The document discusses the significance of genetic transcription studies in understanding human genetic processes and their applications in preventing genetic diseases and combating drug-resistant bacteria. It highlights discoveries made by the University of California, which identified the human initiator that regulates gene expression, and by Rockefeller University, which examined the structure of RNA polymerase in tuberculosis-causing bacteria, aiding in the development of new treatments. Overall, these scientific advancements could lead to breakthroughs in genetic and infectious disease management.

1. Genetic Transcription
Simón López Carvajal

2. Simón López Carvajal
Genetic
transcription
I think that this studies are very
important, because they provide
the necessary knowledge to
understand and use an important
process as the genetic
transcription is, to protect the
human body from multiresistant-
drug bacteria and maybe in the
future estudies as the first one
showed in this brochure will help
us to be able to controle the
genetic expression of some genes
that are involved in many genetic
diseases.
Molechular Biology
Teacher : Lina Martínez
Medical Utility Bibliography
University of California-San Diego.
(2017, January 24). Biologist
unlock code regulating most
human cells. Science Daily.
Retrived February 15, 2017 from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/
releases/2017/01/1701241407
49.htm
Rockefeller University (2017,
February 3). Atomic-scale view of
bacterial proteins offers path to
new tuberculosis drugs. Science
Daily. Retrived February 15, 2017
from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/re
leases/2017/02/170203135112
.htm

3. Molecular biologist from the
Univercity of California in
San Diego, have discovered
the sequence code for the
human intiator. They made it
using emerging genomic
techniques and they devised
new computational strategies
to unlock the DNA sequence
code for the human initiator.
The study showed that the
initiator is located at the start
site of more tan half of all
human genes.
This discovery is very
important, because it allows
us to understand how human
genes are turned on and off,
and it helps us to understand
how is the regulation of
human genes.
Biologist unlock code regulating
most human genes
Student’s Observation
Atomic-scale view of bacterial
proteins offers path to new
tuberculosis drugs.
A team of the Rockefeller
University lead by Elizabeth
Campbell, has been able to
get an atomic-scale view of
the M. smegmatis RNA
polymerase, wich is very
similar to the RNA
polymerase found in M.
Tuberculosis, a bacteria that
causes tuberculosis. This
bacteria has acquired
resistance to Rifampicin, a
drug that attacks the bacteria
by modifying the RNA
polymerase. They got the
atomic– scale view using x-
ray cristallography.
I think that this discovery is
very important because it will
provide the necessary means
to realice new drugs to fight
the resistant M. tuberculosis,
maybe it will also help the
humanity in the fight with
other type of bacterias.
Student’s Observation
The scientific estudies that
are focused in genetic
transcription, are very
important as they help the
humanity to understand
how the genetic system
works in living beings, this
give us the chance to know
how to prevent or treat
some genetic afections, as
we can understand how
bacterias and virus can be
fought using their genetic
system as the target of
some treatments and drugs.
Introduction

4. Introduction
• The news that are sahowed in
the brochure are related to the
genetic transcription
mecanism, showing that it is
very important to understand
the genetic behaviour in both
the human body and bacteria,
in order to prevent us from
multiresistan-drug bacteria
diseases and to know how the
genetic expression works in the
human body.
The scientific estudies
that are focused in
genetic transcription,
are very important as
they help the humanity
to understand how the
genetic system works in
living beings, this give
us the chance to know
how to prevent or treat
some genetic afections,
as we can understand
how bacterias and virus
can be fought using
their genetic system as
the target of some
treatments and drugs.
Introduction

5. Biologist unlock code
regulating most human
cells.
University of California,
San Diego. (2017, January
24)
Molecular biologist from
the Univercity of
California in San Diego,
have discovered the
sequence code for the
human intiator. They
made it using emerging
genomic techniques and
they devised new
computational strategies
to unlock the DNA
sequence code for the
human initiator. The study
showed that the initiator is
located at the start site of
more tan half of all human
genes.
This discovery is very
important, because it
allows us to understand
how human genes are
turned on and off, and it
shows us how important
is the regulation of the
genetic transcription for
the prevention of cancer
and genetic diseases.
Biologist unlock code
regulating most human
genes
Student’s Observation

6. • The human initiator is
responsible of the
regulation of genetic
activity in the cells,
avoiding the risk of
mutation and cancer.

7. • The human initiator was first
observed by Pierre Chambon
and his colleagues in
Trausbourg, France in 1980
and its role was determined by
Stephen Smale and Dvid
Baltimore, two IMT biologist,
in 1989.
Pierre Chambon

8. • The University of California team used emerging
genomic techniques and computational
strategies to unlock the DNA sequence code for
the human initiator, it has been found that it is
located at the start site of more than half of all
human genes.

9. Student’s opinion
• This discovery is very
important, because it allows us
to understand how human
genes are turned on and off,
and it shows us how important
is the regulation of genetic
transcription for the
prevention of cancer and
genetic diseases.

10. Atomic-scale view of
bacterial proteins offers
path to new tuberculosis
drugs.
Rockefeller University
(2017, February 3)
Atomic-scale view of bacterial
proteins offers path to new
tuberculosis drugs.
A team of the Rockefeller
University lead by Elizabeth
Campbell, has been able to
get an atomic-scale view of
the M. smegmatis RNA
polymerase, wich is very
similar to the RNA
polymerase found in M.
Tuberculosis, a bacteria that
causes tuberculosis. This
bacteria has acquired
resistance to Rifampicin, a
drug that attacks the bacteria
by modifying the RNA
polymerase. They got the
atomic– scale view using x-
ray cristallography.
I think that this discovery is
very important because it will
provide the necessary means
to realice new drugs to fight
the resistant M. tuberculosis,
maybe it will also help the
humanity in the fight with
other type of multiresistant-
drug bacterias.
Student’s Observation

11. • The rifampicin is a drug used to fight the M.
tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible for the
tuberculosis disease. This drug modifyes the
activity of the RNA polymerase but some
bacterias have aquired a mutant RNA
polymerase which is not modified by the
rifampicin.

12. • The researchers used the x-ray crystallography
to visualize the structure of the RNA polymerase,
so right now it is possible to see how the bacteria
acquired the resistance to the rifampicin and
know the scientifics will be able to modify or
make a drug able to fight the resistant
M.tuberculosis.

13. • For the study, the researchers used the M.
smegmatis, a bacteria that has a RNA
polymerase that is very similar to the one
located in the M. tuberculosis. They also
found that the RNA polymerase structure
found in the escherichia coli is very different
to the RNA polymerase of the M.
tuberculosis and that’s why the studies made
in that bacteria didn’t bring any result.

14. Student’s opinion
• I think that this discovery is
very important because it
will provide the necessary
means to realize new drugs
to fight the resistant M.
tuberculosis, maybe it will
also help the humanity in the
fight with other type of
bacterias.

15. Medical Utility
I think that this studies are very
important, because they provide
the necessary knowledge to
understand and use an important
process as the genetic
transcription is, to protect the
human body from multiresistant-
drug bacteria and maybe in the
future estudies as the first one
showed in this brochure will help
us to be able to controle the
genetic expression of some genes
that are involved in many genetic
diseases.
Medical Utility

16. • Both studies are important as they provide tools
to understand the genetic transcription and to
know how does it work in order to probably in
the future, be able to prevent all the genetic
diseases by the study of the human genome and
to fight the resistant bacterias.

17. • The human initiator loacation is a big step closer
to the capacity of modify or fix some genetic
problems in essential proteins that compromises
the life. Likewise, this discovery is important to
the understanding of the cancer disease, and
maybe it will bring the humanity closer to the
discovery of a better treatment.

18. • The discovery of the atomic-scale view of the
mutant RNA polymerase of the resistant M.
tuberculosis is very important as it make
possible for the humanity to have a better fight
and treatment against the tuberculosis. Also ,
this study will be important in the future to
study other resistant bacterias and maybe in the
future the acquired resistance in bacterias will
be something of the past.

19. Bibliography
• University of California-San Diego. (2017, January 24).
Biologist unlock code regulating most human cells.
Science Daily. Retrived February 15, 2017 from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/17
0124140749.htm
• Rockefeller University (2017, February 3). Atomic-
scale view of bacterial proteins offers path to new
tuberculosis drugs. Science Daily. Retrived February
15, 2017 from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/17
0203135112.htm

20. THANKS