1) To know how countries pass through different stages of population growth as shown in the five stages of the Demographic Transition Model (birth rate, death rate and natural population changes) and how it changes population structure
2) To understand the impact of increasing urbanisation, agricultural change, education and the emancipation of women on the rate of population growth
3. To know how to construct a population pyramid
4. To understand how to interpret population characteristics from a pyramid and how to predict likely future changes in a population.
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
The document discusses human population growth and dynamics from historical, current, and projected perspectives. It covers topics like the rise of agriculture and cities, industrialization, global population growth rates and projections, factors influencing population growth, methods of birth control, global patterns of population growth, and models of demographic transition.
This document provides information about demography and population trends through history and around the world. It discusses world population growth over time, showing that it took longer to add each subsequent billion people. It also shows population growth patterns between more developed and less developed regions. Other topics summarized include the demographic transition model, which predicts changes in birth and death rates as countries develop, population pyramids and what they indicate about a population, and factors that influence population growth and distribution.
As a population transitions from high birth/death rates to lower rates (demographic transition), its pyramid shape changes from wide at the base to more rectangular. As birth rates decline, the base narrows, resulting in a "bulge" in working age groups. With increased lifespans, the top of the pyramid expands as more people survive to older ages. Migration impacts can thin or expand different age groups. Ultimately, as replacement-level fertility is sustained, the pyramid becomes more rectangular with similar numbers in each age group.
The human population has grown rapidly over time, doubling approximately every 12 years to reach over 7 billion currently. Population growth is slowing but projections estimate the population will reach around 9-10.5 billion by 2100. Many factors influence population growth, including decreasing death rates, increasing life expectancy, access to resources, and cultural factors like access to education and family planning. Rapid population growth can strain resources, but population growth tends to stabilize as countries develop economically and culturally.
The human population has grown rapidly over time, doubling approximately every 12 years to reach over 7 billion currently. Population growth is slowing but projections estimate the population will reach around 9-10 billion by 2100. Factors driving population growth include increased food production, healthcare improvements, and higher standards of living. Sustaining future population growth will depend on continued economic development, access to family planning and women's empowerment, and reducing global poverty.
The document discusses population growth and structure. It begins by outlining factors that affect population distribution and density, such as physical, social, economic and political influences. It then describes population concepts like birth rate, death rate, natural increase/decrease, and density. Models of population change are presented, including the demographic transition model and population pyramids. Population pyramids illustrate age and sex structures and can indicate development levels. Overpopulation causes and problems are also summarized.
C6 POPULATION GROWTH (econdev)_20240306_214313_0000.pdfSARAHJOYLVELANTE
This document discusses population growth and its relationship to economic development. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that the world's population reached 7.2 billion in 2013 and is projected to grow significantly by 2050. It then covers several key aspects of population growth, including its history from ancient times through the present, trends in fertility and mortality rates, age structure and dependency burdens, and the concept of demographic transition as countries develop economically.
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
The document discusses human population growth and dynamics from historical, current, and projected perspectives. It covers topics like the rise of agriculture and cities, industrialization, global population growth rates and projections, factors influencing population growth, methods of birth control, global patterns of population growth, and models of demographic transition.
This document provides information about demography and population trends through history and around the world. It discusses world population growth over time, showing that it took longer to add each subsequent billion people. It also shows population growth patterns between more developed and less developed regions. Other topics summarized include the demographic transition model, which predicts changes in birth and death rates as countries develop, population pyramids and what they indicate about a population, and factors that influence population growth and distribution.
As a population transitions from high birth/death rates to lower rates (demographic transition), its pyramid shape changes from wide at the base to more rectangular. As birth rates decline, the base narrows, resulting in a "bulge" in working age groups. With increased lifespans, the top of the pyramid expands as more people survive to older ages. Migration impacts can thin or expand different age groups. Ultimately, as replacement-level fertility is sustained, the pyramid becomes more rectangular with similar numbers in each age group.
The human population has grown rapidly over time, doubling approximately every 12 years to reach over 7 billion currently. Population growth is slowing but projections estimate the population will reach around 9-10.5 billion by 2100. Many factors influence population growth, including decreasing death rates, increasing life expectancy, access to resources, and cultural factors like access to education and family planning. Rapid population growth can strain resources, but population growth tends to stabilize as countries develop economically and culturally.
The human population has grown rapidly over time, doubling approximately every 12 years to reach over 7 billion currently. Population growth is slowing but projections estimate the population will reach around 9-10 billion by 2100. Factors driving population growth include increased food production, healthcare improvements, and higher standards of living. Sustaining future population growth will depend on continued economic development, access to family planning and women's empowerment, and reducing global poverty.
The document discusses population growth and structure. It begins by outlining factors that affect population distribution and density, such as physical, social, economic and political influences. It then describes population concepts like birth rate, death rate, natural increase/decrease, and density. Models of population change are presented, including the demographic transition model and population pyramids. Population pyramids illustrate age and sex structures and can indicate development levels. Overpopulation causes and problems are also summarized.
C6 POPULATION GROWTH (econdev)_20240306_214313_0000.pdfSARAHJOYLVELANTE
This document discusses population growth and its relationship to economic development. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that the world's population reached 7.2 billion in 2013 and is projected to grow significantly by 2050. It then covers several key aspects of population growth, including its history from ancient times through the present, trends in fertility and mortality rates, age structure and dependency burdens, and the concept of demographic transition as countries develop economically.
The document provides an overview of population growth trends globally and in India. It discusses key topics like the demographic transition model, past and projected world population growth, and current population growth rates in different countries and regions. The demographic transition model outlines the typical stages that societies progress through as mortality and birth rates change due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, and increased access to family planning. World population grew slowly until the 18th century but has increased rapidly in recent centuries, reaching 6.8 billion in 2010, with most growth occurring in developing countries still in the early stages of the demographic transition.
Demographic transition is a model that describes the process of population change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. It was developed in 1929 and includes five stages of transition. Most developed countries are in stage four, while most developing countries are in stages two or three. The model effectively explains population changes in Europe and other developed areas, but has limitations in application to all countries.
The document discusses human population growth and factors that influence it. It begins by outlining perspectives on population growth from ecologists, economists, and social justice advocates. It then discusses historical population growth and exponential growth trends. Key factors determining population growth include fertility rates, mortality rates, life expectancy, immigration, and cultural influences on ideal family size. Many countries have undergone a demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low rates as development increased.
Unit 3 a ch 9 s1 studying human populationswja10255
Demography is the study of human populations, including their size, makeup, economics, and social structure. Demographers group countries into developed and developing categories and use tools like age structure graphs, survivorship curves, and fertility/migration rates to analyze population changes over time and make predictions. All human populations are undergoing a demographic transition from high birth and death rates to lower rates as countries develop.
The document discusses the demographic transition model and how it explains variations in population growth rates between countries. It describes the four stages of the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, and notes that most developing countries are currently in stages 2-3 with rapid population growth. Population pyramids are introduced as a way to visualize a country's age and sex structure and compare demographics between places in different transition stages.
World population dynamics can be understood by examining population distribution and growth rates over time. Population distribution is influenced by environmental factors and level of development. Places with large populations usually have favorable environments and are more developed, while places with few people often have hostile environments. Population growth is the result of birth rates, death rates, and migration. In the last 200 years, global population has experienced an unprecedented expansion due to improvements in medicine, sanitation and technology that reduced death rates even as birth rates remained high.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
The document discusses human population growth and its environmental impacts. It uses Bangladesh as a case study. Some key points:
- Population growth has "exploded" in modern times due to factors like agriculture and industrialization. The world's population increases by over 1 million people every 4 days.
- Developing countries will play a bigger role in future population growth due to higher birth rates compared to developed countries.
- Population growth rates are slowing in developed countries as they undergo demographic transitions towards lower birth rates with improved living standards and education.
This document provides an overview of key topics relating to world population, including growth trends, population structures, migration patterns, and aging populations. Specifically, it notes that the world population has grown rapidly to over 7 billion currently and is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050. Fertility rates have fallen globally but vary significantly between developed and developing regions. Population aging is occurring due to declining birth rates and increasing lifespans. Migration occurs internationally and within countries, with economic factors being a primary driver of movement.
Population growth, demographic transition model and overpopulated placesdavidgeo3eso
This document discusses population growth and the demographic transition model. It explains that a population's growth is determined by the birth rate and death rate. If births exceed deaths, the population increases, and vice versa. It then outlines the 5 stages of the demographic transition model: 1) high birth and death rates with steady population, 2) high births and falling deaths leads to rapid growth, 3) falling birth and death rates leads to rapid growth, 4) continuing fall in rates leads to slower growth, 5) potential future stage with below replacement fertility and stable/falling population. The document provides examples of countries at different stages of the model.
Development economics II for the third year economics students 2024 by Tesfay...TesfayeBiruAsefa
This document provides an outline for a course on Development Economics II. It covers several topics related to population growth and economic development, including: the demographic transition model showing the shift from high mortality/fertility to low mortality/fertility; causes of high fertility rates in developing countries according to Malthusian and household models; and trends in global population growth with most growth occurring in developing regions and youth populations exceeding older populations. The instructor's contact information and a more detailed breakdown of Topic 1 on population growth are also included.
This document provides an overview of population topics including distribution, density, growth, and structures. It discusses factors that influence where people live and how population changes over time depending on birth and death rates. The demographic transition model is introduced to show the stages of population growth. Different population pyramids are described for more and less economically developed countries. Ways that countries address population issues like China's one-child policy and policies to increase birth rates in aging European nations are summarized. The different types and impacts of migration are also outlined.
The document discusses human population growth and urbanization. It notes that:
- The human population has grown exponentially in the past 200 years due to factors like improved agriculture and health care.
- Population growth is unevenly distributed, with 99% of new arrivals between 2011-2050 expected in middle- and low-income countries.
- Most of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and urbanization is bringing problems like pollution, poverty, and unsustainable resource use.
- Cities can work to become more sustainable by reducing sprawl, promoting alternatives to cars, and using approaches like smart growth and new urbanism.
Population pyramids graphically represent the age and sex composition of a population. They take different shapes depending on factors like growth rate, life expectancy, and mortality rates. As countries develop economically and medically, their population pyramids typically evolve through stages from broad bases with high birth and death rates to more rectangular or even inverted shapes with low rates. This demographic transition is driven by declining mortality leading to rapid growth, then later lower birth rates as well.
The document discusses factors related to human population growth including fertility rates, mortality rates, life expectancy, and perspectives on population issues. It provides statistics on current and projected global population growth rates and examines demographic transitions occurring in developed and developing regions of the world. Family planning programs aim to allow individuals to determine family size but face complications from politics, religion, and social factors.
The document discusses global population trends and issues. It notes that while population growth rates are slowing in some countries and regions, the total global population will still likely reach 10 billion by 2100 due to the large existing population. Countries and regions vary widely in terms of population age structures, growth rates, and challenges. Areas like South Asia, parts of Africa, and less developed countries overall continue to experience high population growth that strains resources, while developed nations and some in Europe face challenges of declining and aging populations.
The document provides an overview of population growth trends globally and in India. It discusses key topics like the demographic transition model, past and projected world population growth, and current population growth rates in different countries and regions. The demographic transition model outlines the typical stages that societies progress through as mortality and birth rates change due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, and increased access to family planning. World population grew slowly until the 18th century but has increased rapidly in recent centuries, reaching 6.8 billion in 2010, with most growth occurring in developing countries still in the early stages of the demographic transition.
Demographic transition is a model that describes the process of population change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. It was developed in 1929 and includes five stages of transition. Most developed countries are in stage four, while most developing countries are in stages two or three. The model effectively explains population changes in Europe and other developed areas, but has limitations in application to all countries.
The document discusses human population growth and factors that influence it. It begins by outlining perspectives on population growth from ecologists, economists, and social justice advocates. It then discusses historical population growth and exponential growth trends. Key factors determining population growth include fertility rates, mortality rates, life expectancy, immigration, and cultural influences on ideal family size. Many countries have undergone a demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low rates as development increased.
Unit 3 a ch 9 s1 studying human populationswja10255
Demography is the study of human populations, including their size, makeup, economics, and social structure. Demographers group countries into developed and developing categories and use tools like age structure graphs, survivorship curves, and fertility/migration rates to analyze population changes over time and make predictions. All human populations are undergoing a demographic transition from high birth and death rates to lower rates as countries develop.
The document discusses the demographic transition model and how it explains variations in population growth rates between countries. It describes the four stages of the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, and notes that most developing countries are currently in stages 2-3 with rapid population growth. Population pyramids are introduced as a way to visualize a country's age and sex structure and compare demographics between places in different transition stages.
World population dynamics can be understood by examining population distribution and growth rates over time. Population distribution is influenced by environmental factors and level of development. Places with large populations usually have favorable environments and are more developed, while places with few people often have hostile environments. Population growth is the result of birth rates, death rates, and migration. In the last 200 years, global population has experienced an unprecedented expansion due to improvements in medicine, sanitation and technology that reduced death rates even as birth rates remained high.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
The document discusses human population growth and its environmental impacts. It uses Bangladesh as a case study. Some key points:
- Population growth has "exploded" in modern times due to factors like agriculture and industrialization. The world's population increases by over 1 million people every 4 days.
- Developing countries will play a bigger role in future population growth due to higher birth rates compared to developed countries.
- Population growth rates are slowing in developed countries as they undergo demographic transitions towards lower birth rates with improved living standards and education.
This document provides an overview of key topics relating to world population, including growth trends, population structures, migration patterns, and aging populations. Specifically, it notes that the world population has grown rapidly to over 7 billion currently and is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050. Fertility rates have fallen globally but vary significantly between developed and developing regions. Population aging is occurring due to declining birth rates and increasing lifespans. Migration occurs internationally and within countries, with economic factors being a primary driver of movement.
Population growth, demographic transition model and overpopulated placesdavidgeo3eso
This document discusses population growth and the demographic transition model. It explains that a population's growth is determined by the birth rate and death rate. If births exceed deaths, the population increases, and vice versa. It then outlines the 5 stages of the demographic transition model: 1) high birth and death rates with steady population, 2) high births and falling deaths leads to rapid growth, 3) falling birth and death rates leads to rapid growth, 4) continuing fall in rates leads to slower growth, 5) potential future stage with below replacement fertility and stable/falling population. The document provides examples of countries at different stages of the model.
Development economics II for the third year economics students 2024 by Tesfay...TesfayeBiruAsefa
This document provides an outline for a course on Development Economics II. It covers several topics related to population growth and economic development, including: the demographic transition model showing the shift from high mortality/fertility to low mortality/fertility; causes of high fertility rates in developing countries according to Malthusian and household models; and trends in global population growth with most growth occurring in developing regions and youth populations exceeding older populations. The instructor's contact information and a more detailed breakdown of Topic 1 on population growth are also included.
This document provides an overview of population topics including distribution, density, growth, and structures. It discusses factors that influence where people live and how population changes over time depending on birth and death rates. The demographic transition model is introduced to show the stages of population growth. Different population pyramids are described for more and less economically developed countries. Ways that countries address population issues like China's one-child policy and policies to increase birth rates in aging European nations are summarized. The different types and impacts of migration are also outlined.
The document discusses human population growth and urbanization. It notes that:
- The human population has grown exponentially in the past 200 years due to factors like improved agriculture and health care.
- Population growth is unevenly distributed, with 99% of new arrivals between 2011-2050 expected in middle- and low-income countries.
- Most of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and urbanization is bringing problems like pollution, poverty, and unsustainable resource use.
- Cities can work to become more sustainable by reducing sprawl, promoting alternatives to cars, and using approaches like smart growth and new urbanism.
Population pyramids graphically represent the age and sex composition of a population. They take different shapes depending on factors like growth rate, life expectancy, and mortality rates. As countries develop economically and medically, their population pyramids typically evolve through stages from broad bases with high birth and death rates to more rectangular or even inverted shapes with low rates. This demographic transition is driven by declining mortality leading to rapid growth, then later lower birth rates as well.
The document discusses factors related to human population growth including fertility rates, mortality rates, life expectancy, and perspectives on population issues. It provides statistics on current and projected global population growth rates and examines demographic transitions occurring in developed and developing regions of the world. Family planning programs aim to allow individuals to determine family size but face complications from politics, religion, and social factors.
The document discusses global population trends and issues. It notes that while population growth rates are slowing in some countries and regions, the total global population will still likely reach 10 billion by 2100 due to the large existing population. Countries and regions vary widely in terms of population age structures, growth rates, and challenges. Areas like South Asia, parts of Africa, and less developed countries overall continue to experience high population growth that strains resources, while developed nations and some in Europe face challenges of declining and aging populations.
- Về kiến thức:
+ Bản chất, vai trò của các chính sách kinh tế vĩ mô (CSKTVM) trong quản lý kinh tế của Nhà nước;
+ Quan điểm của Đảng về sử dụng các CSKTVM trong quản lý kinh tế của Nhà nước đối với nền KTTT định hướng XHCN ở VN hiện nay.
- Về kỹ năng:
+ Có khả năng phân tích và đánh giá thực trạng sử dụng các CSKTVM trong quản lý kinh tế ở VN/địa phương.
+ Phát hiện và giải quyết vấn đề đặt ra đối với việc sử dụng các CSKTVM trong quản lý kinh tế ở VN/địa phương
- Về thái độ/tư tưởng: Tin tưởng và thực hiện tốt quan điểm của Đảng về sử dụng các CSKTVM trong quản lý kinh tế ở VN/địa phương.
Nâng cao năng lực chống chịu, tính tự cường của nền kinh tế, thúc đẩy phục hồi và phát triển kinh tế - xã hội
Sự cần thiết phải nâng cao năng lực chống chịu, tính tự cường của nền kinh tế
Khung nghiên cứu về năng lực chống chịu của nền kinh tế
Đánh giá, đo lường năng lực chống chịu, tính tự cường của nền kinh tế Việt Nam
Một số kiến nghị nhằm nâng cao năng lực chống chịu, tính tự cường của nền kinh tế
TUỔI TRẺ CÔNG AN NHÂN DÂN ỨNG DỤNG CHUYỂN ĐỔI SỐ
NHẰM ĐẨY MẠNH CẢI CÁCH HÀNH CHÍNH VÀ ĐÁP ỨNG NHIỆM VỤ CÔNG TÁC CÔNG AN TRONG TÌNH HÌNH MỚI
CHUYỂN ĐỔI SỐ PHỤC VỤ CÔNG TÁC QUẢN LÝ
HÀNH CHÍNH VÀ DỮ LIỆU DÂN CƯ
Vai trò của nhà nước trong cung ứng.pptxQuangMinhLe16
Vai trò của nhà nước trong cung ứng dịch vụ công và đổi mới quản lý các đơn vị sự nghiệp công lập trong nền kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa ở Việt Nam
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
4. Produce a spider diagram/ concept map to summaries the main
population issues/ topics
5. World population growth
The growth of world population over the last 200 years has been spectacular and it has not
stopped yet. From 1950 there was a population explosion and the total of 6 billion people
on Earth was reached in 1999. Exponential growth is the term used to describe such a rapid
increase.
Although there is some evidence that the rate of growth is at last beginning to slow down,
the world’s population continues to grow because the majority of countries have higher
birth rates than death rates, leading to natural increase.
6. Population Key terms
Crude birth rate- the number of live births per 1000 population per year.
Crude death rate- the number of deaths per 1000 per year.
Exponential growth- a pattern where the growth rate constantly increases- often shown as a J-
curve shape.
Life expectancy- the number of years a person is expected to live, usually taken from birth.
Natural increase- birth rate higher than death rate: birth rate minus death rate.
Natural decrease- death rate remains higher than birth rate: death rate minus birth rate
Natural change- the difference between birth and death rate, expressed as a percentage
Annual population change- the birth rate minus the death rate plus or minus migration.
Migration- the movement of people either into or out of an area.
Replacement rate- a birth rate high enough for a generation to be the same size as the one
before it.
Zero growth- a population in balance. Birth rate is equal to death rate, so there is no growth or
decrease.
7. Birth rates
The average birth rate in the rich, industrialised countries is around 12-13 per
1000; in poor developing countries it is about 26-27 per 1000. There tends to
be a general relationship between birth rate and level of economic
development- the more economically developed the country, the lower its
birth rate.
Birth rates in all European countries are low. In contrast, many countries in
Africa and the Middle East have birth rates well over 40 per 1000.
8. Death rates
Unlike birth rates, death rates are similar between rich and poor countries; the
world average for both is between 9 and 10. During the second half of the
twentieth century, death rates fell everywhere, due to the spread of medical
knowledge and improvements in primary and secondary healthcare.
Primary healthcare- preventing disease e.g. by immunisation
Secondary healthcare- treatment of illnesses by doctors and nurses.
Countries with death rates above 20 per 1000 are now quite exceptional.
Countries in southern Africa are badly affected by the spread of HIV/Aids, unable
to afford the anti-viral drugs. Sierra Leone was wartorn for many years and
Zimbabwe is in economic meltdown with severe food shortages. Here trend
towards lower death rates has been reversed.
9. It is estimated that by 2050 the global population will be
about 9 billion. The map shows their projected distribution. It
looks strange because the countries have been drawn in
proportion to their estimate populations.
Look at the size of Africa and Asia- it is thought that, by 2050,
62% of all people will live in Africa, and South and East Asia.
10. Learning Objective:
1) To know how countries pass through different stages of population growth as
shown in the five stages of the Demographic Transition Model (birth rate, death
rate and natural population changes) and how it changes population structure
2) To understand the impact of increasing urbanisation, agricultural change,
education and the emancipation of women on the rate of population growth.
Rainforest tribes, Ecuador- stage 1
Afghan nomads- stage 2
11. A lot of countries have similar patterns of population change over time so they devised
the Demographic Transition Model.
• Demographic- is to do with population or people
• Transition- means change
• A model is a simplified version of something that happens in real life
The model has worked quite well for countries that have gone from a rural, poorly
educated society to an urban, industrial, well-educated one. So it fits what happened in
the UK, the rest of Europe, and other richer countries like Japan and the USA. But
poorer countries might not follow the same pattern.
12. High
fluctuating
Early expanding Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Natural
decrease in
population
( BR< DR)
Natural
increase in
population
(BR> DR)
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
High
Low
The demographic transition model (DTM)
Modernisation/ economic
development
1) How has the UK’s
population changed
over time?
2) Where would these statements fit on the DTM?
• The church no longer needs a team of full-time grave diggers
• The family has just buried their fifth of 12 children
• Families are very big and children have to share rooms
• The town is proud of its new sewerage system
• The retirement age is going up and people have to work longer
• Very few children know their grandparents
13. High
fluctuating
Early expanding Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Natural
decrease in
population
( BR< DR)
Natural
increase in
population
(BR> DR)
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
High
Low
The demographic transition model (DTM)
The demographic transition model (DTM) describes
how the population of a country changes over time.
It gives changes in birth and death rates, and shows
that countries pass through five stages of population
change.
Modernisation/ economic
development
14. High
fluctuating
Early expanding Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Natural
decrease in
population
( BR< DR)
Natural
increase in
population
(BR> DR)
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
High
Low
Stage 1 (high fluctuating)- high birth and death rates that fluctuate. The
population remains stable but low.
Birth rate is high because:
- There is a lack of birth control
- Women also marry young
- Children and need to work in fields to support the family’s income
Death rate is high because:
- disease, war, famine, lack of clean water and medical care
No countries in Stage 1, but
some tribes in Brazil’s
rainforests. UK was stage 1
before 1760.
The demographic transition model (DTM)
15. High
fluctuating
Early expanding Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Natural
decrease in
population
( BR< DR)
Natural
increase in
population
(BR> DR)
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
High
Low
The demographic transition model (DTM)
Stage 2 (early expanding)- high birth rate but falling death rate.
The population increases rapidly.
Birth rate is high because: (same reasons as in stage 1)
Death rate falls due to:
- Improved medicine
- Cleaner water and improved sanitation
- More and better food
Countries like Nepal and
Afghanistan are in Stage 2
16. High
fluctuating
Early expanding Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Natural
decrease in
population
( BR< DR)
Natural
increase in
population
(BR> DR)
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
High
Low
The demographic transition model (DTM)
Stage 3 (late expanding)- birth rate declines rapidly while death rate falls
slowly. Population growth slows down. Reasons for falling birth rate include:
- Fewer people are farmers who need children to work
- Birth control is now available
- Number of infant deaths are falling
- Women are staying in education longer and marrying later
Death rate still falling- for the same reasons as in stage 2
Egypt is in Stage 3 along with
India, Kenya and Brazil- most
countries at lesser stages of
development.
17. High
fluctuating
Early expanding Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Natural
decrease in
population
( BR< DR)
Natural
increase in
population
(BR> DR)
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
High
Low
The demographic transition model (DTM)
Stage 4 (low fluctuating)- low birth rate and low death rate, both
fluctuate. Population growth is small but the population remains high and
stable while fertility continues to fall.
There are significant changes in personal lifestyles. There is increased
access and demand for luxuries like holidays and material possessions so
less money is available for having children. There are more women in the
workforce, with many people having high personal incomes and more
leisure interests. Also they are not needed to work for the family. People
are now having the number of children they want.
Most developed countries e.g.
most of Europe and USA are in
Stage 4
18. High
fluctuating
Early expanding Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Natural
decrease in
population
( BR< DR)
Natural
increase in
population
(BR> DR)
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
High
Low
The demographic transition model (DTM)
Stage 5 (natural decrease)- a later period, during which the birth rate is
very low and goes below the death rate
Reasons for the low birth rate:
• a rise in individualism, linked to emancipation of women in the labour
market
• greater financial independence of women
• concern about the impact of increased population numbers on
resources for future generations
• a rise in the concept of childlessness, as they are expensive to raise and
many people have elderly dependents so have no kids
Only recognised in recent years in
some western European countries
and highly developed rich ones e.g.
Japan, Italy, Germany.
19. High
fluctuating
Early expanding Late
expanding
Low
fluctuating
Decline
Natural
decrease in
population
( BR< DR)
Natural
increase in
population
(BR> DR)
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
High
Low
The demographic transition model (DTM)
Stage 5 (decline)
Reasons for the low birth rate:
• an increase in non-traditional lifestyles, such as same sex relationships
• the death rate remains steady or slightly increases as there are more
elderly people (ageing population) so more people may die of old age
despite advances in health care.
20. Major factors affecting world population growth
Changes to farming method
If people rely on farming, and there is little technology, they often have large families to
provide extra workers. As technology increases, and countries develop, fewer people are
employed in farming and the need for large families declines.
Urbanisation
As farming methods change, and fewer people are needed to work on the land, many rural
people move to urban areas to work. They need fewer children there, so they have smaller
families.
Education and women
As society and economy develop, women tend to stay in education longer. This means they
get married and start having children later, and usually have fewer children as a result.
Educated women also know more about birth control, and so can limit their families more
effectively.
21. How do we use population pyramids?
Learning Objectives:
1) To know how to construct a population pyramid
2) To understand how to interpret population characteristics from a pyramid and
how to predict likely future changes in a population.
22. Age structure: the proportions of each age group in a population. This links closely to the
stage a country has reached in the demographic transition model.
Gender structure: the balance between males and females in a population. Small
differences can tell us a great deal about a country or city.
Infant mortality: the number of babies that die under a year of age, per 1,000 live births.
Child mortality: the number of children that die under five years of age, per 1,000 live
births.
23. A population pyramid is a type of bar graph used to show the age and gender structure of a
country, city or other area based on census data. The horizontal axis is divided into either
numbers or percentages of the population. The central vertical axis shows age categories:
every 10 years, every 5 years or every single year. The lower part of the pyramid is known as
the base and shows the younger section of the population. The upper part, or apex, shows
the elderly.
Interpreting population pyramids tells us a great deal about a population, such as birth
rates, to a lesser extent death rates, life expectancy and the level of economic development
(or stage in the DTM).
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29. The pyramid for Ethiopia displays many of the
Characteristic features of a less economically
developed country, particularly the wide base
showing a population structure dominated by
young people, due to high birth rates. The
graph has an almost perfect pyramid shape,
progressively tapering towards a narrow top,
with few people above the age of 65.
Pyramid for Ethiopia- Stage 2 Pyramid for UK- Stage 4
The pyramid for the UK is taller
and the top is more pronounced,
showing significant numbers
above the age of 65. The UK’s
birth rate is low and the narrow
base shows this. It is the middle-
aged groups that are dominant in
pyramids for developed
countries.
Population pyramids for developing countries are wider at the base, narrower at the
top and less tall than those for developed countries.
30. It is customary to subdivide the structure of a country’s population into three age groups,
namely young (0-14), middle-aged (15-64) and old (65 and above). The middle-aged are
distinguished from the other two as the working or independent population; they are
the group in society that works, earns money, contributes to pensions and pays income
taxes. Young and old have in common that they are dependants; although some of them
work, the majority depend upon services such as education and healthcare, paid for by
taxes collected from the working population. The dependency ratio is the ratio between
the dependent and independent populations.
31.
32.
33. Look at the two population pyramids
for Mexico.
1) Describe each pyramid’s shape
2) Explain the changes between 1980
and 2000.
34. Mexico’s population pyramid for 1980:
• Shows a large, youthful population aged 0-15
• Shows a modest-sized, middle aged population aged 16-64
• Shows a small, elderly population aged 65 and over- for both males and females
• Has a slightly concave pyramid shape
Mexico’s population pyramid for 2000:
• Shows a large youthful population, with more people surviving into the 5-15 year age
range
• Shows a ‘thickening’ of the pyramid in the middle age ranges
• Shows some increase in the number of elderly people- particularly females
• Has an almost perfect pyramid shape
The main reason for the differences between these two pyramids is Mexico’s reduced death
rate. More babies are surviving and its people are living longer- due to improved levels of
health care and the increasing vaccination of infants.