Birth & reproductive developmental process
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The document discusses reproduction and development across several species, including topics like fertilization, cell division, embryology, gametes, cleavage, gastrulation, induction, protostomes, deuterostomes, and the biogenetic law. It also covers reproduction systems in vertebrates like the role of hormones in development and the male and female reproductive systems. Finally, it discusses fetal development in humans, reproduction in bony fish and invertebrates like flatworms, and cites several references.
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Reproduction is the biological process by which new organisms are produced. There are two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction which requires only one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent, and sexual reproduction which involves both male and female gametes fusing to produce offspring with a mix of characteristics from both parents. Sexual reproduction in humans involves the male reproductive system producing sperm and the female reproductive system producing eggs. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, forming a zygote, and pregnancy and childbirth follow.
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reproduction in animals
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There are two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction involves both male and female reproductive organs and gametes fusing during fertilization. The male organs produce sperm and the female organs produce eggs. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tubes, forming a zygote that develops into an embryo and fetus. Fertilization can be internal, occurring inside the female body as in humans, or external, occurring outside the body as in fish. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical through processes like budding.
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1) Asexual and sexual reproduction - defining each type and discussing their advantages/disadvantages.
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3) Sexual reproduction in humans - anatomy and functions of male/female reproductive systems, fertilization, early development, placenta/umbilical cord function, breastfeeding vs. bottlefeeding, HIV transmission and prevention.
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2. The male reproductive organs (testes, sperm ducts, penis) produce sperm, while the female organs (ovaries, oviducts, uterus) produce eggs.
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- It describes the male and female reproductive systems and the journey of sperm and egg through the systems. The sperm fertilizes the egg in the fallopian tubes.
- It explains the process of fertilization and the early stages of development from zygote to embryo to fetus. The fetus develops over nine months before birth.
- Key parts of the male system that are mentioned include the testes, penis, and sperm. The female system includes the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina.
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Animals can reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) - eggs from the female and sperm from the male. This results in the formation of offspring with genetic material from both parents. Some examples of sexual reproduction are frogs where eggs are fertilized externally and hens where eggs are fertilized internally but develop outside the body. Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells and can occur through processes like regeneration where a new individual grows from a fragment of the original organism.
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- 1. By: Mylacia & Shabria
- 2. Reproduction And Development A. Background information 1. Fertilization 2. Cell division B. Embryology 1. Parasites 2. Proteins 3. Appendages
- 3. Repro. And Development Continue C. Fertilization 1. Gametes ( Haploid, Diploid) 2. Motile (Sperm) 3. Zygotes 4. Chromosomes D. Cleavage 1. Cytoplasm 2. Organelles
- 4. Repro. And Development Continue D. Gastrulation E. Induction 1. Nucleus F. Protostomes and Deuterostomes G. Biogenetic Law 1. Phylum
- 5. Reproduction in Vertebrates Reproduction and development of sexual characteristics in vertebrates are controlled directly by the hormones produced in the gonads, estrogens, progesterone and testosterone (King). B. Male Reproduction System 1. Spermatogenesis 2. Spermatocytes 3. Etc.
- 6. Vertebrates Cont. A. The Female System 1. To produce ova 2. To produce estrogens and progesterone 3. Oogenesis B. Ovarian Cycle 1. Follicular phase 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal phase C. Hormonal Control of Ovulation
- 7. Reproduction in Vertebrates A. Bony Fishes 1. Sexual Maturity 2. Reproductive modes 3. Reproductive behavior 4. Fertilization and embryonic development
- 8. Fetal Development in Humans A. The Fetal Period 1. Rapid growth 2. Tissue and Organ Development 3. Secretion 4. Dilation
- 9. Reproduction in Invertebrates A. Flatworms 1. Production of millions of eggs 2. Associated with difficulties in dispersing the species B. Reproductive 1. They possess both male and female sex organs 2. The worms practice cross-fertilization
- 10. Works Cited Alexander, Sandra. "Fetal Development, Human." Biology Refernce. N.p., 2011. Web. 27 Oct 2011. <http://www.biologyreference.com/Ep- Fl/Fetal-Development-Human.html>. "Animal Explore." Bony Fishes. Discovery Cove Inc, 2011. Web. 28 Nov 2011. <http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony- fish/reproduction.htm>. Chopin, Suzzette. "Development." Biology Refernce. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://www.biologyreference.com/Co-Dn/Development.html>. Ramel, Gordon. The Placental Mammal and Reproduction. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/reproduction.html>. King, Peter. "Vertebrate Physiology Bio410." Reproduction. N.p., 01Jan. 2011. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://people.fmarion.edu/pking/vertphys/reproduction.html>. Anatomy of Animals. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://universe- review.ca/R10-33-anatomy.htm>.