collapse
•Less important with technological progress:
cushioning and spreading of risks but trade-off
with information becoming more difficult to
assess
•Therefore some troubling aspects remain:
mastering Climate change

34. *The nations of the world met and signed
the KYOTO protocal. This is supposed to
reduce the amount of greenhouse gasses
that are produced by each country, and
institute international legislation to
protect our earth
*But, countries have found a way to get
around the protocol by ‘trading’ emissions.