This document provides an overview of oceanography, outlining the 5 oceans, key topics within oceanography like physical, chemical, and biological oceanography. It also discusses the history of ocean exploration from early Polynesian navigation techniques to modern voyages that have advanced our understanding of ocean depths and life, including the discovery of the Marianas Trench.

1. Intro to
Oceanography

2. How does it differ from Marine Biology?
Study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life
within it.
Marine bio studies marine organisms’
anatomy, physiology, behavior; more
individualistic.

3. 1.Pacific
2.Atlantic
3.Indian
4.Arctic
5.Southern or
Antarctic Ocean
The five principal oceans

4. Indian
Southern or Antarctic
Artic
Pacific
Atlantic

5. Ocean Area (square miles) Average Depth (ft) D
Pacific
Ocean
64,186,000 15,215 Marian
Atlantic
Ocean
33,420,000 12,881 Puerto R
Indian
Ocean
28,350,000 13,002 Java
Southern
Ocean
7,848,300 sq. miles
(20.327 million sq km )
13,100 - 16,400 ft deep
(4,000 to 5,000 meters)
the souther
Trench,
Arctic
Ocean
5,106,000 3,953 Euras
Comparison of Oceans Size

6. The Seven Seas?

8. Physical Oceanography
How and why ocean currents flow,
air-sea interactions such as the
generation of waves by wind.

9. Chemical Oceanography
Composition of sea water and the
processing controlling and altering its
composition, including marine pollution

10. Organisms that live in the ocean and
their relationship to the environment
Biological Oceanography

11. Study of rock structure in the ocean
basin, properties of rocks such as
magnetism, occurrence of earthquakes.
Geological Oceanography

12. Design and installation of oceanographic
instrumentation and vehicles
Ocean Engineering

13. NOAA Weather
Buoy/ Tsunami
Global/Local Monitoring
Chlorophyll

14. Disciplinary Connections
BIOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
OCEANOGRAPHYPHYSICS
GEOLOGY
CHEMISTRY
GEOPHYSICS
BIOPHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

15. Average depth of ocean- 4000m
Average temperature- 39oF (3.9oC)
Age of ocean- 4 billion years old

16. Covers 71% of the Earth’s surface

17. Amazon River
Average salinity- 35 o/oo
Dead Sea
Jordan
Israel
Dead
Sea

18. Tallest Mountain: Hawaii's Mauna Kea rises 10,203 m
(33,476 ft) from base to peak. Everest is only 8,848m.

19. Deepest spot- Marianas Trench (10,912m)
1960- Walsh & Piccard
Marianas Trench
10,912 m
Mt Everest
8,863 m
http://video.nationalge
ographic.com/video/e
nvironment/habitats-
environment/habitats-
oceans-env/cameron-
how-deep/

20. Millions of Years Before Present
Age of the ocean basin: 200 my old

21. It formally began in the 1800’s.
Previously, it was thought that the
deep ocean had no life below 550 m
(Edward Forbes- Azoic Theory).

23. Prior to then:
1500 B.C., Phoenicians were skilled
sailors and traded goods

24. Migration Routes of Polynesia

26. An early stick chart from Micronesia shows the waves
and currents around the islands which are represented
by shells.

28. Voyage of Columbus (1492) and Magellan (1519)

29. Cook (1700’s)- sailed twice around the world
1st European to visit Hawaii
Cook

30. Humboldt (1800’s)- German naturalist, contributions in
geophysics, meteorology, and oceanography

31. Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Darwin (1831):
•Subsidence theory of coral reef formation (atolls) & origin of
species

32. Ben Franklin (1770’s)- mapped the Gulf Stream
1996
1786

33. • collected thousands of biological and sea
bottom samples
• traveled in every ocean except arctic
• cruise directed by Charles Wyville Thompson
• 362 stations, 715 new genera, 5000 new
species
• discovered Mariana
Trench and Mindarniad
(34,000 ft deep)
Voyage of the HMS Challenger (1872-1876)

34. Voyage of the HMS Challenger (1872-1876)
HMS Challenger's
Chemical Laboratory
Deep sea Collections

35. Late 19th century – early 20th century:
•Founding a number of important marine
laboratories, including coastal labs and open
ocean labs.
Founded 1903
Founded 1930
1888

36. Meteor Expedition (1925)- introduced
modern optical and electronic
equipment (echo sounder)
Recent:

37. Glomar Challenger (1968)- drilling for
deep sea sediments

38. Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964)
Marine biologist at U.S. Bureau of Fisheries & Fish & Wildlife
Service

39. Jacque Cousteau (1910-1997)
Navy officer, explorer, film maker,
inventor of scuba (1947)
"From birth, man carries the weight of gravity
on his shoulders. He is bolted to the earth. But
man has only to sink beneath the surface and
he is free.”

40. Bob Ballard (1942-)
Navy officer, explorer, film maker

41. We’re in EDMODO NOW
• 1. Pada web browser (mozilla, Chrome, dll)
ketik www.edmodo.com
• 2. sign up sebagai student.

43. dueynw

45. Inquiry
1. The 4 major disciplines of oceanography
are _____.
2. The tallest mtn in the world is____.
3. The ave. depth of the ocean is ____.
4. What are modern and ancient ways to
navigate?
5. Who discovered the Marianas trench and
how was it done?
6. Who traveled to it’s depths?
7. What was Rachael Carson known for?