The document discusses global best practices in fuel economy policies. It provides an overview of the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), including their mission to improve vehicle efficiency and reduce emissions. The ICCT works with major vehicle markets worldwide to research regulatory policies and incentives. The document then examines key design aspects of fuel economy standards, comparing programs and targets in various countries and regions. It emphasizes that efficiency standards have been effective at reducing emissions globally and that the ICCT serves as a knowledge hub for local governments.
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector –Successful nationa...Leonardo ENERGY
A 100-word narrative abstract. Keep short and concise, this text will be used on the registration landing page and the invitation email.
How can countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector? The shift to a future compatible with the targets of the Paris agreement will require effective policies to address this sore spot of climate policy. This webinar will discuss the characteristics of the transport sector and present two successful examples of national transport policy instruments: The Norwegian policy mix to incentivize e-mobility adoption and the French Bonus Malus system. The policy instruments were analysed as part of the project Bridging European and Local Climate Action (BEACON) sponsored by the German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU).
Presentació de J.José Benito, responsable de medi ambient d'Airbus España, en la sessió .Tecno d'Ecotendències, que va tenir lloc a CosmoCaixa, Barcelona, el 31 de gener de 2012.
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector –Successful nationa...Leonardo ENERGY
A 100-word narrative abstract. Keep short and concise, this text will be used on the registration landing page and the invitation email.
How can countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector? The shift to a future compatible with the targets of the Paris agreement will require effective policies to address this sore spot of climate policy. This webinar will discuss the characteristics of the transport sector and present two successful examples of national transport policy instruments: The Norwegian policy mix to incentivize e-mobility adoption and the French Bonus Malus system. The policy instruments were analysed as part of the project Bridging European and Local Climate Action (BEACON) sponsored by the German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU).
Presentació de J.José Benito, responsable de medi ambient d'Airbus España, en la sessió .Tecno d'Ecotendències, que va tenir lloc a CosmoCaixa, Barcelona, el 31 de gener de 2012.
Environmental fiscal reform and the proposed carbon tax Tristan Wiggill
A presentation by Mr Cecil Morden (Chief Director: Economic Tax Analysis: National Treasury), at the Transport Forum SIG: "Sustainable Transport" on 6 August 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg's Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies (Africa), or ITLS (Africa). The theme of the presentation was: "Environmental Fiscal Reform and the proposed Carbon Tax".
Ricardo low carbon vehicle partnership life cycle co2 measure - final reportUCSD-Strategic-Energy
A Ricardo study released in June highlighted the increasing importance of accounting for whole life carbon emissions to compare the GHG of low carbon vehicles. Ricardo found that a typical medium sized family car will create around 24 tonnes of CO2 during its life cycle, while a battery electric vehicle (BEV) will produce around 18 tonnes over its life. For a battery EV, 46% of its total carbon footprint is generated at the factory, before it has travelled a single mile. If the charging source is renewable energy, i.e., “Tailpipe Endgame” rather than 500g/kWH that Ricardo assumed, then the battery EV would have a life cycle C02 footprint only 37% that of a standard gasoline vehicle. The report was prepared by Ricardo for, and in collaboration with, the expert membership of the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership that includes major vehicle manufacturers and oil companies, and it will be a strong baseline along with other analyses for all present and future funded efforts to document the environmental benefits of renewable energy charging of BEVs.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Environmental fiscal reform and the proposed carbon tax Tristan Wiggill
A presentation by Mr Cecil Morden (Chief Director: Economic Tax Analysis: National Treasury), at the Transport Forum SIG: "Sustainable Transport" on 6 August 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg's Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies (Africa), or ITLS (Africa). The theme of the presentation was: "Environmental Fiscal Reform and the proposed Carbon Tax".
Ricardo low carbon vehicle partnership life cycle co2 measure - final reportUCSD-Strategic-Energy
A Ricardo study released in June highlighted the increasing importance of accounting for whole life carbon emissions to compare the GHG of low carbon vehicles. Ricardo found that a typical medium sized family car will create around 24 tonnes of CO2 during its life cycle, while a battery electric vehicle (BEV) will produce around 18 tonnes over its life. For a battery EV, 46% of its total carbon footprint is generated at the factory, before it has travelled a single mile. If the charging source is renewable energy, i.e., “Tailpipe Endgame” rather than 500g/kWH that Ricardo assumed, then the battery EV would have a life cycle C02 footprint only 37% that of a standard gasoline vehicle. The report was prepared by Ricardo for, and in collaboration with, the expert membership of the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership that includes major vehicle manufacturers and oil companies, and it will be a strong baseline along with other analyses for all present and future funded efforts to document the environmental benefits of renewable energy charging of BEVs.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
CO2 emissions of vehicles: a broad and persistent problemLeonardo ENERGY
The transport sector has not seen the same decline in greenhouse gas emissions as many other sectors. CO2 emissions from passenger cars and trucks form a persistent problem and policymakers struggle to find effective solutions to meet the goals.
First, there is this ongoing race to the bottom among declared CO2 values with a growing gap with the emissions in real-world use. Second, manufacturers are only responsible for the performance of their cars under idealized circumstances, as measured during vehicle emission tests. Third, the economic and life-style aspects of owning and driving heavy and expensive cars are forces in the opposite direction. And last, the European Union has only limited systems in place for the monitoring and verification of the CO2 emissions of vehicles.
In this presentation, Norbert Ligterink (PhD), senior research scientist at TNO, guides you to understanding the complexity behind this broad and persistent problem.
Reducing Emissions from Corporate FleetsJason Mathers
There are many successful strategies to reduce fleet cost and emissions. EDF discusses many of these and provides case studies of leading companies that are cutting costs and setting environmental goals.
Fuel Economy Trends and Tools, Rob de Jong, Head Transport Unit UN Environmen...FIA Foundation
Why Countries Improve Fuel Economy
• Reduce pollutant emissions
• Reduce oil dependence
• Improve balance of payments
• Reduce transport cost consumers and
companies
• Reduce cost public transport
• Reduce greenhouse gases
• Promote domestic economies/jobs
Fuel Economy Trends and Tools, Rob de Jong, Head Transport Unit UN Environment Programme
www.unep.org
Presented at the Global Fuel Economy Initiative ‘Accelerator Symposium’ on September 5th, ahead of the September 2014 UN Climate Summit.
The Symposium hosted by the French Government at the Ministry of Ecology Sustainable Development and Energy on 5th September, provided a forum for countries, experts, NGOs and the private sector to advance the agenda on fuel economy globally and prepare for the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s Climate Summit.
Government representatives from a wide range of countries working on fuel economy policies participated in the Symposium. Countries presenting at the Symposium included China, Georgia Kenya and Mauritius. There were more than 70 delegates attending the symposium from around the world with countries represented including Chile, Costa Rica, Hungary, Ivory Coast, Kosovo, Peru, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, the UAE, Uganda and Vietnam. Organisations included Transport & Environment, the FIA, ExxonMobil, Michelin, Renault, CEDARE, the OECD and the World Bank.
Read more: http://www.globalfueleconomy.org/updates/2014/Pages/GFEIAcceleratorbuildsmomentumforUNClimateSummit.aspx
In the continuing CALSTART webinar series for members, James Tamm - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Byron Bunker – US Environmental Protection Agency, gave an overview of proposed rules for heavy-duty vehicles. The event was held for CALSTART members only on December 16, 2010
Presentation by David Austin, an analyst in CBO’s Microeconomics Studies Division, at the Georgetown Freight Rail Colloquium.
Although freight transport contributes significantly to the productivity of the U.S. economy, it also involves sizable costs to society. Those costs include wear and tear on roads and bridges; delays caused by traffic congestion; injuries, fatalities, and property damage from accidents; and harmful effects from exhaust emissions. No one pays those external costs directly—neither freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport. This presentation examines policy options to address those unpriced external costs.
OECD Green Talks Webinar: Carbon Pricing Trends - Measuring the MomentumOECDtax
Decarbonisation keeps climate change in check and contributes to cleaner air and water. Carbon pricing is a cost-effective means of reducing CO2 emissions, but countries are still not using this tool to its full potential to curb climate change. xperts from the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration presented the key findings from their report on Effective Carbon Rates, which measures pricing of CO2-emissions from energy use in 42 OECD and G20 countries, covering 80% of world emissions, and provided a first appreciation of countries’ progress since 2012.
Similar to Global Best Practices in Fuel Economy Policies.Vicente Franco, Peter Mock, ICCT Europe (20)
"Климатическая шкатулка" - пособие для школьников по теме "Изменение климата"undprussia
«Климатическая шкатулка» создана специально для детей. Это своего рода иллюстрированная энциклопедия о климате, где в увлекательной форме рассказывается о том, как менялся климат Земли на протяжении истории и как проявляются современные изменения климата, как эти изменения влияют на природу и человека, и можно ли адаптироваться к неизбежным последствиям, как можно предотвратить опасные последствия глобального потепления и что уже делается в разных регионах мира и России.
Отдельный раздел пособия посвящен тому, как можно сократить свой углеродный след. Пособие и другие материалы «Климатической шкатулки» подходят как для самостоятельного изучения, так и для работы в группах и ориентированы на детей разных возрастов
Развитие глобального рынка природного газа для транспорта. Development of the...undprussia
Е.Н. Пронин, Главный специалист ООО «Газпром экспорт», Руководитель РК5 Международный газовый союз
Eugene Pronin, Senior specialist Gazprom export LLC,
Chairman, Working Committee 5 International Gas Union
О деятельности Минтранса России в области снижения экологической нагрузки от ...undprussia
В. И. Котляренко, Начальник отдела технической политики Департамента государственной политики
в области автомобильного и городского
пассажирского транспорта Минтранса России, д.т.н.
Global Fuel Economy Initiative_18-06-2014undprussia
The GFEI was founded in 2009 by the International Energy Agency, International Transport Forum, UNEP and the FIA Foundation to promote a doubling of auto fuel economy worldwide by 2050
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Global Best Practices in Fuel Economy Policies.Vicente Franco, Peter Mock, ICCT Europe
1. Global Best Practices
in Fuel Economy Policies"
Vicente Franco, Peter Mock!
ICCT Europe!
Improving fuel economy and reduction of
emissions from road transport in Russia!
17-18 June 2014, Moscow!
2. The ICCT: mission and activities
The mission of ICCT is to
dramatically improve the
environmental
performance and
efficiency of cars, trucks,
buses and transportation
systems in order to
protect and improve public
health, the environment,
and quality of life.
§ Non-profit research
organization"
§ Air pollution and climate
impacts"
§ Focus on regulatory
policies and fiscal
incentives "
§ Activity across modes
including aviation and
marine"
§ Global outreach, with
special focus on largest
markets
Slide 2
www.theicct.org"
"
3. ICCT works in top vehicle markets
worldwide to provide high level research"
8. Some key points to consider when
introducing fuel economy policies"
1. Regulated metric
(fuel consumption, GHG, CO2, well-to-tank, well-to-wheel, …)"
2. Form of target curve + underlying attribute
(flat, steps, continuous, … weight, footprint, …)"
3. Target / limit value
(level of ambition)"
4. Penalties
(what happens if targets are missed?)"
5. Accompanying measures
(labeling, taxation, …)"
6. On-road compliance
(are reductions also realized in “real-world” driving?)"
9. Some key points to consider when
introducing fuel economy policies"
1. Regulated metric
(fuel consumption, GHG, CO2, well-to-tank, well-to-wheel, …)"
2. Form of target curve + underlying attribute
(flat, steps, continuous, … weight, footprint, …)"
3. Target / limit value
(level of ambition)"
4. Penalties
(what happens if targets are missed?)"
5. Accompanying measures
(labeling, taxation, …)"
6. On-road compliance
(are reductions also realized in “real-world” driving?)"
10. 10
Country/Region
Regulated metric
Program details, reduction in
CO2-per-distance emissions
European Union#
CO2 emissions (CO2/km)
40% reduction, MY 2008-2020
EU NEDC
United States
Fuel economy (mi/gal)
42% reduction, MY 2010-2025
U.S. FTP
GHG emissions (CO2e/mi)
Japan#
Fuel economy (km/L)
30% reduction, MY 2010-2020
Japan JC08
China#
Fuel consumption (L/100km)
14% reduction, MY2008-2015
EU NEDC cycle
Canada
GHG emissions (CO2e/mi)
24% reduction, MY 2009-2016
U.S. FTP
South Korea
Fuel economy (km/L)
12% reduction, MY 2012-2015
U.S. FTP
CO2 emissions (CO2/km)
Mexico
Fuel economy (km/L)
12% reduction, MY 2011-2016
U.S. FTP
India
Fuel economy (km/L)
20% reduction, MY 2010-2020
NEDC for low powered vehicles
#: Separate standards established for light-commercial vehicles"
11. Some key points to consider when
introducing fuel economy policies"
1. Regulated metric
(fuel consumption, GHG, CO2, well-to-tank, well-to-wheel, …)"
2. Form of target curve + underlying attribute
(flat, steps, continuous, …, weight, footprint, …)"
3. Target / limit value
(level of ambition)"
4. Penalties
(what happens if targets are missed?)"
5. Accompanying measures
(labeling, taxation, …)"
6. On-road compliance
(are reductions also realized in “real-world” driving?)"
12. 12
Country/
Region
Regulated metric
Attribute
Form
Categories, classes,
other provisions
Fuel
Economy
Fuel
Consumption
CO2/GHG
Weight
Footprint
Class
Continuous
Bins
European
Union#
X
X
X
Eco-innovations,
super-credits
United States
X
X
X
X
X
2WD, AC credit, FFV/
E85, alternative fuels
Japan
X
X
X
Averaging within bins
China
X
X
X
X
Transmission, per-
vehicle limits à
corporate average
Canada
X
X
X
X
AC credits, alternative
fuels
South Korea*
X
X
X
X
Eco-innovations
Mexico
X
X
X
X
India
X
X
X
#: CO2 standards complemented by air-conditioning, tyre pressure monitoring, gear-shift indicators etc."
* : FE/CO2 standards include consideration for tyre pressure monitoring, gear-shift indicators "
13. EU CO2 standard for passenger cars"
13
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
gCO2/km
Mass of the Vehicle in Running Order (kg)
EU 2015 and 2020 target curves
2020: T = 95 + 0.0333 *(M-M0)
2015: T = 130 + 0.0457 *(M-1372)
14. China Phase IV standards based on corporate averaging
(Jan 2014 proposal)"
14
17. 17
Weight-based system strongly reduces weight
reduction incentive; not technology neutral"
vehicle weight [kg]
CO2
[g/km]
60% target line
-100 kg
-6 g/km
-100 kg
-6 g/km
Weight-based target system
60% target line
vehicle size [m2]
Footprint-based target system
If manufacturer applies weight
reduction, most of the CO2-
reduction effect is taken away
from him due to now more
stringent CO2 target
Manufacturer fully benefits from
the CO2-reduction effect of
lightweighting
18. Some key points to consider when
introducing fuel economy policies"
1. Regulated metric
(fuel consumption, GHG, CO2, well-to-tank, well-to-wheel, …)"
2. Form of target curve + underlying attribute
(flat, steps, continuous, … weight, footprint, …)"
3. Target / limit value
(level of ambition)"
4. Penalties
(what happens if targets are missed?)"
5. Accompanying measures
(labeling, taxation, …)"
6. On-road compliance
(are reductions also realized in “real-world” driving?)"
19. Comparison of GHG reduction targets
for passenger cars across the world"
20. Comparison of GHG reduction targets:
Annual reduction rates (light-duty vehicles)"
EU 2011: 135
EU 2020: 95
US 2011: 217
US 2025:109
Japan 2010:127
Japan 2020: 105
China 2010: 180
China 2015: 167
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
GramsCO2perKilometernormalizedtoNEDC
EU
US-LDV
Japan
China
[1]$China's$target$reflects$gasoline$fleet$scenario.$If$including$other$fuel$types,$the$target$will$be$lower.$$
[2]$US$and$Canada$lightAduty$vehicles$include$lightAcommercial$vehicles.$
[3]$Annual$rate$is$calculated$using$baseline$actual$performance$and$target$values.$
China 2020: 117
Annual reduction rate %
4.8%$
4.2%$
3.8%$
1.9%$
US$(2011A2025)$
China(2010A2020)$
EU(2011A2020)$
Japan(2010A2020)$
21. Some key points to consider when
introducing fuel economy policies"
1. Regulated metric
(fuel consumption, GHG, CO2, well-to-tank, well-to-wheel, …)"
2. Form of target curve + underlying attribute
(flat, steps, continuous, … weight, footprint, …)"
3. Target / limit value
(level of ambition)"
4. Penalties
(what happens if targets are missed?)"
5. Accompanying measures
(labeling, taxation, …)"
6. On-road compliance
(are reductions also realized in “real-world” driving?)"
22. Some key points to consider when
introducing fuel economy policies"
1. Regulated metric
(fuel consumption, GHG, CO2, well-to-tank, well-to-wheel, …)"
2. Form of target curve + underlying attribute
(flat, steps, continuous, … weight, footprint, …)"
3. Target / limit value
(level of ambition)"
4. Penalties
(what happens if targets are missed?)"
5. Accompanying measures
(labeling, taxation, …)"
6. On-road compliance
(are reductions also realized in “real-world” driving?)"
28. Global CO2 emissions stabilized by car efficiency
standards in 2025, despite doubling of vehicles
"
Source: ICCT Global Transportation Roadmap model!
Efficiency measures show greatest effect. Mode shift / activity reduction
potential estimated to be significantly smaller."
29. Efficiency standards are working around the globe,
ICCT as knowledge hub for local governments"
Adopted and “Pipeline” emission reductions from policies that ICCT is working on."
30. 30
Vicente Franco
(030) 847.129.109
vicente@theicct.org
www.theicct.org!
§ ICCT Passenger Vehicles website: http://www.theicct.org/passenger-vehicles "
§ ICCT Staff blog: http://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff"
§ Global Passenger Vehicle Standards Update:
http://www.theicct.org/global-passenger-vehicle-standards-update "
§ US CAFE Standards: http://www.theicct.org/policies/us-cafe-standards "
§ EU LDV CO2 Regulation: http://www.theicct.org/policies/eu-light-duty-vehicle-co2-regulation "
§ Review and Comparative Analysis of Fiscal Policies to promote fuel economy:
http://www.theicct.org/review-and-comparative-analysis-fiscal-policies "
§ CO2 Standards: http://www.theicct.org/issues/co2-standards "
More information …"
31. Thank you
"
Vicente Franco, Peter Mock, Joshua Miller!
ICCT Europe!
Improving fuel economy and reduction of
emissions from road transport in Russia!
17-18 June 2014, Moscow!
спасибо
