The document provides general rules for active and passive voice across various tenses in English grammar. It discusses the construction of simple, negative, interrogative, and combined interrogative-negative sentences. Key points include:
- Active voice uses the subject in the beginning and verb form matches the tense, while passive voice omits the subject and always uses the 3rd form of the verb.
- Helping verbs like "is", "are", "was", "were" indicate tense and subject type.
- Verb forms change according to tense, with 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th forms used.
- Objective case is used for the subject in passive voice constructions.
Componential analysis, procedural steps in componential analysis of meaning , linguistic basis, and Componential analysis contribution to the study of meaning
I tried to simplify and show the difference between root, base, and stem because this topic makes so much confusion for a lot of people and I was one of them.
Componential analysis, procedural steps in componential analysis of meaning , linguistic basis, and Componential analysis contribution to the study of meaning
I tried to simplify and show the difference between root, base, and stem because this topic makes so much confusion for a lot of people and I was one of them.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 1
GENERAL RULES FOR ACTIVE VOICE AND
PASSIVE VOICE
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Subject is used in start of sentences. No subject is used.
Form of verb is used according to the
tense.
Always 3rd
form of verb is used in all
tenses.
Simple subjective form of the subject is
used in start.
Always objective form of the subject is
used at the end.
Helping verb is used according to tense
and conditions.
Helping verb is used according to tense
and conditions.
Pronouns
Person Subjective form
(used before verb)
Objective form
(used after verb)
1st
I
We
Me
Us
2nd
You You
3rd
He
She
It
They
Him
Her
It
Them
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
Subject + 1st
form of Verb + Object.
When subject are;
He, she, it or singular name then “s” or “es” is always used with verb.
Example: He plays hockey.
When subjects are;
I, we, you, they or plural name then use of “s” or “es” are not allowed.
2. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 2
Example: They play hockey.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + 1st
form of verb + Object.
When subjects are;
He, she, it or singular name then “s” or “es” is not used with verb and
Helping verb “Does” is used.
Example: He does not play hockey.
When subjects are;
I, we, you, they or plural name then
Helping verb “do” is used.
Example: They do not play hockey.
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
Helping verb + Subject + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
When subjects are;
He, she, it or singular name then “s” or “es” is not used with verb and
Helping verb “Does” is used.
Example: Does he play hockey?
When subjects are;
I, we, you, they or plural name then
Helping verb “do” is used.
Example: Do they play hockey?
Double interrogative sentences construction
3. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 3
“WH” word + Helping verb + Subject + 1st
form of Verb + object +?
Where WH word = which, when, what, why etc
Other rules are same as given above for simple interrogative sentences.
Example: When does he play hockey?
Why do they play hockey?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
Helping verb + Subject + Not + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
Others rules are same as given for Interrogative and negative sentences.
Example: Does he not play hockey?
Do they not play hockey?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
Others rules are same as given for Interrogative and negative sentences.
Example: When does he not play hockey?
Why do they not play hockey?
PASSIVE VOICE
Helping verbs: is, am, and are.
Singular subjects: use of “is”
Plural subjects: use of “are”
Subject I: use of “am”
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb
4. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 4
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey is played by him.
Negative passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Not + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey is not played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object + Verb + by + Objective Form +?
Is hockey played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Is hockey not played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
Object + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why is hockey not played by him?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
ACTVE VOICE
General rules
Helping verb: Is, am and are.
Subjects: he, she, it or singular name use “is”
Subjects: we, you, they or plural name use “are”
Subject: I use “am”
5. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 5
Verb: 4th form
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
Subject + 4th
form of Verb + Object.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + 4th
form of verb + Object.
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
Helping verb + Subject + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + 4th
form of Verb + object +?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
Helping verb + Subject + Not + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
PASSIVE VOICE
Helping verbs: is, am and are.
Singular objects: use of “is”
Plural objects: use of “are”
6. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 6
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb.
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb +being+ Verb + by + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey is being played by him.
Negative passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Not+ being + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey is not being played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object +being+ Verb + by + Objective Form +?
Is hockey being played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not +being+ Verb + by + Objective Form.
Is hockey not being played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
“Wh” word+ Helping Verb+object +being+ Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why is hockey not being played by him?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
General rules
Helping verb: has and have.
Subjects: he, she, it or singular name use “has”
Subjects: I, we, you, they or plural name use “have”
7. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 7
Verb: 3rd
form
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
Subject + 3rd
form of Verb + Object.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + 3rd
form of verb + Object.
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
Helping verb + Subject +3rd
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + 3rd
form of Verb + object +?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
Helping verb + Subject + Not + 3rd
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not + 3rd
form of verb + Object +?
PASSIVE VOICE
Helping verbs: has and have.
Use of “been” after helping verb and before verb.
8. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 8
Singular objects: use of “has”
Plural objects: use of “have”
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + been + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey has been played by him.
Negative passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Not + been + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey has not been played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object + been + Verb + by + Objective Form +?
Has hockey been played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not + been + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Has hockey not been played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
Wh word+ Helping Verb + object + been + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why has hockey not been played by him?
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
General rules
9. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 9
Helping verb: “did” in case of negative and interrogative
Subjects: “did” is used with all kinds of subjects.
Verb: 2nd
form is used with all kinds of subjects.
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
Subject + 2nd
form of Verb + Object.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + 1st
form of verb + Object.
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
Helping verb + Subject + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + 1st
form of Verb + object +?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
Helping verb + Subject + Not + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
PASSIVE VOICE
10. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 10
Helping verbs: was and were.
Singular objects: use of “was”
Plural objects: use of “were”
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey was played by him.
Negative passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Not + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey was not played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object + Verb + by + Objective Form +?
Was hockey played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Was hockey not played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
Wh word + Helping Verb + Object + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why was hockey not played by him?
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
11. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 11
General rules
Helping verb: was and were.
Subjects: he, she, it or singular name use “was”
Subjects: we, you, they or plural name use “were”
Subject: I use “was”
Verb: 4th form
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
Subject + 4th
form of Verb + Object.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + 4th
form of verb + Object.
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
Helping verb + Subject + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + 4th
form of Verb + object +?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
Helping verb + Subject + Not + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
12. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 12
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
PASSIVE VOICE
Helping verbs: was and were.
“Being” is used after helping verb and before verb.
Singular subjects: use of “was”
Plural subjects: use of “were”
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + being + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey was being played by him.
Negative passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Not + being + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey was not being played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object +being + Verb + by + Objective Form +?
Was hockey being played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not + being + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Was hockey not being played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
13. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 13
Wh word + Helping Verb + Object + being + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why was hockey not being played by him?
PAST PERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
General rules
Helping verb: had.
Subjects: all kinds of subjects are used with “had”.
Verb: 3rd
form
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
Subject + 3rd
form of Verb + Object.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + 3rd
form of verb + Object.
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
Helping verb + Subject + 3rd
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + 3rd
form of Verb + object +?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
14. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 14
Helping verb + Subject + Not + 3rd
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not + 3rd
form of verb + Object +?
PASSIVE VOICE
Helping verbs: had.
“Been” is used after helping verb and before verb.
Objects: only “had” is used with all kinds of objects.
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + been + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey had been played by him.
Negative passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Not + been + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey had not been played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object + been + Verb + By + Objective Form + ?
Had hockey been played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not + been + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Had hockey not been played by him ?
15. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 15
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
Wh word + Helping Verb + Object + been + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why has hockey not been played by him?
FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
General rules
Helping verb: will and shall.
Subjects: I, we use “shall”
Subjects: he, she, it, you, they, singular name or plural name use “will”
Subject: I use “will” when stress is needed.
Verb: 1st
form
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
Subject + 1st
form of Verb + Object.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + 1st
form of verb + Object.
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
Helping verb + Subject + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative sentences construction
16. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 16
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + 1st
form of Verb + object +?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
Helping verb + Subject + Not + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not + 1st
form of verb + Object +?
PASSIVE VOICE
Helping verbs: will.
“Be” is used after helping verb and before verb.
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + be + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will be played by him.
Negative passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Not + be + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will not be played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object + be + Verb + by + Objective Form +?
Will hockey be played by him?
Interrogative and negative
17. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 17
Helping verb+ Object +not + be + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Will hockey not be played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
Wh word + Helping Verb + Object + be + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why will hockey not be played by him?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
General rules
Helping verb: will be and shall be.
Subjects: I, we use “shall be”
Subjects: he, she, it, you, they, singular or plural name use “will be”
Subject: I use “will be” when stress is needed.
Verb: 4th
form
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
Subject + helping verb + be + 4th
form of Verb + Object.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + be + 4th
form of verb + Object.
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
18. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 18
Helping verb + Subject + be + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + be + 4th
form of Verb + object +?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
Helping verb + Subject + Not + be + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not +be + 4th
form of verb + Object +?
PASSIVE VOICE
Helping verbs: will be and shall be.
“Being” is used after helping verb and before verb
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + being + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will be being played by him.
Negative passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + Not + being + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will not be being played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object + being +Verb + By + Objective Form + ?
19. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 19
Will hockey be being played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not + being + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Will hockey not be being played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
Wh word + Helping Verb + Object + being +Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why will hockey not be being played by him?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
General rules
Helping verb: Will have/shall have.
“Have” is always used before verb
Subjects: I, we “shall have”
Subjects: we, you, they, he, she, it, singular or plural name use “will have”
Verb: 3rd
form
Simple sentences
Construction of Simple sentences
“Subject+3rd
form of Verb + Object”.
Negative sentences
Construction of negative sentences
Subject + Helping verb + not + 3rd
form of verb + Object.
20. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 20
Interrogative sentences
Simple Interrogative sentences Construction
Helping verb + Subject + 3rd
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + 3rd
form of Verb + object +?
Interrogative and Negative
Simple interrogative and negative sentences construction
Helping verb + Subject + Not + 3rd
form of verb + Object +?
Double interrogative and negative sentences construction
“Wh” word + Helping verb + Subject + Not + 3rd
form of verb + Object +?
PASSIVE VOICE
Helping verbs: will have been/shall have been.
“Been” is always used after helping verb and before verb
Objects: use of “will have been”
Form of verb: 3rd
form of verb
Simple passive voice
Object + Helping Verb + been + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will have been played by him.
Negative passive voice
21. GULFAM RAZA HAIDERY Page 21
Object + Helping Verb + Not +have + been+ Verb + by + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will not have been played by him.
Interrogative passive voice
Helping verb +Object + have + been + Verb + By + Objective Form + ?
Will hockey have been played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not + have + been + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Will hockey not have been played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative sentences
Wh word + Helping Verb + Object + have + been+ Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why will hockey not have been played by him?