presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
Homeobox genes are a large family of genes that regulate embryonic development. They were first discovered in fruit flies and contain a DNA sequence called the homeodomain that encodes a protein regulating transcription of other genes. In humans, homeobox genes are organized into four clusters (A-D) on different chromosomes and regulate body patterning along the head-to-tail axis. Mutations in homeobox genes can lead to developmental disorders like aniridia, synpolydactyly, and Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. There is potential to use homeobox genes like PDX-1 in gene therapy to generate new tissues like pancreatic beta cells in the liver to treat diseases like diabetes.
hox genes and its role in development both in human and drosophila . homeotic genes. homeobox genes. developmental biology. different types of homeotic genes in drosophila and human. deficiencydiseases due to lack of hox genes in human
Homeobox genes (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The document discusses homeobox genes, which are genes that control embryonic development and regulate the expression of other genes. It describes how homeobox genes establish patterns during development, even directing the formation of structures in other species. While animals like flies and humans evolved separately for over 500 million years, many of their homeobox genes remain remarkably similar, demonstrating their critical role in development and our shared ancestry.
Homeobox genes are a family of genes that encode transcription factors and play a key role in regulating embryonic development and cell differentiation. They were first discovered in 1983 in fruit flies and contain a DNA sequence called the homeodomain that provides instructions for protein production. In humans, there are over 200 homeobox genes located on every chromosome. Homeobox genes establish body patterns and regionalization during development through processes like polarity, positional information, and regulation of genes involved in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in certain homeobox genes can lead to developmental disorders and anomalies.
Evolutionary developmental biology examines the development of different organisms to understand ancestral relationships and how developmental mechanisms lead to evolutionary changes. It focuses on genes that control development and how changes in these genes can produce variation that is acted on by natural selection. A key example is that morphological differences between chicken and duck feet are due to different expression of BMP4 and Gremlin genes, which control cell survival and apoptosis in the developing limb. Developmental genes like Hox genes are important for pattern formation and have been pivotal in animal evolution by allowing variation and the formation of new body plans.
Welcome to the world of Homeotic genes. In this presentation I talk about the interesting history behind homeotic genes as to how it was discovered. Also, the various deformities in Drosophila related to mutations in homeotic genes and the characteristics of homeotic genes. I also talk about hox genes in humans and their function.
1) Evolutionary developmental biology studies how developmental mechanisms drive evolutionary change by comparing development across organisms.
2) Genetic changes influence morphology through controlling growth rates and timing of development. Variation in developmental genes like Hox and Pax6 affect traits and can lead to new species.
3) Differences in expression of BMP4 and Gremlin proteins during chicken and duck foot development led to webbed versus non-webbed feet, demonstrating how development influences evolution.
This document discusses Hox genes, which are homeotic genes that encode transcription factors important for segment identity in animals. It describes two major homeotic gene complexes, ANT-C and BX-C, which determine segment identity in the head/thorax and posterior thorax/abdomen, respectively, in Drosophila. Mutations in these genes can lead to homeosis, where one body part develops with the identity of another part. The document also discusses how Hox genes regulate segment identity through binding DNA in a specific combination, the co-linear expression of Hox genes, and how changes in Hox gene expression have contributed to the evolution of arthropod body plans.
Homeobox genes are a large family of genes that regulate embryonic development. They were first discovered in fruit flies and contain a DNA sequence called the homeodomain that encodes a protein regulating transcription of other genes. In humans, homeobox genes are organized into four clusters (A-D) on different chromosomes and regulate body patterning along the head-to-tail axis. Mutations in homeobox genes can lead to developmental disorders like aniridia, synpolydactyly, and Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. There is potential to use homeobox genes like PDX-1 in gene therapy to generate new tissues like pancreatic beta cells in the liver to treat diseases like diabetes.
hox genes and its role in development both in human and drosophila . homeotic genes. homeobox genes. developmental biology. different types of homeotic genes in drosophila and human. deficiencydiseases due to lack of hox genes in human
Homeobox genes (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The document discusses homeobox genes, which are genes that control embryonic development and regulate the expression of other genes. It describes how homeobox genes establish patterns during development, even directing the formation of structures in other species. While animals like flies and humans evolved separately for over 500 million years, many of their homeobox genes remain remarkably similar, demonstrating their critical role in development and our shared ancestry.
Homeobox genes are a family of genes that encode transcription factors and play a key role in regulating embryonic development and cell differentiation. They were first discovered in 1983 in fruit flies and contain a DNA sequence called the homeodomain that provides instructions for protein production. In humans, there are over 200 homeobox genes located on every chromosome. Homeobox genes establish body patterns and regionalization during development through processes like polarity, positional information, and regulation of genes involved in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in certain homeobox genes can lead to developmental disorders and anomalies.
Evolutionary developmental biology examines the development of different organisms to understand ancestral relationships and how developmental mechanisms lead to evolutionary changes. It focuses on genes that control development and how changes in these genes can produce variation that is acted on by natural selection. A key example is that morphological differences between chicken and duck feet are due to different expression of BMP4 and Gremlin genes, which control cell survival and apoptosis in the developing limb. Developmental genes like Hox genes are important for pattern formation and have been pivotal in animal evolution by allowing variation and the formation of new body plans.
Welcome to the world of Homeotic genes. In this presentation I talk about the interesting history behind homeotic genes as to how it was discovered. Also, the various deformities in Drosophila related to mutations in homeotic genes and the characteristics of homeotic genes. I also talk about hox genes in humans and their function.
1) Evolutionary developmental biology studies how developmental mechanisms drive evolutionary change by comparing development across organisms.
2) Genetic changes influence morphology through controlling growth rates and timing of development. Variation in developmental genes like Hox and Pax6 affect traits and can lead to new species.
3) Differences in expression of BMP4 and Gremlin proteins during chicken and duck foot development led to webbed versus non-webbed feet, demonstrating how development influences evolution.
This document discusses Hox genes, which are homeotic genes that encode transcription factors important for segment identity in animals. It describes two major homeotic gene complexes, ANT-C and BX-C, which determine segment identity in the head/thorax and posterior thorax/abdomen, respectively, in Drosophila. Mutations in these genes can lead to homeosis, where one body part develops with the identity of another part. The document also discusses how Hox genes regulate segment identity through binding DNA in a specific combination, the co-linear expression of Hox genes, and how changes in Hox gene expression have contributed to the evolution of arthropod body plans.
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...Dashty Rihany
The document discusses human sex determination and sex ratios. It provides background on chromosomal sex determination in mammals, including that females are typically XX and males are typically XY. It explains primary sex determination in development of the gonads and secondary sex determination that affects other sex characteristics. The document also discusses factors that can influence sex ratios, such as sex-selective abortion or infanticide skewing ratios away from the expected 1:1 ratio.
The Biological and environmental causes of Developmental Disabilitiesmary rose omamalin
This document summarizes key concepts in human reproduction including heredity, chromosomes, DNA, genes, and genetic principles like dominance and polygenic inheritance. It describes gametes, meiosis, fertilization, and the zygote. It outlines the three phases of prenatal development - the germinal phase, embryonic phase, and fetal phase. During each phase, critical developmental processes occur and abnormalities can arise from genetic or environmental factors and lead to developmental disabilities.
This document summarizes key concepts in human reproduction including heredity, chromosomes, DNA, genes, genetic principles of dominance-recessive and sex-linked genes. It describes meiosis, fertilization which results in a zygote, and the three phases of prenatal development: germinal phase involving cell division and implantation; embryonic phase of cell differentiation and organogenesis; and fetal phase of growth over seven months. Critical periods of vulnerability to teratogens are noted where genetic disorders, physical abnormalities or developmental disabilities can occur.
Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction in most plants and animals. It results in the production of gametes or sex cells with half the normal number of chromosomes. This ensures that fertility can occur when gametes from two individuals fuse, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis involves two rounds of division that separate homologous chromosome pairs and then sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells from each original diploid cell.
Hox genes allow animals to have complex body plans with specialized segments through their controlled expression patterns. A diverse range of regulatory mechanisms, including nuclear dynamics, RNA processing, microRNAs, and translational control, work together to ensure robust Hox gene expression during development. Disruptions to this complex multi-tiered regulation of Hox genes can lead to developmental defects.
The document summarizes key aspects of sexual and asexual reproduction. It describes the main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, noting that sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through recombination of parental genes. Various modes of asexual reproduction are outlined, including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. Advantages and disadvantages of sexual versus asexual reproduction are also discussed.
Sex determination is controlled genetically and establishes the development of sexual characteristics in organisms. The presence of XX chromosomes in females and XY chromosomes in males is responsible for sex determination in humans and most mammals. During meiosis, females produce only X-bearing eggs while males produce equal numbers of X- and Y-bearing sperm, leading to a 1:1 sex ratio at fertilization. Fusion of an X-bearing sperm produces a XX zygote that develops as a female, while an Y-bearing sperm combines to create a XY zygote that becomes a male.
This document discusses several methods for determining the sex of individuals, both living and deceased. It outlines that sex determination is important for identification, inheritance, marriage/divorce, and legal cases. Common methods include examining general appearance, secondary sex characteristics, gonads, nuclear structures like Barr bodies and Davidson bodies, and skeletal features after decomposition. Intersex conditions that involve mixed male and female characteristics are also discussed. Determining sex can be done by examining external genitalia, gonads, menstruation history, and skeletal features such as the pelvis.
This document discusses sex determination in plants. It covers sex determination in bryophytes, homosporous ferns, and angiosperms. For angiosperms, it outlines four main mechanisms of sex determination: 1) the active-Y system with XY sex chromosomes, 2) the X-to-autosome balance system, 3) hormonal regulation by genes, and 4) the evolution of sexual dimorphisms through mutations. It also provides examples of different sex determination genotypes and resulting phenotypes in plants like cucumbers and melons. Overall, the document examines the topic of how plant sexuality and sex are determined across different groups.
Human development and sex determination nadeem akhter
1) Fertilization occurs when a sperm joins an egg, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes - 23 from each parent. This determines the new individual as either 46,XX (female) or 46,XY (male).
2) The zygote undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo over a series of stages. By the end of the first trimester, all major organ systems have formed.
3) Sexual differentiation is determined by chromosomes, gonads, and hormone exposure. The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development; its absence leads to ovaries. Subsequent hormone secretions shape internal and external genitalia along male or female lines.
This study investigated sex determination in the dioecious plant species Salix viminalis (basket willow). Crosses between 4 female and 4 male parents resulted in 13 offspring crosses, of which 6 were female-biased and 2 were male-biased in their sex ratios. A germination experiment found most crosses had high germination rates, indicating fitness differences did not cause the biased sex ratios. As no hermaphrodites or sex changing plants were observed, sexual lability also did not explain the biases. Meiotic drive or gametic selection could potentially cause the variation, but were deemed unlikely as biases existed among both same-father and same-mother crosses. The skewed ratios were also not due to cytoplas
Reference
Moeller, Karla T., "Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptiles". Embryo Project Encyclopedia (2013-02-01). ISSN: 1940-5030
Morjan, Carrie L. 2003. “How Rapidly Can Maternal Behavior Affecting Primary Sex Ratio Evolve in a Reptile with Environmental Sex Determination ?”
Shine, Richard. 1999. “Why Is Sex Determined by Nest Temperature in Many Reptiles?” 14(5): 186–89.
Wapstra, Erik et al. 2006. “Maternal Basking Behavior Determines Offspring Sex in a Viviparous Reptile.” : 230–32.
This document provides information on an international course on developmental biology to be held in Paris in October 2011. The course will be held at Pierre and Marie Curie University and the Curie Institute. It is intended for master's and PhD students and will include 3 weeks of practical laboratory sessions and 2 weeks of lectures. The practical sessions will cover topics like early mouse development, chick embryo culture, Drosophila imaginal discs, Xenopus embryos, C. elegans, and zebrafish. The lecture sessions will feature talks from researchers on various topics within developmental biology.
Molecular & genetic mechanisms of onto genesisEneutron
1) The document discusses various mechanisms of sexual and asexual reproduction in organisms. It describes gametogenesis, fertilization, and the main stages of ontogenesis including cleavage, gastrulation, and formation of organs and systems.
2) The two main types of reproduction are asexual, which produces offspring genetically identical to the parent, and sexual, which involves meiosis and fusion of male and female gametes to create offspring with genetic material from both parents.
3) Fertilization is the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, which then undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis during development.
Sex determination in plants involves heterogametic and homogametic sex chromosomes. In some plants like Melandrium, females are heterogametic (ZW) while males are homogametic (ZZ). The sex of offspring depends on the type of sperm fertilizing the egg. In other plants like Vallisneria, males are heterogametic (XY) while females are homogametic (XX). Females produce two types of eggs while males produce two types of sperm, determining sex. Sex determination can also be genetically controlled by single genes or environmentally influenced in some species like alligators.
Developmental biologists are asking questions about how genetic information results in different cell types, how cell division and formation of organized structures are regulated, and how reproductive cells are set apart. They study development through comparative embryology, evolutionary embryology, teratology, and mathematical modeling. Some key concepts are epigenesis versus preformation, germ layers and induction, von Baer's principles of vertebrate development, fate maps, distinguishing analogous and homologous structures, and types of growth models.
The document discusses reproduction and development across several species, including topics like fertilization, cell division, embryology, gametes, cleavage, gastrulation, induction, protostomes, deuterostomes, and the biogenetic law. It also covers reproduction systems in vertebrates like the role of hormones in development and the male and female reproductive systems. Finally, it discusses fetal development in humans, reproduction in bony fish and invertebrates like flatworms, and cites several references.
This document outlines the key topics and learning objectives for a course on reproduction. It covers:
1) Asexual and sexual reproduction - defining each type and discussing their advantages/disadvantages.
2) Sexual reproduction in plants - examining flower structures, pollination, seed and fruit dispersal.
3) Sexual reproduction in humans - anatomy and functions of male/female reproductive systems, fertilization, early development, placenta/umbilical cord function, breastfeeding vs. bottlefeeding, HIV transmission and prevention.
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...Dashty Rihany
The document discusses human sex determination and sex ratios. It provides background on chromosomal sex determination in mammals, including that females are typically XX and males are typically XY. It explains primary sex determination in development of the gonads and secondary sex determination that affects other sex characteristics. The document also discusses factors that can influence sex ratios, such as sex-selective abortion or infanticide skewing ratios away from the expected 1:1 ratio.
The Biological and environmental causes of Developmental Disabilitiesmary rose omamalin
This document summarizes key concepts in human reproduction including heredity, chromosomes, DNA, genes, and genetic principles like dominance and polygenic inheritance. It describes gametes, meiosis, fertilization, and the zygote. It outlines the three phases of prenatal development - the germinal phase, embryonic phase, and fetal phase. During each phase, critical developmental processes occur and abnormalities can arise from genetic or environmental factors and lead to developmental disabilities.
This document summarizes key concepts in human reproduction including heredity, chromosomes, DNA, genes, genetic principles of dominance-recessive and sex-linked genes. It describes meiosis, fertilization which results in a zygote, and the three phases of prenatal development: germinal phase involving cell division and implantation; embryonic phase of cell differentiation and organogenesis; and fetal phase of growth over seven months. Critical periods of vulnerability to teratogens are noted where genetic disorders, physical abnormalities or developmental disabilities can occur.
Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction in most plants and animals. It results in the production of gametes or sex cells with half the normal number of chromosomes. This ensures that fertility can occur when gametes from two individuals fuse, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis involves two rounds of division that separate homologous chromosome pairs and then sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells from each original diploid cell.
Hox genes allow animals to have complex body plans with specialized segments through their controlled expression patterns. A diverse range of regulatory mechanisms, including nuclear dynamics, RNA processing, microRNAs, and translational control, work together to ensure robust Hox gene expression during development. Disruptions to this complex multi-tiered regulation of Hox genes can lead to developmental defects.
The document summarizes key aspects of sexual and asexual reproduction. It describes the main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, noting that sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through recombination of parental genes. Various modes of asexual reproduction are outlined, including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. Advantages and disadvantages of sexual versus asexual reproduction are also discussed.
Sex determination is controlled genetically and establishes the development of sexual characteristics in organisms. The presence of XX chromosomes in females and XY chromosomes in males is responsible for sex determination in humans and most mammals. During meiosis, females produce only X-bearing eggs while males produce equal numbers of X- and Y-bearing sperm, leading to a 1:1 sex ratio at fertilization. Fusion of an X-bearing sperm produces a XX zygote that develops as a female, while an Y-bearing sperm combines to create a XY zygote that becomes a male.
This document discusses several methods for determining the sex of individuals, both living and deceased. It outlines that sex determination is important for identification, inheritance, marriage/divorce, and legal cases. Common methods include examining general appearance, secondary sex characteristics, gonads, nuclear structures like Barr bodies and Davidson bodies, and skeletal features after decomposition. Intersex conditions that involve mixed male and female characteristics are also discussed. Determining sex can be done by examining external genitalia, gonads, menstruation history, and skeletal features such as the pelvis.
This document discusses sex determination in plants. It covers sex determination in bryophytes, homosporous ferns, and angiosperms. For angiosperms, it outlines four main mechanisms of sex determination: 1) the active-Y system with XY sex chromosomes, 2) the X-to-autosome balance system, 3) hormonal regulation by genes, and 4) the evolution of sexual dimorphisms through mutations. It also provides examples of different sex determination genotypes and resulting phenotypes in plants like cucumbers and melons. Overall, the document examines the topic of how plant sexuality and sex are determined across different groups.
Human development and sex determination nadeem akhter
1) Fertilization occurs when a sperm joins an egg, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes - 23 from each parent. This determines the new individual as either 46,XX (female) or 46,XY (male).
2) The zygote undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo over a series of stages. By the end of the first trimester, all major organ systems have formed.
3) Sexual differentiation is determined by chromosomes, gonads, and hormone exposure. The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development; its absence leads to ovaries. Subsequent hormone secretions shape internal and external genitalia along male or female lines.
This study investigated sex determination in the dioecious plant species Salix viminalis (basket willow). Crosses between 4 female and 4 male parents resulted in 13 offspring crosses, of which 6 were female-biased and 2 were male-biased in their sex ratios. A germination experiment found most crosses had high germination rates, indicating fitness differences did not cause the biased sex ratios. As no hermaphrodites or sex changing plants were observed, sexual lability also did not explain the biases. Meiotic drive or gametic selection could potentially cause the variation, but were deemed unlikely as biases existed among both same-father and same-mother crosses. The skewed ratios were also not due to cytoplas
Reference
Moeller, Karla T., "Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptiles". Embryo Project Encyclopedia (2013-02-01). ISSN: 1940-5030
Morjan, Carrie L. 2003. “How Rapidly Can Maternal Behavior Affecting Primary Sex Ratio Evolve in a Reptile with Environmental Sex Determination ?”
Shine, Richard. 1999. “Why Is Sex Determined by Nest Temperature in Many Reptiles?” 14(5): 186–89.
Wapstra, Erik et al. 2006. “Maternal Basking Behavior Determines Offspring Sex in a Viviparous Reptile.” : 230–32.
This document provides information on an international course on developmental biology to be held in Paris in October 2011. The course will be held at Pierre and Marie Curie University and the Curie Institute. It is intended for master's and PhD students and will include 3 weeks of practical laboratory sessions and 2 weeks of lectures. The practical sessions will cover topics like early mouse development, chick embryo culture, Drosophila imaginal discs, Xenopus embryos, C. elegans, and zebrafish. The lecture sessions will feature talks from researchers on various topics within developmental biology.
Molecular & genetic mechanisms of onto genesisEneutron
1) The document discusses various mechanisms of sexual and asexual reproduction in organisms. It describes gametogenesis, fertilization, and the main stages of ontogenesis including cleavage, gastrulation, and formation of organs and systems.
2) The two main types of reproduction are asexual, which produces offspring genetically identical to the parent, and sexual, which involves meiosis and fusion of male and female gametes to create offspring with genetic material from both parents.
3) Fertilization is the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, which then undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis during development.
Sex determination in plants involves heterogametic and homogametic sex chromosomes. In some plants like Melandrium, females are heterogametic (ZW) while males are homogametic (ZZ). The sex of offspring depends on the type of sperm fertilizing the egg. In other plants like Vallisneria, males are heterogametic (XY) while females are homogametic (XX). Females produce two types of eggs while males produce two types of sperm, determining sex. Sex determination can also be genetically controlled by single genes or environmentally influenced in some species like alligators.
Developmental biologists are asking questions about how genetic information results in different cell types, how cell division and formation of organized structures are regulated, and how reproductive cells are set apart. They study development through comparative embryology, evolutionary embryology, teratology, and mathematical modeling. Some key concepts are epigenesis versus preformation, germ layers and induction, von Baer's principles of vertebrate development, fate maps, distinguishing analogous and homologous structures, and types of growth models.
The document discusses reproduction and development across several species, including topics like fertilization, cell division, embryology, gametes, cleavage, gastrulation, induction, protostomes, deuterostomes, and the biogenetic law. It also covers reproduction systems in vertebrates like the role of hormones in development and the male and female reproductive systems. Finally, it discusses fetal development in humans, reproduction in bony fish and invertebrates like flatworms, and cites several references.
This document outlines the key topics and learning objectives for a course on reproduction. It covers:
1) Asexual and sexual reproduction - defining each type and discussing their advantages/disadvantages.
2) Sexual reproduction in plants - examining flower structures, pollination, seed and fruit dispersal.
3) Sexual reproduction in humans - anatomy and functions of male/female reproductive systems, fertilization, early development, placenta/umbilical cord function, breastfeeding vs. bottlefeeding, HIV transmission and prevention.
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
This document provides an overview of key concepts in zoology and biology, including:
1. Zoology is the study of animal life, and taxonomy involves the hierarchical classification of organisms into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Linnaeus established the modern system of binomial nomenclature.
2. Other topics covered include evolution, heredity, genetics, ecology, cells, and levels of biological organization. Reproductive strategies such as asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, and fertilization methods are also summarized.
3. Species interactions including predation, competition, and symbiosis are discussed in the
Transgenic organisms and methods of their production.Garima
This document provides an overview of transgenic organisms. It begins with definitions of key terms like transgene, genome, plasmid, and restriction enzyme. It then discusses the history of transgenic research, including the first genetically modified organism created in 1973 and the first transgenic animals. The main methods used to produce transgenic animals are described as DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Current applications of transgenic organisms are outlined, such as glowing fish and insects used for pest control. The document concludes by discussing the importance of transgenic organisms in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Unit 5 animal reproduction and developmentjane namane
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes during internal or external fertilization. After fertilization, embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis stages. The embryo develops three germ layers that give rise to different tissues and organs. Parental care helps many animals ensure the survival of offspring to reproductive age.
Unit 5 animal reproduction and developmentzanele swazi
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of egg and sperm through external or internal fertilization. Embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Cleavage involves rapid cell division, gastrulation rearranges cells into three germ layers, and organogenesis develops organs from these germ layers. Gametes are produced in gonads and fertilization is triggered by the acrosomal and cortical reactions.
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization. After fertilization, embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis stages. During these stages, the zygote undergoes cell division and differentiation to form a blastula, gastrula, and eventually an organism with organ systems and tissues derived from the three germ layers.
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization, and embryonic development. Fertilization can be external or internal. Embryonic development involves cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Amniotes develop in extraembryonic membranes within the mother. Young can be precocial or altricial at birth depending on their stage of development.
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization, and embryonic development. Fertilization can be external or internal. Embryonic development involves cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Amniotes develop in extraembryonic membranes within the mother. Young can be precocial or altricial at birth, depending on their stage of development.
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization, and embryonic development. Fertilization can be external or internal. Embryonic development involves cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Amniotes develop in extraembryonic membranes within the mother. Young can be precocial or altricial at birth depending on their stage of development.
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization, and embryonic development. Fertilization can be external or internal. Embryonic development involves cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Amniotes develop in extraembryonic membranes within the mother. Young can be precocial or altricial at birth depending on their stage of development.
This document discusses heredity, prenatal development, and birth from an evolutionary and genetic perspective. It covers key topics such as genes and chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis, dominant and recessive traits, genetic disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, twins, genetic counseling, and the three periods of prenatal development (germinal, embryonic, fetal). The germinal period involves fertilization and the early cell divisions leading to a blastocyst.
This document identifies and compares developmental genes in animals and plants. It summarizes that developmental genes like homeobox genes are important for animal development, while MADS-box genes play a key role in plant development. The document compares eight aspects of development between animals and plants, such as multicellularity, cell movement, body plan determination, life cycles, and plasticity. For each aspect, it outlines the differences in developmental mechanisms and genes between the two kingdoms.
This document discusses types of variation in plants, including their origin and scale. It covers genetic and environmental variation, as well as qualitative and quantitative traits. Genetic variation arises from processes like recombination, chromosome modifications, and mutations. Qualitative traits are discrete while quantitative traits exhibit continuous variation controlled by multiple genes. The document provides examples and explanations of these concepts.
This document discusses pattern formation during embryogenesis. It begins by defining pattern formation as the development of spatial organization that establishes an organism's basic body plan and axes. Key genes that control pattern formation are homeotic genes, which regulate cell processes and contain a homeobox sequence. Hox genes pattern the anteroposterior axis by being expressed sequentially. In Drosophila melanogaster, cytoplasmic determinants, segmentation genes like gap and pair-rule genes, and homeotic genes work together to pattern each segment. Mutations in these pattern formation genes can lead to congenital malformations in humans and other organisms.
Gametogenesis is the development of gametes (sperm and eggs) through meiosis. Key genetic processes in gametogenesis include reducing chromosome number and independent chromosome segregation through meiotic cell division. While sperm and egg development differ morphologically, the underlying genetic processes are the same. Fertilization allows for the transfer of DNA from parents to offspring, promoting species continuity.
Sex determination and differentiation.pptSudha Sudha
The document discusses genetic, endocrine and biochemical aspects of testis and ovarian differentiation and development. It begins by explaining that chromosomal sex determination as XY or XX is the first step, followed by sex determination committing the bipotential gonad to a testis or ovary. In males, testis determination occurs around 6 weeks gestation where Sertoli and Leydig cells form and secrete anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone respectively. In females, ovarian determination occurs around 7 weeks where follicular cells form primordial follicles. Key genes involved in each pathway are also discussed.
This chapter discusses child development from a genetic and prenatal perspective. It covers topics like fertilization and the stages of prenatal development, the role of genes and chromosomes in heredity, genetic disorders, the interaction between nature and nurture, and threats to healthy prenatal development like maternal diet and environmental factors. The chapter aims to explain how genetics and the prenatal environment work together to influence human growth and characteristics.
This document summarizes key differences in developmental genes between animals and plants. It identifies model organisms used to study developmental genes and compares multicellularity, cell movement, body plan rigidity, life cycles, meiosis, germline formation, morphogenesis, and plasticity between the two kingdoms. The major differences discussed are that animal cells are motile while plant cells are fixed, animals have a single multicellular stage while plants alternate between haploid and diploid generations, and plants exhibit greater plasticity in development than animals.
Similar to Genetic control of animal development (20)
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The biofloc is a protein-rich aggregate of organic material and microorganisms that forms in aquaculture systems. Biofloc technology maintains water quality and provides nutrients by balancing carbon and nitrogen through the addition of carbon sources like molasses. It has been successfully used in tilapia and shrimp farming and allows for high stocking densities through natural water treatment. Key factors that must be controlled include carbon to nitrogen ratio, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels.
Determination of p h of waste water sample .....................................Hafiz M Waseem
ecologyDetermination of pH of Waste Water Sample ..................................................... 4
Determination Dissolved Oxygen within Water ................................................... 5
Adaptive Features of Animals in Relation to Food and Environment .................. 7
Study the Plant Population Density ................................................................... 10
Experimental Design and Approaches to Ecological Research ........................ 12
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels.food chain...Hafiz M Waseem
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
This document contains personal information for Hafiz Muhammad Waseem of Lahore, Pakistan who is taking the course Applied Ecology (ZOOL3118) at the University of Education Lahore, Pakistan. It also lists Books for reference.
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
5. Animal development
development can be defined as the series of progressive non repetitive changes
that occur during the life history of organisms.
Or the progressive changes in size, shape, and function during the life of an
organisms by which its genetic potential are translated into functioning mature
systems.
6. Maternal gene activity in animal development
Materials transported into the egg during oogenesis play a major role in embryonic
development.
Important events occur in animal development even before an egg is fertilized.
At this time, nutritive and determinative materials are transported into the egg from
surrounding cells, laying up food stores and organizing the egg for its subsequent
development.
These materials are generated by the expression of genes in the female
reproductive system, some being expressed in somatic reproductive tissues and
others only in germline tissues.
7. Maternal effect gene
Mutations in genes that contribute to the formation of healthy eggs may have no
effect on the viability or appearance of the female making those eggs.
Instead, their effects may be seen only in the next generation.
Such mutations are called maternal-effect mutations
because the mutant phenotype in the offspring is caused by a mutant genotype in
its mother.
Genes identified by such mutations are called maternal-effect genes
8. Maternal effect gene
Matings between flies homozygous for recessive
mutations in this gene produce inviable progeny.
This lethal effect is strictly maternal.
A cross between homozygous mutant females
and homozygous wild-type males produces inviable
progeny, but the reciprocal cross produces viable progeny.
The lethal effect of the dorsal mutation is therefore
manifested only if females are homozygous for it.
The male genotype is irrelevant
9. Zygotic gene activity in development
The differentiation of cell types and the formation of organs depend on genes
being activated in particular spatial and temporal patterns.
However, at some point, the genes in the embryo are selectively activated, and
new materials are made.
This process is referred to as zygotic gene expression.
The earliest event in animal development are controlled by maternally synthesized
factor .
After fertilization, zygotic gene expression or expression of genes from the embryo
genome begin.
10. Body segmentation
In many invertebrates the body consists of an array
of adjoining units called segments
An adult Drosophila, for example, has a head,
three distinct thoracic segments, and eight
abdominal segments.
Within the thorax and abdomen, each segment
can be identified by coloration
11. Homeotic gene
Interest in the genetic control of segmentation began with the discovery of
mutations that transform one segment into another.
So homeotic mutation transform one segment to another this is called homeosis .
Mutation in bithorax affect two thoracic segments. creating a fly with a small pair of
rudimentary wings in place of the small balancing structures called halters
Mutation in antennapedia transform
antennae into legs.
12. Organ formation
Organ formation require the organization of many different type of cell.
Organ formation is under genetic control.
The heart, stomach, kidney, liver, and eye are all examples of organs.
The eyless gene
Mutant flies lack eyeless
The wild type eyeless gene encode a homeodomain transcription factor that
activate pathway involving thousand of gene.
13. Mamalian homologus of eyeless
The mouse homologue of eyeless pax6 produce extra eye whwn inserted into
drosophila .
In mice, mutation in eyeless homologue reduce the size of an eye.
Mutation in human homologue cause aniridia .
14. Genetic analysis of development in
vertebrates
Geneticists can study development in vertebrates by applying knowledge gained
from the study of model invertebrates, by
analyzing mutations in model vertebrates such as mice, and by examining the
differentiation of stem cells.
One of the most dramatic applications of this approach has shown that vertebrates
contain homologues of the homeotic genes of Drosophila. These so-called Hox
genes
Many vertebrate genes—for example, the Hox genes—have been identified by
homology with genes isolated from model organisms such as Drosophila and C.
elegans.
15. Hox gene
Among vertebrates, the mouse provides opportunities to study mutations that affect
development.
Mammalian stem cells, especially those derived from embryos, can be cultured in
vitro to study the mechanisms that underlie differentiation.
Animals produced by reproductive cloning suggest that differentiated cells have
the same genetic potential as the zygote.
Recombination between gene segments during immune cell differentiation creates
the sequences that encode the light and heavy chains of antibodies.