This document summarizes key concepts in human reproduction including heredity, chromosomes, DNA, genes, and genetic principles like dominance and polygenic inheritance. It describes gametes, meiosis, fertilization, and the zygote. It outlines the three phases of prenatal development - the germinal phase, embryonic phase, and fetal phase. During each phase, critical developmental processes occur and abnormalities can arise from genetic or environmental factors and lead to developmental disabilities.
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Philosophical, historical & sociological bases of special and inclusive e...Flipped Channel
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Module 2- The Stages of Development and Developmental Taskstin072787
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Educational Placements in Special Education, Where to put the students in the Special Education Program, Placement of Education within the pupils of the Special Education Program
Legal bases of special and inclusive educationFlipped Channel
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Philosophical, historical & sociological bases of special and inclusive e...Flipped Channel
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Module 2- The Stages of Development and Developmental Taskstin072787
For every developmental stage, there is an expected developmental task. What happens when the expected developmental task are not achieved at the corresponding developmental stage? How can you help children achieve these developmental tasks?
chapter 2 Globalization and Cultural and Multicultural Literacies.pptxChristineMaeCalfofor
Is the process of interaction and integration between people, business entities, governments, and cultures from other nations, driven by international trade and investment and support by information technology (Levin Institute, 2017).
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Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Similar to The Biological and environmental causes of Developmental Disabilities (20)
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
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• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. The Basic Concepts of Human
Reproduction
Heredity- the mechanism for the transmission of
human characteristics from one generation to the
next.
Genome- genetic code; complete set of coded
instructions for making and maintaining an
organism. Inherited from both parents.
Chromosomes- are thread-like structures located
inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each
chromosome is made of protein and a single
molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed
from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific
instructions that make each type of living creature
unique.
3.
4. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – long
threadlike molecule and genetic
substance. Is a complex molecule that
contains the genome.
Double helix- two strands of twisted
ladder-shaped structure that wrap
around each other.
8. Dominant-Recessive Genes
Principle
The principle that if one gene of a
pair is dominant and the other is
recessive, the dominant gene exerts
its effect, overriding the potential
influence of the recessive gene. A
recessive gene exerts its influence
only if both genes in the pair are
recessive. (66)
9.
10. Sex-linked Genes Principle
A particularly important category of genetic linkage
has to do with the X and Y sex
chromosomes. These not only carry the genes that
determine male and female traits but also those for
some other characteristics as well. Genes that are
carried by either sex chromosome are said to
be sex linked.
Men normally have an X and a Y combination of
sex chromosomes, while women have two
X's. Since only men inherit Y chromosomes, they
are the only ones to inherit Y-linked traits. Men
and women can get the X-linked ones since both
inherit X chromosomes.
11.
12. Polygenic Inheritance Principle
Poly (many) genic (genes) inheritance
describes the interaction of many genes
to produce a particular characteristic.
Considering that there are as many as
140,000 genes, the huge number of
combinations possible is hard to
imagine. Traits that are produced by the
mixing of genes are sais to be
polygenically determined.
13.
14. Genetoype
The Genotype is that part (DNA sequence) of
the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of
an organism or individual, which determines a
specific characteristic (phenotype) of that
cell/organism/individual. Genotype is one of
three factors that determine phenotype, the
other two being inherited epigenetic factors,
and non-inherited environmental
factors. DNA mutations which are acquired
rather than inherited, such as cancer
mutations, are not part of the individual's
genotype.
15. Phenotype
A phenotype (from Greek phainein, meaning "to show",
and typos, meaning "type") is the composite of
an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such
as its morphology, development, biochemical or
physiological properties, phenology, behavior, and
products of behavior (such as a bird's nest). A
phenotype results from the expression of an organism's
genes as well as the influence of environmental factors
and the interactions between the two. When two or
more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same
population of a species, the species is called polymorph.
16.
17. The Biological Sources of
Developmental Disabilities
Basic terms in Human Reproduction
Gametes- are human reproduction cells
which are created in the reproductive
organs.
Ovum- egg cells; which the ovaries of
the female produce
Spermatozoa- sperm cells; which the
testicles/testes of the male produce
18.
19. Meiosis
The process of cell division in which each
pair of chromosomes in the cell
separates, with one member of each
pair going into each gamete or daughter
cell. Thus, each gamete, the ovum and
the sperm, has twenty-three unpaired
chromosomes.
20. Fertilization - is the union of a human egg and
sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the
uterine tube. The result of this union is the
production of a zygote, or fertilized egg, initiating
prenatal development.
zygote- fertilization results in the formation of a
single cell. In the zygote, 2 sets of 23 unpaired
chromosomes, one set each from the male and
female combine to form one set of paired
chromosomes. In this manner, each parent
contributes 50 % or half of the zygote’s genetic
code or genome.
23. Critical periods and
developmental vulnerability
during pregnancy
Vulnerability- refers to how susceptible
the organism is to being injured or
altered by a traumatic accident.
A traumatic incident includes such broad
occurrences as teratogens or toxic
agents.
Deviancy – from the normal course of
prenatal development results to the
occurrence of developmental disabilities.
25. GERMINAL PHASE
-the initial stage of prenatal development
covers first two weeks after fertilization.
3 significant developments :
1. Creation of zygote- reproduction begins
with the fertilization of a female’s ovum
by a male sperm
26. Ovulation- is when a mature egg is
released from the ovary, pushed down
the fallopian tube, and is available to be
fertilized. Approximately every month an
egg will mature within one of your
ovaries.
Fertilization- takes place when the union of
the genetic materials in the ovum and
sperm cells.
27. Zygote- new cell w/c results from the
transmission of the genetic materials 24 to
23 hours after fertilization.
2. Continuous cell division and cell tissue
differentiation
Cell division- occurs very rapidly in the first
few days and progress with considerable
speed.
Cell differentiation- continues as the inner
and outer layers of the organism are formed.
28. Blastocyst- inner layer of cells w/c develop into
the embryo later on
Trophoblast- outer layer of cells that provides
nutrition and support for the embryo.
29. 3. Implantation or attachment of the zygote
to the uterine wall
What can go wrong during the germinal
phase?
Genetic disorders can be transmitted,
such as:
39. EMBRYONIC PHASE
The second phase of human development
occurs from the end of the germinal phase to
the second month of pregnancy. The mass of
cells is now called the embryo.
3 main process during this phase :
1. Intensification of cell differentiation
a. ectoderm –outermost layer of cells that
will develop into the surface body parts
40. b. mesoderm- the middle layer that will develop
into the body parts surrounding the internal
areas
c. endoderm- the inner layer of cells that will
develop into the epithelium
42. 3. Organogenesis – is the process of organ
formation and the appearance of body organs
during the first two months.
What can go wrong during the embryonic phase?
Physical abnormalities can result. At birth,
there are infants born with extra or missing
limbs and fingers, ears and other body parts, a
tail-like protrusion, heart or brain, digestive or
respiratory organs outside the body.
43.
44. Fetal Phase
The third phase covers seven months that
lasts from the third to ninth month of
pregnancy on the average.
Caucasian baby
45. At 3 months, the fetus is about 3 inches long
and weighs about one ounce.
At 4 months, the fetus is five and a half
inches long. Weighing about four ounces.
At 5 months, the fetus is ten to twelve inches
long and weighs one half to one pound or
almost half a kilo.
At six months, the fetus is 14 inches long and
has gained one half to one pound.