The document discusses advanced nuclear energy technology and its potential to reduce climate mitigation costs. It notes that world energy usage is projected to increase nearly 50% by 2050, led by growth in Asia. This increase combined with rising CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use is exacerbating global warming effects like rising sea levels and temperatures. Nuclear energy produces very low carbon emissions and could help meet rising energy demand while reducing climate impacts compared to fossil fuels. However, advanced technologies are needed to improve nuclear further and reduce its costs to help address climate change at scale.

1. Advanced nuclear energy technology to reduce climate mitigation cost
M. Safiur Rahman1,* and A.F.M.Mizanur Rahman2
1Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy
Commission, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000,
Bangladesh

2. Advanced nuclear energy technology to reduce climate mitigation cost

3. Energy is now a
crucial resource
that permits global
economic, social,
and environmental
development.

4. Increasing of population vs electricity demand

5. US EIA projects nearly 50% increase in world
energy usage by 2050, led by growth in Asia
Global Primary Energy Consumption by Region (2010-2050)
Quadrillion British Thermal Units

6. World population vs CO2 emission
Assessing global temperature anomaly using NASA’s space studies
Global temperature anomaly and atmospheric CO2 concentration plotted as bar plot and line plot respectively.

7. Electricity generation vs CO2 release
 0.82 kg of CO2
produced for
every unit of
electricity from
coal
 That’s approx.
1kg of CO2
produced for
every unit of
electricity we use

8. Primary GHG’s in Earth’s Atmosphere:
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Methane: CH4 (biological processes)
 Nitrous Oxide: NOx (fertilizer/nitrogen)
Impact of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) on Climate change
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases naturally warm the surface of
the planet by trapping solar heat in the atmosphere.
 More emissions mean more heat is trapped in the atmosphere, making
the earth’s temperature rise.
This is called the “greenhouse effect

9. Average Global Temperature and Carbon Emissions
from Fossil Fuel Burning, 1880-2022
Source: Adapted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research
Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division.
Anomaly
of
Temp.
in
°C
(1951-1980)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Billion
Tons
of
Carbon
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Land
Temp
Index
Ocean
Temp
Index
Total
Carbon
Index
Global mean surface temperature
could rise between 1 to 4.5 °C by 2100

10.  Rise in sea levels
 Pollution of sea water with fresh water
 Extinction of many plant and animal species
 More natural disasters
 Water shortage
 Loss of agriculture
 Spread of tropical disease
Effects of climate change around the world
Human costs of climate change:
 Climate refugees
 Millions of internally displaced people
 Food shortages
 International credit crisis
 Job losses
 Collapse of nations

11. • Global mean surface temperature could increase by 1.0 to 4.5 0 C (best estimates)
• Global mean sea level could rise by 0.18 – 0.59 m
11 % of Bangladesh's coastal land is likely go underwater, creating 7 to 10 million climate refugees
Impact of Climate Changes
Increase in rainfall by 15-40% by the end of the 21st century
with high regional variability

12. Impact of Climate Changes

14. Assessing global temperature anomaly using NASA’s
space studies — Part I
Global temperature anomaly and atmospheric CO2 concentration plotted as bar plot and line plot respectively.

15. World fossil carbon dioxide emissions
six top countries and confederations

16. Global atmospheric concentration of CO2
Atmospheric CO2 has increased from a pre-industrial concentration of about 280 ppmv to about 367 ppmv at present
Global mean surface temperature
could rise between 1 to 4.5 °C by 2100

17. Electricity generation

18. • Gas in the atmosphere that absorbs
and emits radiation
• Primary GHG’s in Earth’s
Atmosphere:
• Carbon Dioxide
• Methane (biological processes)
• Nitrous Oxide (fertilizer/nitrogen)
Impact of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) on Climate Change

19. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• Greenhouse gases keep the Earth warm through a process called the greenhouse effect.

20.  Rise in sea levels
 Pollution of sea water with fresh water
 Extinction of many plant and animal species
 More natural disasters
 Water shortage
 Loss of agriculture
 Spread of tropical disease

21. • Global mean surface temperature could increase by 1.0 to 4.5 0 C (best estimates)
• Global mean sea level could rise by 0.18 – 0.59 m
11 % of Bangladesh's coastal land is likely go underwater, creating 7 to 10 million climate refugees
Impact of Climate Changes

22. II. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS (2)

23. Above are Final Paste

24. Climate Changes

26. What is climate change?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases naturally
warm the surface of the planet by trapping solar
heat in the atmosphere
Climate change occurs when human activity
causes an increase in CO2 and other gas emissions
More emissions mean more heat is trapped in the
atmosphere, making the earth’s temperature rise.
This is called the “greenhouse effect

27. Effect of Green House Gases

28. Global atmospheric concentration of CO2
Atmospheric CO2 has increased from a pre-industrial concentration of about 280 ppmv to about 367 ppmv at present

29. Increasing of population vs electricity demand

30. Assessing global temperature anomaly using
NASA’s space studies — Part I
Global temperature anomaly and atmospheric CO2 concentration plotted as bar plot and line plot respectively.

31. Average Global Temperature and Carbon
Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning, 1880-2022
Source: Adapted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research
Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division.

32. World fossil carbon dioxide
emissions six top countries and
confederations

33. Global atmospheric concentration of CO2
Atmospheric CO2 has increased from a pre-industrial concentration of about 280 ppmv to about 367 ppmv at present
Global mean surface temperature could
rise between 1 - 4.5 °C by 2100

34. 34
India’s Current CO2 Emission Level
Per Capita Tonnes / Per Year

35. 35
Cumulative CO2 Emissions
United States
EU-25
Russia China Germany
UK
Japan
France
India Ukraine Canada
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
%
of
World
Cumulative CO2 Emissions (1850-2002)
United States
EU-25
Russia
China
Germany
UK
Japan
France
India
Ukraine
Canada
Cumulative per capita emissions from 1850 to 2004 for UK and
USA is 1100 tons! For India it is 23 tons!

36. WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASES? (GHG)
• Gas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation
• Primary GHG’s in Earth’s Atmosphere:
• Carbon Dioxide
• Methane(biological processes)
• Nitrous Oxide (fertilizer/nitrogen)

37. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• Greenhouse gases keep the Earth warm through a process called the greenhouse effect.

38. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
 Potential climate change impacts include:
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries,
Human and animal health
Water resources
Coastal areas
Species and natural areas

39. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
• Melting Glaciers: glaciers are large sheets of snow and ice that are found on land all year
long. Warmer temperatures cause glaciers to melt faster than they can accumulate new
snow.
• Over the last 50 years glaciers all over the the world have been melting, and the rate of
melting has been speeding up.
• As glaciers and the giant ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica melt, they add more
water to the ocean causing sea-level to rise.

40. II. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS (2)

41. BY THE END OF THE CENTURY…
• GLOBAL MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE COULD
INCREASE BY 1.0 TO 4.5 0 C (BEST ESTIMATES)
• GLOBAL MEAN SEA LEVEL COULD RISE BY 0.18 –
0.59 M
• 11 % OF BANGLADESH'S COASTAL LAND IS
LIKELY GO UNDERWATER, CREATING 7 TO 10
MILLION CLIMATE REFUGEES

42. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
• Higher temperatures: GHG’s are trapping more heat in the atmosphere,
which is causing average temperatures to rise all over the world.
• Temperatures have risen over the last 30 years, and 2000-2009 was the
warmest decade ever recorded. As the earth heats up, heat waves are
becoming more common.
• Why does it matter?
• Higher temperatures mean that heat waves are likely to happen more often
and last longer. Warmer temperatures can also lead to a chain reaction of
other changes around the world. Increasing air temperatures also affect the
oceans, weather patterns, snow, ice and plants and animals. The warmer it
gets, the more severe the impacts on people and the environment will be.

43. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
• Higher temperatures: GHG’s are trapping more heat in the atmosphere,
which is causing average temperatures to rise all over the world.
• Temperatures have risen over the last 30 years, and 2000-2009 was the
warmest decade ever recorded. As the earth heats up, heat waves are
becoming more common.
• Why does it matter?
• Higher temperatures mean that heat waves are likely to happen more often
and last longer. Warmer temperatures can also lead to a chain reaction of
other changes around the world. Increasing air temperatures also affect the
oceans, weather patterns, snow, ice and plants and animals. The warmer it
gets, the more severe the impacts on people and the environment will be.

44. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
• More droughts: A drought is an extended period of dry weather caused by a
lack of rain or snow. As temperatures rise, more moisture evaporates from
land and water, leeaving less water behind.
• Since the 1970s droughts have become longer and more extreme worldwide,
particularly in the tropics and subtropics.
• Droughts are expected to get longer and more severe.
• Why does it matter?
• A drought means there is less water available for drinking, watering crops,
making electricity and hydroelectric dams and other uses.

45. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
• Melting Glaciers: glaciers are large sheets of snow and ice that are found on land all year
long. Warmer temperatures cause glaciers to melt faster than they can accumulate new
snow.
• Over the last 50 years glaciers all over the the world have been melting, and the rate of
melting has been speeding up.
• As glaciers and the giant ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica melt, they add more
water to the ocean causing sea-level to rise.

46. MAJOR CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN
AGRICULTURE SECTORS

47. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
• Rising sea level: As water gets warmer, it takes up more space. Sea level is
also rising due to melting glaciers and ice sheets.
• Over the past 100 years, the average sea level around the world rose by 7
inches.
• Why does it matter?
• Rising sea level is a threat to people who live near the ocean. Low lying
areas will have more frequent flooding, and very low lying land could be
submerged completely. Rising sea level can also harm important coastal
ecosystems.

48. SO, WHAT CAN WE DO TO SLOW DOWN GLOBAL
WARMING?
• Fuel Efficient Cars (when less gasoline is burned, less carbon dioxide ends
ups in the atmosphere)
• Energy-efficient buildings (Energy Star)
• Nuclear Energy (Splitting uranium atoms apart to make electricity)
• Wind Energy (wind turbines to make electricity)
• Geothermal Energy: Geothermal power plants use heat from deep inside the
Earth to generate steam to make electricity. Geothermal heat pumps tap into
heat close to Earth’s surface to heat water or provide heat for buildings.
• Solar Energy: A photovoltaic cell absorbs light and converts it directly into
electricity.

49.  Rise in sea levels
 Pollution of sea water with fresh water
 Extinction of many plant and animal species
 More natural disasters
 Water shortage
 Loss of agriculture
 Spread of tropical disease
Effects of climate change around the world
Human costs of climate change:
 Climate refugees
 Millions of internally displaced people
 Food shortages
 International credit crisis
 Job losses
 Collapse of nations

50. II. Climate Change Impacts (1)
 Potential climate change impacts include:
 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries,
 Human and animal health
 Water resources
 Coastal areas
 Species and natural areas.

51. Human costs of climate change:
 Climate refugees
 Millions of internally displaced people
 Food shortages
 International credit crisis
 Job losses
 Collapse of nations

52. II. Climate Change Impacts (2)

53. 53
53
WHY-NOW ?
 Increase in rainfall by 15-40% by the end of the
21st century with high regional variability
 Increase in annual mean temperature by 3°C to
5°C by the end of 21st century
 Changes in frequency and/or magnitude of
extreme temperature and precipitation events.
 These changes would result in adverse impacts
on agriculture, water resources, health, forests,
vulnerability to extreme events, and coastal
areas.
 Therefore, ACT NOW. Adopt Renewables.

54. By the end of the century…
• Global mean surface temperature could increase by 1.0 to 4.5 0
C (best estimates)
• Global mean sea level could rise by 0.18 – 0.59 m
• 11 % of Bangladesh's coastal land is likely go
underwater, creating 7 to 10 million climate refugees

55. Impact of climate change

56. Solution

57. The solution is in our hands

58. How can we stop climate change?
Nuclear power can only reduce carbon emissions
from electricity generation.
Electricity made by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) makes up only 68.9% of
total ENERGY use. So, we first need to reduce CO2 emissions by using less energy
and cleaner sources.
There are many clean energy alternative available that may reduce current CO2
emissions and keep our planet healthy for the future.
SOLAR
WIND
HYDRO

59. How can we stop climate change?
Nuclear power can only reduce carbon emissions
from electricity generation.
Electricity made by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) makes up only 68.9% of
total ENERGY use. So we first need to reduce CO2 emissions by using less energy
and cleaner sources.
There are many clean energy alternative available that may reduce current CO2
emissions and keep our planet healthy for the future.

60. How can we stop climate change?
What is desperately needed is a reduction in CO2
emissions, by using less energy and cleaner sources.
Nuclear power can only reduce carbon emissions from
electricity generation. But electricity made by burning
fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) makes up only 68.9% of
total ENERGY use; and produces
just 34.4% of Australia’s emissions.
NUCLEAR POWER IS NOT
THE ANSWER . . .

61. Electricity generation by fuel
Government Policy (GP) Scenario in Pakistan
Electricity generation mix (2014e2035) by fuel type in GP scenario

62. US EIA projects nearly 50% increase in world
energy usage by 2050, led by growth in Asia

63. Electricity generation

64. The burning of fossil fuels releases 11 BILLION TONS
of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year

65. Clean Energy
There are many clean energy alternative available
that may reduce current CO2 emissions and keep
our planet healthy for the future.
• Energy efficiency
• Solar energy (photovoltaics)
• Wind energy

66. 8.2.6 Discuss the relative advantages and
disadvantages of various energy sources.
No pollution Hazazard to low flying aircraft
Self starting Noisy
Tall towers can be built almost anywhere Structural failure due to fatigue
Wind
Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap Difficult to transport large components
Minimal maintenance Large areas of land needed
Sunlight inconsistent
Operating costs low
Pollution free operation Expensive to set up
Production wastes manageable Energy loss converting the DC to AC
Advantages Disadvantages
Solar
Tidal
Advantages Disadvantages
Low running costs Fish mortality rate of about 15% per pass
Peak output time varies during lunar month
Pollution free when operating. Very expensive to set up
More efficient than solar and fossil fuels Do not produce power all day
80% efficiency Limited number of suitable sites
antages Disadvantages
D
p
starting
Diffi

67. Many needed to replace a ff power station
Eyesore on the scenic coast line
Pollution free when operating.
Has to work in gentle seas
Location vital - need consistent waves
Expensive set up - must withstand storms
Variable output - waves inconsistent
Wave
Advantages Disadvantages
Low running costs Can be noisy - silencer needed
Reliable
Small amounts of fuel needed Slight chance of major explosion
No smoke or CO2 - no greenhouse effect Wastes must be sealed and buried
Small amounts of waste Wastes remain dangerous for many years
Nuclear
Advantages Disadvantages
Not expensive - about the same as coal Wastes are very radioactive - dangerous
Contribute to acid rain
Reliable
Cheap Likely to contribute to global warming
Simple burning process Prices depend on politics
Advantages Disadvantages
Easily obtained and distributed Produces the greenhouse gas CO2
Fossil
Pollution free when operating. Natural habitats destroyed by dam water
Hydroelectric
Advantages Disadvantages
Low running costs Water storage takes up large areas.

68. 8.2.6 Discuss the relative advantages and
disadvantages of various energy sources.
No pollution Hazazard to low flying aircraft
Self starting Noisy
Tall towers can be built almost anywhere Structural failure due to fatigue
Wind
Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap Difficult to transport large components
Minimal maintenance Large areas of land needed
Sunlight inconsistent
Operating costs low
Pollution free operation Expensive to set up
Production wastes manageable Energy loss converting the DC to AC
Advantages Disadvantages
Solar
Tidal
Advantages Disadvantages
Low running costs Fish mortality rate of about 15% per pass
Peak output time varies during lunar month
Pollution free when operating. Very expensive to set up
More efficient than solar and fossil fuels Do not produce power all day
80% efficiency Limited number of suitable sites

69. Many needed to replace a ff power station
Eyesore on the scenic coast line
Pollution free when operating.
Has to work in gentle seas
Location vital - need consistent waves
Expensive set up - must withstand storms
Variable output - waves inconsistent
Wave
Advantages Disadvantages
Low running costs Can be noisy - silencer needed
Reliable
Small amounts of fuel needed Slight chance of major explosion
No smoke or CO2 - no greenhouse effect Wastes must be sealed and buried
Small amounts of waste Wastes remain dangerous for many years
Nuclear
Advantages Disadvantages
Not expensive - about the same as coal Wastes are very radioactive - dangerous
Contribute to acid rain
Reliable
Cheap Likely to contribute to global warming
Simple burning process Prices depend on politics
Advantages Disadvantages
Easily obtained and distributed Produces the greenhouse gas CO2
Fossil
Pollution free when operating. Natural habitats destroyed by dam water
Hydroelectric
Advantages Disadvantages
Low running costs Water storage takes up large areas.