This document discusses the impacts of climate change on soil carbon dynamics. It begins with definitions of key terms like climate change and climatic extremes. It then outlines the different global carbon pools, with soils containing the third largest pool. The document discusses how climate change can impact the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon through changes in temperature, CO2, precipitation patterns, and climate extremes. It also examines potential carbon losses from soils under different climate change scenarios and considers approaches to mitigate these impacts through improved agricultural and land management practices.
Edoardo Costantini-Impact of climate change and management of soil characteri...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 17 de abril de 2015 la Fundación Ramón Areces se unió a la celebración del Año Internacional de los Suelos con la jornada 'El suelo como registro ambiental y recursos a conservar'. En ella, se abordó desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar su estado de conservación.
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...Rajendra meena
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is bringing about major changes to the global environment resulting in global warming, depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere, changes in atmospheric moisture and precipitation and enhanced atmospheric deposition. These changes impact several soil processes, which are influence soil health. Soil health refers to the capacity of soil to perform agronomic and environmental functions. A number of physical, chemical and biological characteristics have been proposed as indicators of soil health. Generally, biological processes in soil such as decomposition and storage of organic matter, C and N cycling, microbial and metabolic quotients are likely to be influenced greatly by climate change and have thus high relevance to assess climate change impacts (Allen et al., 2011). Soil organic matter (SOM) exerts a major influence on several soil health indicators and is thus considered a key indicator of soil health. An optimal level of SOM is essential for maintaining soil health and alleviating rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 has increased C decay rates generally but in some cases elevated CO2 increases soil C storage (Jastrow et al., 2016). Enhancing the soil organic carbon pool also improves agro-ecosystem resilience, eco-efficiency, and adaptation to climate change. Healthy soils provide the largest store of terrestrial carbon, when managed sustainably; soils can play an important role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon (carbon sequestration) and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (Paustian et al., 2016).
Wright et al., (2005) reported that no tillage increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) 11 and 21% in corn and 22 and 12 % in cotton than conventional tillage. Agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity (Yadav et al ., 2011).
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Edoardo Costantini-Impact of climate change and management of soil characteri...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 17 de abril de 2015 la Fundación Ramón Areces se unió a la celebración del Año Internacional de los Suelos con la jornada 'El suelo como registro ambiental y recursos a conservar'. En ella, se abordó desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar su estado de conservación.
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...Rajendra meena
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is bringing about major changes to the global environment resulting in global warming, depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere, changes in atmospheric moisture and precipitation and enhanced atmospheric deposition. These changes impact several soil processes, which are influence soil health. Soil health refers to the capacity of soil to perform agronomic and environmental functions. A number of physical, chemical and biological characteristics have been proposed as indicators of soil health. Generally, biological processes in soil such as decomposition and storage of organic matter, C and N cycling, microbial and metabolic quotients are likely to be influenced greatly by climate change and have thus high relevance to assess climate change impacts (Allen et al., 2011). Soil organic matter (SOM) exerts a major influence on several soil health indicators and is thus considered a key indicator of soil health. An optimal level of SOM is essential for maintaining soil health and alleviating rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 has increased C decay rates generally but in some cases elevated CO2 increases soil C storage (Jastrow et al., 2016). Enhancing the soil organic carbon pool also improves agro-ecosystem resilience, eco-efficiency, and adaptation to climate change. Healthy soils provide the largest store of terrestrial carbon, when managed sustainably; soils can play an important role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon (carbon sequestration) and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (Paustian et al., 2016).
Wright et al., (2005) reported that no tillage increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) 11 and 21% in corn and 22 and 12 % in cotton than conventional tillage. Agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity (Yadav et al ., 2011).
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Soil Carbon & its Sequestration for Better Soil HealthBiswajitPramanick4
Carbon sequestration is the long- term storage of carbon in oceans, soils, vegetation (especially forests), and geologic formations. Although oceans store most of the Earth's carbon, soils contain approximately 75% of the carbon pool on land — three times more than the amount stored in living plants and animals.
Dr Andrew Rawson: Soil Carbon Sequestration in a Changing ClimateCarbon Coalition
Dr Andrew Rawson of the NSW Department of the Environment and Climate Change, explains why climate change is blamed for more than it can be held to have caused. This presentation was given at the Carbon farming Expo & Conference in Orange NSW Australia in November 2008.
Climate change effect on agricultural sectorAtif Nawaz
Climate change effect badly all kinds of species from last decade. and its going to very keen issue.
its a responsibility of all humanity to care about all issues regarding to climate change.
Climate Smart Agriculture and Soil-Carbon SequestrationSIANI
Part of the Swedish seminar "Från kolkälla till kolfälla: Om framtidens klimatsmarta jordbruk"
8th May 2012, 13.00 - 16.30
Kulturhuset, Stockholm
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO, gives a global overview of carbon in soil.
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
Carbon sequestration is an important global phenomenon that plays a significant role in maintaining a balanced global carbon cycle and sustainable crop production. Carbon Sequestration is the placement of CO2 into a depository in such way that it remains safely and not released back to the atmosphere.
Among the soil factors, texture plays an important role in C sequestration. The observation that the decrease in clay- and silt associated C and N upon cultivation of soils was generally less than the decrease in C and N in the particle size fraction > 20 µm confirms that clay and sift particles protect C against microbial degradation (Hassink, 1997).
Increase in SOC concentration with conservation tillage was partly responsible for the increased macroaggregation near the soil surface.( Zhang et al. 2013)
Electrical conductivity in soils affects the organic carbon content by reducing the uptake of minerals and water by the plant which ultimately results in less plant growth. A higher electrical conductivity causes less decomposition in soils which consequently reduces the accumulation of humus meanwhile, the values of acidity; percentage of organic matter, organic carbon and the sequestration of carbon in soils containing T. kotschyiwas more than the values observed in soils containing T. aphylla and the soil of the control which contained no plants.
Nitrogen applicaton at optimum rate help to sequester carbon in soil.(Jiang et al. 2019). Integrated nutrient application in long-term rice-wheat cropping system would be a suitable option with respect to its potentiality of increasing yield, nutrient availability, and sequestering soil organic carbon for sustainable soil health management in partially reclaimed sodic soils of the north Indian subcontinent. He concluded that FYM application increase passive pool of soil while green manure increase active and labile pool. (Choudhury et al. 2018)
Six et al. (2006) by various observation of different sites concludes changes in the relative abundance and activity of bacteria and fungi may significantly affect C cycling and storage, due to the unique physiologies and differential interactions with soil physical properties of these two microbial groups. It has been hypothesized that C turnover is slower in fungal-dominated communities in part because fungi in corporate more soil C into biomass than bacteria and because fungal cell walls are more recalcitrant than bacterial cell walls. Same result by Aliasgharzad et al. 2016).
Tsai et al. (2013) showed positive correlation of soil organic carbon with elevation
climate change now a days a big issue and weeds also in agriculture production system , climate change bring some positive and negative changes in the behavior of weeds.
soil organic carbon- a key for sustainable soil quality under scenario of cli...Bornali Borah
The global soil resource is already showing a sign of serious degradation (Banwart et al. 2014) which has ultimately negative impact on sustained crop yield and environmental quality. Due to intense rainfall and concurrent rise in temperature with changing climate, the fertile top soil is prone to severe degradation with depletion of SOC. Most soils in agricultural ecosystems have lost soil C ranging from 30 to 60 t C ha-1 with the magnitude of 50 to 75% loss (Lal, 2004). Hence, restoration of soil quality through different carbon management options will enhance soil health, mitigate climate change and provide sustained agricultural production.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Effect of Global Warming on Soil Organic CarbonAmruta Raut
Currently surface Temperature are rising by about 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) per decade so how it will affect soil organic carbon level and what are the different strategies to sequester carbon explain in detail
Soil Carbon & its Sequestration for Better Soil HealthBiswajitPramanick4
Carbon sequestration is the long- term storage of carbon in oceans, soils, vegetation (especially forests), and geologic formations. Although oceans store most of the Earth's carbon, soils contain approximately 75% of the carbon pool on land — three times more than the amount stored in living plants and animals.
Dr Andrew Rawson: Soil Carbon Sequestration in a Changing ClimateCarbon Coalition
Dr Andrew Rawson of the NSW Department of the Environment and Climate Change, explains why climate change is blamed for more than it can be held to have caused. This presentation was given at the Carbon farming Expo & Conference in Orange NSW Australia in November 2008.
Climate change effect on agricultural sectorAtif Nawaz
Climate change effect badly all kinds of species from last decade. and its going to very keen issue.
its a responsibility of all humanity to care about all issues regarding to climate change.
Climate Smart Agriculture and Soil-Carbon SequestrationSIANI
Part of the Swedish seminar "Från kolkälla till kolfälla: Om framtidens klimatsmarta jordbruk"
8th May 2012, 13.00 - 16.30
Kulturhuset, Stockholm
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO, gives a global overview of carbon in soil.
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
Carbon sequestration is an important global phenomenon that plays a significant role in maintaining a balanced global carbon cycle and sustainable crop production. Carbon Sequestration is the placement of CO2 into a depository in such way that it remains safely and not released back to the atmosphere.
Among the soil factors, texture plays an important role in C sequestration. The observation that the decrease in clay- and silt associated C and N upon cultivation of soils was generally less than the decrease in C and N in the particle size fraction > 20 µm confirms that clay and sift particles protect C against microbial degradation (Hassink, 1997).
Increase in SOC concentration with conservation tillage was partly responsible for the increased macroaggregation near the soil surface.( Zhang et al. 2013)
Electrical conductivity in soils affects the organic carbon content by reducing the uptake of minerals and water by the plant which ultimately results in less plant growth. A higher electrical conductivity causes less decomposition in soils which consequently reduces the accumulation of humus meanwhile, the values of acidity; percentage of organic matter, organic carbon and the sequestration of carbon in soils containing T. kotschyiwas more than the values observed in soils containing T. aphylla and the soil of the control which contained no plants.
Nitrogen applicaton at optimum rate help to sequester carbon in soil.(Jiang et al. 2019). Integrated nutrient application in long-term rice-wheat cropping system would be a suitable option with respect to its potentiality of increasing yield, nutrient availability, and sequestering soil organic carbon for sustainable soil health management in partially reclaimed sodic soils of the north Indian subcontinent. He concluded that FYM application increase passive pool of soil while green manure increase active and labile pool. (Choudhury et al. 2018)
Six et al. (2006) by various observation of different sites concludes changes in the relative abundance and activity of bacteria and fungi may significantly affect C cycling and storage, due to the unique physiologies and differential interactions with soil physical properties of these two microbial groups. It has been hypothesized that C turnover is slower in fungal-dominated communities in part because fungi in corporate more soil C into biomass than bacteria and because fungal cell walls are more recalcitrant than bacterial cell walls. Same result by Aliasgharzad et al. 2016).
Tsai et al. (2013) showed positive correlation of soil organic carbon with elevation
climate change now a days a big issue and weeds also in agriculture production system , climate change bring some positive and negative changes in the behavior of weeds.
soil organic carbon- a key for sustainable soil quality under scenario of cli...Bornali Borah
The global soil resource is already showing a sign of serious degradation (Banwart et al. 2014) which has ultimately negative impact on sustained crop yield and environmental quality. Due to intense rainfall and concurrent rise in temperature with changing climate, the fertile top soil is prone to severe degradation with depletion of SOC. Most soils in agricultural ecosystems have lost soil C ranging from 30 to 60 t C ha-1 with the magnitude of 50 to 75% loss (Lal, 2004). Hence, restoration of soil quality through different carbon management options will enhance soil health, mitigate climate change and provide sustained agricultural production.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Effect of Global Warming on Soil Organic CarbonAmruta Raut
Currently surface Temperature are rising by about 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) per decade so how it will affect soil organic carbon level and what are the different strategies to sequester carbon explain in detail
Required Resources
Required Text
1. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet
a. Chapter 3: Dollars and the Environmental Sense: Economics of Environmental Issues
b. Chapter 21: Air Pollution
Multimedia
1. Annenberg Learner. (n.d.). Carbon lab [Interactive lab]. In The Habitable Planet. Retrieved from http://learner.org/courses/envsci/interactives/carbon/
2. dennettracerocks3d. (2013, June 12). Carbon tax and cap and trade [Video clip]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmRNCEur1ks
· Transcript
Recommended Resource
Article
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Cap and trade. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/captrade/
CrITICAl THINkING IssUe
Should Carbon dioxide Be Regulated Along with other Major Air Pollutants?
The six common pollutants, sometimes called the criteria pol- lutants, are ozone, particulate matter, lead, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. These pollutants have a long history with the EPA, and major efforts have been made to reduce them in the lower atmosphere over the United States. This effort has been largely successful—all of them have been significantly reduced since 1990.
In 2009, the EPA suggested that we add carbon dioxide to this list. Two years earlier, the U.S. Supreme Court had or- dered the EPA to make a scientific review of carbon dioxide as an air pollutant that could possibly endanger public health and welfare. Following that review, the EPA announced that greenhouse gases pose a threat to public health and welfare. This proclamation makes it possible that greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, will be regulated by the Clean Air Act, which regulates most other serious air pollutants.
The EPA’s conclusion that greenhouse gases harm or en- danger public health and welfare is based primarily on the role these gases play in climate change. The analysis states that the impacts include, but are not limited to, increased drought that will impact agricultural productivity; more intense rainfall, leading to a greater flood hazard; and increased frequency of heat waves that affect human health. The EPA’s proposal pro- gram to regulate carbon dioxide as an air pollutant has been upheld by court decisions
The next step in adding carbon dioxide and other green- house gasses, such as methane, to the list of pollutants regulated by the EPA was a series of public hearings and feedback from a variety of people and agencies. Some people oppose listing carbon dioxide as an air pollutant because, first of all, it is a nutrient and stimulates plant growth; and, second, it does not
directly affect human health in most cases (the exception being carbon dioxide emitted by volcanic eruption and other volcanic activity, which can be extremely toxic).
The EPA in late September of 2013 announced the initial steps to reduce carbon pollution under President Obama’s Cli- mate Action Plan. The objective will be standards for new coal burning power plants. Conversations are st ...
Selecting and applying modelling tools to evaluate forest management strategi...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
La Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación acaba de publicar un informe en el que se señala la importancia de carbono orgánico de los suelos orientado a los decisores políticos y que se presentará en la próxima reunión de la UNFCCC sobre cambio climático que se celebrará en París (COP21).
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr. Jack Morgan - Grazinglands and Global Climate Change: What is the Science...John Blue
Grazinglands and Global Climate Change: What is the Science Telling Us? - Dr. Jack Morgan, USDA/ARS, from the 2012 Annual Conference of the National Institute for Animal Agriculture, March 26 - 29, Denver, CO, USA.
More presentations at: http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-decreasing-resources-increasing-regulation-advance-animal-agriculture
This is the fourth lesson titled 'Attributions of climate change' of the course ' Climate Change and Global environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
3. What is climate change ?
Climate change refers to
Change in the state of the climate which can be identified by
changes in the mean and/or variability of it’s properties
That change persists for an extended period, typically decades or
longer
It may be due to natural variability or as a result of human activity
Climate change is having and will continue to have, fundamental
impacts on the natural environment and on human well-being
IPCC (2007)
Parry et al. (2007)
4. Terms we frequently come across
studying climate change
Climatic extremes:
• In climatic extreme the occurrence of a
value of a climate variable above or
below the threshold value.
• Near the upper (or lower) ends of the
range of observed values
Many biological systems (including human societies) are more sensitive to
climate extremes than to gradual climate change, due to typically greater
response strengths and shorter response times
Hanson et al. (2006)
5. World soil constitute 3rd largest global
C pool
Different C pools Amount (Pg )
Ocean 38,100
Soil (1 m depth)
• SOC(soil organic carbon)
• SIC(soil inorganic carbon)
1550
950
Vegetation 610
Atmosphere 760
Fossil fuels 4130
Hillel (2011)
Lal (2008) Percentage of carbon pools
6. Organic carbon pool in soils of India
and the world
Soil order
India world
0-30 cm 0-150 cm 0-25 cm 0-100 cm
Alfisols 4.22 13.54 73 136
Andisols - - 38 69
Aridisols 7.67 20.30 57 110
Entisols 1.36 4.17 37 106
Histosols - - 26 390
Inceptisols 4.67 15.07 162 267
Mollisols 0.12 0.50 41 72
Oxisols 0.19 0.49 88 150
Spodosols - - 39 98
Ultisols 0.14 0.34 74 101
Vertisols 2.62 8.78 17 38
Total 20.99 63.19 652 1555
Lal (2004)
11. How climate change affects SOC
quantity and quality…
Quantitative change :
1.Stock
2.Concentration
Qualitative change :
1.C/N ratio
2.Functional group
3.Acidity
D.Frank et al. (2015)
12. Elevated CO2 and SOC dynamics
Carbon storage in soil increases due to
increased input and higher residence times
Plant residues decompose slower
Carbon input into the soil increases,
and its quality alters
A shift occurs in the carbon distribution
within the plant/soil system
Net carbon uptake increases
Elevated CO2
Hypothesis I
Hypothesis II
Hypothesis III
Hypothesis IV
Gorissen (1996)
13. Experiment Species
CO2 (ppm) Increase
(%)
Condition
350 700
1
Triticum
aestivum
(N=3)
Total 7.4 11.2 +51
35 daysShoot 5.0 7.7 +54
Root 2.4 3.5 +46
2
Lalium
perenne
(N=6)
Total 11.9 13.5 +13
No N
Limitation
Shoot 8.1 7.9 -2
Root 3.9 5.6 +44
3
Lalium perene
(N=3)
Total 18.0 29.1 +62
No N
Limitation
Shoot 10.5 10.9 +4
Root 7.5 18.2 +143
4
Pseudotsuga
Menziesii
(N=6)
Total 29.4 39.2 +33
3 years
Old
Shoot 17.9 22.1 +23
Root 11.5 17.1 +49
Increase in plant dry matter production
due to doubling of atmospheric CO2
Gorissen (1996)
14. Fertilization effect of CO2 on plant
growth
Elevated atmospheric CO2 caused increase in yield and carbon uptake by all plant
parts at different stages of growth and their preferential partitioning to root.
Kant et al. (2006)
15. Experiment
Plant
Incubation
Period
CO2 (ppm) Increase
(%)
Condition
350 700
Ryegrass
(Lolium
perenne)
64 days
31.2 21.2 -32 T =𝟏𝟒 𝟎
C
40.3 27.7 -31 T = 𝟐𝟎 𝟎 C
Ryegrass
(Lolium
perenne
1 season
64.7 46.7 -28 Low nitrogen
51.6 47.3 -8 High nitrogen
2 season
70.5 61.0 -13 Low nitrogen
64.6 62.1 -4 High nitrogen
%age mass loss of added root material
of grass roots found in plant
decomposition study
Gorissen (1996)
16. Impacts of elevated CO2 on crop
residue
• Elevated CO2 produces huge amount of
residues & also decreases decomposition
rate
• Elevated CO2 decreases the quality of
residue by decreasing the N content in
biomass
• As lower N content in residue impact
lower N mineralization might increase the
dependency of crops towards fertilizer N
Vishwanath et al. (2010)
17. NMR (Relative quantitative
indicator of overall SOM
composition & sources)
𝑪 𝟏𝟑 solid state NMR (non destructive analysis
of whole soil, may not be source specific,
provides overview of SOM structure)
Solution state NMR(more detailed structure)
SOM biomarkers
(Quantification of SOM
sources and stage of
degradation)
Solvent extraction (isolate free SOM
components,
Provides source & stage of SOM degradation)
Base hydrolysis
(provides information about cuticle & suberine
derived SOM)
CuO oxidation (Provides information about
lignin source & stage of oxidation )
PLFA (provides information about active
microbial community composition)
Visualizing impact of climate change on
SOC dynamics
Feng and Simpson (2011)
18. Different types of impacts of climate
extremes and corresponding extreme
ecosystem responses
D.Frank et al. (2015)
19. Effects of climate extremes and
ecosystem carbon recovery & balance
D.Frank et al. (2015)
20. D.Frank et al. (2015)
Impacts of climate extremes on ecosystem
carbon dynamics
21. D.Frank et.al. (2015)
Global distribution of different climatic
extremes & their average reduction in gross
carbon uptake compared to a normal year
22. Reichstein et al. (2013)
Overview of how carbon flows may be
triggered, or greatly altered, by extreme
events
23. Reichstein et al. (2013)
Processes and feedbacks triggered by
extreme climate events
24. Decreasing O3 and rising UV-B exposure and
SOC dynamics
Plant tissue
chemistry and
structure
Phenolic/lignin
Cuticles features
C:N
Leaf size/thickness
Other environmental
factors
PAR, Temperature, CO2,
Rainfall
UV exposure on litter
Latitude, elevation, slope,
seasonality, canopy cover,
standing vs detaching
litter, litter depth soil
cover
Litter biotic process
Microbial growth and
activity
Microbial community
Litter abiotic process
Photochemical
mineralization
Litter decomposition, Nutrient cycling, C storage
Bornman et al. (2015)
25. Q10 value & arhenius equation
Q10 of SOM decomposition is 2 .
But Arrhenius noticed it is only increases by about 1.5% for every 10 degree
rise in temperature.
Arrhenius equation
K= A exp(-Ea/RT).
The term exp(-Ea/RT) determines the fraction of the molecules present with
energies equal to or in excess of the required activation energy.
The Arrhenius function also shows that reactants with higher activation
energies (that is less reactive and more recalcitrant) should have higher
temperature sensitivities.
For example, in a temperate ecosystem and under current climate conditions,
the annual decomposition of glucose (Ea = 30 kJ/mol ) would proceed 6.5
million times faster than annual decomposition of a tannin compound with an
Ea of about 70 kJ/mol (assuming equal and unlimited pool sizes).
26. Rising temperature and SOC dynamics
Carbon quality-temperature (CQT)
hypothesis predicts that the temperature
sensitivity of SOM decomposition increases
with biochemical recalcitrance.
Davidson and Janssens (2006)
27. Study of beetle attack impacts on
carbon stock
Kurtz et.al.(2008)
28. Net exchange of C (in Tg C) between the soil
and atmosphere as a result of accelerated
erosion
Kristof Van Oost et al.(2012)
29. Relations of erosion & carbon loss at a
period of 4000BC to 2000AD
Kristof Van Oost et al.(2012)
30. Soil erosion and organic carbon export
by wet snow avalanche
Most organic carbon content is contained in the size fraction < 2 mm
that we largely attribute to soil erosion .
Korup and Rixen (2014)
31. Shifting rainfall pattern and SOC dynamics
Quantity Quality
Impact of shifting rainfall pattern on SOC dynamics in a cold desert (11 years study)
Anderud et al. (2010)
32. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions from 1750-2000
and from six marker SRES scenarios from
2000 to 2100
Matthews et al.(2005)
33. The three A1 groups are distinguished by their technological emphasis such as rapid
economic growth FOR A more integrated world .
A1FI = an emphasis on fossil fuels (fossil intensive).
A1b = a balanced emphasis on all energy sources.
A1t = emphasis on nonfossil energy sources.
The A2 scenario is primarily regionally oriented i.e. more divided world. And per capita
economic growth and technological change are more fragmented and slower than in other
storylines.
A world of independently operating, self reliant nations.
Continuously increasing population.
The B1 storyline is related to the introduction of clean and resource-efficient technologies.
An emphasis on global solutions to economic, social and environmental stability
The B2 storyline and scenario family describes a world in which the emphasis is on local
solutions to economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
Continuously increasing population, but at a slower rate than in A2.
Different SRES scenarios:
IPCC,2007
34. Carbon pool Global estimates
of size (Pg)
Potential loss by 2100 due to
global warming (Pg)
Upland soil (3m depth) 2300 -
Simulated upland soil
(litter layer) 200 30
Simulated upland soil
(mineral layer to 1m depth)
Annually cycling 20 3
Decadally cycling 700 40
Millennially cycling 100 0
Peatlands (3m depth) 400-500 100
Permafrost (3m depth) 400 100
Davidson & Janssen (2006)
Sizes and vulnerabilities of belowground
carbon stock
35. Impacts of climate change on
agriculture production
In some areas, warming may benefit the types
of crops that are typically planted there, or
allow farmers to shift to crops that are
currently grown in warmer areas. Conversely,
if the higher temperature exceeds a crop's
optimum temperature, yields will decline
Elevated CO2 levels can increase plant growth .
but elevated CO2 has been associated with
reduced protein and nitrogen content in alfalfa
and soybean plants, resulting in a loss of
quality.
Many weeds, pests, and fungi thrive under
warmer temperatures, wetter climates, and
increased CO2 levels. Human health is also
threatened by increased pesticide use due to
increased pest pressures and reductions in the
efficacy of pesticides.
USEPA
38. Conclusion
Carbon content in soil is about twice as large as that of in the atmosphere and
about three times that in the vegetation.
Not all climate extremes cause extreme impacts in soil carbon stock, but they can
have indirect/direct and/or immediate/lagged effects.
Not all terrestrial carbon cycle extremes are propagated immediately into the
atmosphere.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 grown crop residue quality will be decreased due to
lowering of N content thereby widening of C:N ratio , which lower N
mineralization & might increase the dependency of crops towards fertilizer N.
The goal of mitigation strategies to enhance C sink capacity of soil and vegetation,
and reduce the net anthropogenic emissions.
39. Path ahead…….
How climate change affects symbiosis & symbiotic organisms as well as
biological nitrogen fixation ?
How can we reduce GHG gas emission from different cropping system especially
rice cropping ?
How climate change affects nutrient availability w.r.t. macronutrient & different
essential micronutrient ?
What degree of effects climate change impact on microbe-microbe (or) plant
microbial interactions with relevant for ecosystem functioning ?
How thawing of permafrost impacts on mineralization of nutrients & seasonal
productivity ?
Future experiments should address lagged effects more consistently , as well as
ecosystem response to multiple subsequent climate extremes & its impact on
plant-soil interaction & soil processes.
Net exchange of C (in Tg C) between the soil and atmosphere as a result of accelerated erosion integrated for the period 4000 B.C. to A.D. 2000 for the Dijle catchment. Boxes represent reservoirs, black arrows represent lateral C fluxes, dark gray arrows represent mineralization of buried C in depositional environments, and light gray arrows represent soil C inputs. The land use change flux is the direct (non–erosion-related) effect of ALCC on soil C storage. The soil thus is both a source and a sink, where the sink term is greater than the source term. The soil C stock is the estimated initial C stock for the upper 1 m of the profile before the start of agriculture (4000 B.C.). *The possible mechanisms leading to destabilization of buried C are decomposition, i.e., a CO2 flux toward the atmosphere, and leaching losses.
(A) Evolution of land use in the Dijle catchment between 4000 B.C. (i.e., the start of agriculture) and A.D. 2000. (B) Age and average relative accumulated sediment for colluvial and floodplain sediment deposition. The line represents the average value and the error bars indicate the SD (for the 12 floodplain sites) or range (for the three colluvial sites). (C) Reconstructed sediment budget related to accelerated erosion including sediment mobilization on the hillslopes (erosion), deposition on slopes and in dry valleys (colluvium) and floodplains, and export from the Dijle catchment for the period of agriculture. (D) Estimated cumulative emission of C resulting from the direct effect of ALCC (Net Soil + Vegetation), i.e., the C release due to a reduction in vegetation (Vegetation) and soil C losses due to reduced C inputs and increased soil disturbance (Soil). (E) Estimated cumulative emission (positive values, to atmosphere) and uptake (negative values, to soils) resulting from the indirect effect of ALCC through accelerated erosion and burial of soil C. The combination of increased stabilization of C in the soils exposed at the surface of eroded hillslopes (Erosion C uptake) with the slower release from buried sediments in colluvium floodplain soils resulted in net erosion-induced C sink (Net Erosion). (F) Net release of C due to ALCC when both direct losses from soil and vegetation and erosion-induced C uptake are accounted for. The triangles indicate the best estimate of erosion-induced C uptake; the error bars indicate the uncertainty range and are derived from a low and high scenario (SI Text).
The first mechanism
is a change in heterotrophic respiration that
enhances SOC decomposition and leads to loss of
heavy SOC as CO2. The second mechanism is a
decline in the net primary production by plants
that leads to lower inputs of C as litter and, ultimately,
less C entering heavy SOC stores. The two
seasonally distinct sets of soil