A quick view to the microprocessors and uses

1. Microprocessors and
Assembly Language
SUBMITTED BY, SUBMITTED TO,
JUBAIDA AKTER SAIMA MAHBUBA BEGUM
CE-16002 ASSISTANT PROFESOR
DEPT. OF CSE, DEPT. OF CSE,
MBSTU MBSTU

2. Keypoints
• Generation of Computers
• Microprocessor
• Generation of Microprocessors
• Accumulator and General purpose register based Microprocessor
• Comparison the typical features of the 16-bit and 32-bit
microprocessors by Intel and Motorola
• Co-processor
• Design and Features of Co-processor

3. • Microcontroller
• Block diagram and Purpose of Microcontroller
• Flow chart of Assembler and Compiler
• Physical and Logical Memory
• Real and Protected mode

4. Generation of Computers
 First Generation: (Vaccum Tubes)
• The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer) were the first commercial computers of first generation.
• This computers used vaccum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
 Second Generation: (Transistors)
• The transistors were invented in 1947 but widespread used in computers after
1956.
• Computers still relied on punched cards and printouts for input-output.
• Allows computer to smaller, cheaper and more efficient.

5.  Third Generation: (Integrated Circuit)
• The development of IC was the hallmark of the third generations
computers.
• Users interacted with computers through keyboards, monitors and
inface with an operating system.
 Fourth Generation: (Microprocessors)
• The Intel 4004 chip(MP), developed in 1971 located all the
computers.
• In 1981, IBM introduced its first computer to the home user and
Apple introduced Macintosh in 1984.

6.  Fifth Generation(Artificial Intelligence)
• This computing devices are based on artificial intelligence
• Quantam computation and molecular technology will radically
change the face of computers.

7. Microprocessor
• The microprocessor is a computer
processor on a microchip.
• Sometimes, it is called a logic chip
• It is a computer engine where all
computations can be computed and
fabricated on a single chip.
• For example, Intel 8086, Motorola 68020
and Intel Pentium etc.

8. Generation of
Microprocessors
 First Generation:
• The microprocessors introduced between 1971-73 were the first generation
microprocessors.
• Intel 4004 (4-bit) was the first microprocessor
• They were designed using PMOS technology
 Second Generation:
• After 1973, second generation MPs were introduced such as Intel 8085,
Motorola 6800, Zilong Z80 etc.
• They were designed using NMOS technology

9.  Third Generation:
• Third generations were introduced after 1978 such as
Intel 8086 and Zilog Z800.
• 16-bit processors were introduced.
• They were designed by HMOS technology.
 Fourth Generation:
• Intel introduced first commercial 32-bit
microprocessors called Intel problematic 432.
• They are fabricated using the low power version of
HMOS called HCMOS technology.
• For example, Motorola’s 68020, Intel Pentium
processor.

10.  Fifth Generation:
• PCs are a low margin, high volume
business conquered by a single
microprocessor.
• Introduced 64-bit microprocessors.
• Pipelining is the mechanism that enables
simultaneous processing to occur.

11. Accumulator and General purpose register
based Microprocessor:
• In Accumulator MP, all operands are held in accumulator whereas
General purpose register based MP, registers is used to hold data and
memory.
• Results after arithmetic and logic operations, stored in accumulator
on the other hand, results store in register.
• 8-bit microprocessors are accumulator based whereas 16-bit & 32-
bit microprocessors are register based.
• Accumulator is lower speed whereas General purpose register based
is higher speed

12. Comparison the typical features of 16-bit
and 32-bit MP by Intel and Motorola
Intel 16-bit MP Motorola 16-bit MP
Maximum clock speed of 10 MHz Maximum clock speed of 25 MHz
Directly addressable memory is one megabyte Directly addressable memory is 16 megabyte
No virtual memory No virtual memory
Coprocessor interface no 8087 Coprocessor interface no on chip
microprocessor

13. Intel 32-bit MP Motorola 32-bit MP
Maximum clock speed of 40 MHz Maximum clock speed of 33 MHz
Pins is 132 Pins is 114
Addressing modes 11 Addressing modes 18
Floating point 387DX Floating point by interface 68881

14. Co-processor
 A co-processor is a device that has the
capability of communicating with the
main processor through the protocol
defined as the co-processor interface.
 Floating point arithmetic, graphics,
signal processing etc. operations are
performed by the co-processor.
 GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is one of
the best example for it.

15. Design of a Co-processor
• Any microprocessor or coprocessor works in the
following 4-stages:
1. Fetch
2. Decode
3. Execute
4. Memory Read/ Write Back.
Hence, the design must contain a unit to fetch the instructions, a unit to
decode the instructions, the arithmetic and logic unit
(ALU) to execute the instruction, a register file to hold the operands, and the
memory that stores instructions and data

16. Features of a Co-processor
• Highly parallel processor
• Energy efficiency
• Follows IEEE floating point standards.
• Can support various types of data types (integer, float, and real types
ranging from 2-10 bytes.) .
• Highly speed processor

17. Microcontroller
• A control device which incorporates a
microprocessor.
• Contains one or more CPUs (processor
cores) along with memory and
programmable input/output peripherals.
• Freescale semiconductor, EPSON
semiconductor etc. are the most common
example.

18. Block diagram of a Microcontroller

19. Purpose of a Microcontroller
• It can interact with multiple types of hardware.
• control various processes and devices such as
industrial automation, electric current, temperature,
engine performance etc.

20. Physical and Logical Memory
• Physical memory is the actual
read/write hardware memory on our
device.
• Basically, it is a RAM , but modern
systems can make use of other
read/write devices on a computer.
• Directly accessible to the CPU.

21. • Logical memory is the address space assigned
to a logical partition, that the operating
system perceives as its main storage.
• Logical memory is a translation to a physical
device.
• Is not directly accessible to the CPU.

22. Real Mode
• Real mode, also called real addressing mode is an
operating mode of all x86-compatible CPUs.
• It is characterized by a 20-bit segmented memory
address space and unlimited direct software access to all
addressable memory.
• Provides no support for memory protection.
• Real mode code can never be 32-bits.

23. Protected Mode
• Protected mode is a mode of program operation in a
computer with an Intel based microprocessor in which
the program is restricted to addressing a specific area of
640 kilobytes.
• First added to x86 architecture in 1982 with the release
of Intel’s 80286 processor.
• Protected mode code can be 16-bits.

24. Flow chart of Compiler

25. Flow chart of Assembler
Assembly code Relocatable
mm Machine Code
Assembler

26. THANK YOU !!!