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depression ,symptoms, mechanism of depression ,classification of antidepressants , tri cyclic anti depressants and its pharmacological actions ,acute poisoning and treatment
complete and detail study on the topic of general anesthetics by the collaboration of teacher and students for the student , teachers and other health care professionals to learn more on the topics
depression ,symptoms, mechanism of depression ,classification of antidepressants , tri cyclic anti depressants and its pharmacological actions ,acute poisoning and treatment
complete and detail study on the topic of general anesthetics by the collaboration of teacher and students for the student , teachers and other health care professionals to learn more on the topics
These are the pharmacological agent which when administered externally , bring loss of all five modalities of sensation with reversible loss of consciousness.
Light
Sound
Taste
Temperature/
Pressure
5. Smell
Diethyl Ether :
Physical Properties :
Colourless ,volatile liq. With pungent odour.
Boil at 350 C , vapor irritant.
Exposed in air , moisture or light , it get convert to ether peroxide and acetic aldehyde , which is irritant in nature
Highly explosive.
Stored in umber colour glass bottle covered with black paper.
10-15 % in inspired air is sufficient for induction of anaesthesia which can be maintained but 4-5 % concentration.
Pharmacological Action
Only a major portion of ether is oxidized in the body and is eliminated through the lungs .
The miscibility of drug with body fluid requires large amount of drug for induction of anesthesia and induction is slow.
Ether irritate the respiratory track and enhance the mucosal secretion.
Drug may causes laryngospasm ,Ether is also known to increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar. It also causes peripheral vasodilation . Ether depresses myocardial contractility.
Advt / Therapeutic effect :
Safest agent in wide margine , also unexperienced hand.
90 mg/100 ml blood Indused anaesthesia
190 mg/100 ml bloodCauses respiratory Track
Not only safe anaesthetics but good analgesic also.
It does not interfere with uterine contractility.
Does not have any effect on liver , kidney , and heat.
No special or complicated apparatus if required.
Eeconomical agent .
General Anesthetics
Its help in the B pharma students and all science students.
Here give the full notes about General Anesthetics so read nd learn here also share with your friends,
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General anesthesia is a medically induced reversible loss of consciousness and loss of protective reflexes over the entire body, resulting from the administration of general anesthetic agents. The optimal combination of these agents for any given patient and procedure is typically selected by an anesthesiologist.
General anesthesia has many purposes including:
Pain relief (analgesia)
Blocking memory of the procedure (amnesia)
Producing unconsciousness
Inhibiting normal body reflexes to make surgery safe and easier to perform
Relaxing the muscles of the body
It includes
-Drug discovery process
-Trajectory of computer aided drug design
-Data source
-Drug design for benign prostatic hyperplasia
-Target identification
-Ligand design
-Docking score
-Result and conclusion
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2. ● Outline-:
● General introduction
● Classification of general anaesthetic
● Mode of action
● Stages of anaesthesia
● Drugs
- Uses
- Contradiction
- Dosage
- Adverse effect
3. ★ General introduction
● Definition-:General anaesthetic is defined as the chemical
agent which causes reversible loss of sensation or
unconscious the whole body.
● General anaesthetic is used to unconscious the whole body.
● It act on Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral parts
of the body.
● The characteristics of general anaesthetic are:
1. Unconsciousness
2. Amnesia
3. immobilisation and muscle relaxant.
5. ● N2O and ketamine do not affect GABA or glycine gated Cl¯ channels.
Rather they selectively inhibit the excitatory NMDA type of glutamate
receptor. This receptor gates mainly Ca2+ selective cation channels in
the neurones, inhibition of which appears to be the primary mechanism
of anaesthetic action of keta-mine as well as N2O. The volatile
anaesthetics have little action on this receptor.
● Mode of action
● Inhalational anaes-thetics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and propofol
potentiate the action of inhibitory transmitter GABA to open Cl¯
channels.
6. ★ Stages of anaesthesia
Modern anesthetics act very rapidly and achieve deep anesthesia quickly.
With older and more slowly acting anesthetics, the progressively greater
depth of central depression associated with increasing dose or time of
exposure is traditionally described as stages of anesthesia.
A. Stage 1: Analgesia
In stage 1, the patient has decreased awareness of pain, sometimes
with amnesia. Consciousness may be impaired but is not lost.
B. Stage 2: Disinhibition
In stage 2, the patient appears to be delirious and excited. Amnesia
occurs, reflexes are enhanced, and respiration is typically irregular;
retching and incontinence may occur.
7. C. Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
In stage 3, the patient is unconscious and has no pain reflexes;
respiration is very regular, and blood pressure is maintained.
D. Stage 4: Medullary Depression
In stage 4, the patient develops severe respiratory and cardiovascular
depression that requires mechanical and pharmacologic support.
★ Drugs
Halothane
Form - Volatile liquid
● Uses:
Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia
8. ● Contraindications:
History of unexplained jaundice or pyrexia following previous exposure to
halothane; family history of malignant hyperthermia; raised cerebrospinal
fluid pressure; porphyria
● Precautions:
Anaesthetic history should be carefully taken to determine previous
exposure and revious reactions to halothane (at least 3 months should be
allowed to elapse between each re-exposure); avoid for dental procedures
in patients under 18 years unless treated in hospital (high risk of
arrhythmias); pregnancy and breastfeeding
● Dosage:
Induction, using specifically calibrated vaporizer, gradually increase inspired
gas concentration to 2–4% (ADULT ) or 1.5–2% (CHILD ) in oxygen or
nitrous oxide–oxygen
Maintenance, ADULT and CHILD 0.5–2%
9. ● Adverse effects:
arrhythmias; bradycardia; respiratory depression; hepatic damage
Nitrous oxide
Form - Inhalation gas
● Uses:
Maintenance of anaesthesia in combination with other anaesthetic agents
(halothane, ether, or ketamine) and muscle relaxants; analgesia for
obstetric practice, for emergency management of injuries, during
postoperative physiotherapy and for refractory pain in terminal illness
● Contraindications:
Demonstrable collection of air in pleural, pericardial or peritoneal space;
intestinal obstruction; occlusion of middle ear; arterial air embolism;
decompression sickness; chronic obstructive airway disease, emphysema
10. ● Dosage:
Anaesthesia, Adult and Child nitrous oxide mixed with 25–30% oxygen
Analgesia, 50% nitrous oxide mixed with 50% oxygen
● Adverse effects:
nausea and vomiting; after prolonged administration megaloblastic
anaemia, depressed white cell formation; peripheral neuropathy
Thiopental sodium
Thiopental is a representative intravenous anaesthetic. Various drugs can
serve as alternatives Injection (Powder for solution for injection), thiopental
sodium, 0.5-g and 1-g ampoules.
● Uses:
Induction of anaesthesia prior to administration of inhalational anaesthetic;
anaesthesia of short duration
● Contraindications:
Inability to maintain airway; hypersensitivity to barbiturates;
11. ● Dosage:
Induction, by intravenous injection as a 2.5% (25 mg/ml) solution over
10–15 seconds, Adult 100–150 mg (reduced in elderly or debilitated
patients), followed by a further 100–150 mg if necessary according to
response after 60 seconds; or up to 4 mg/kg; Child 2–7 mg/kg repeated if
necessary according to response after 60 seconds.
Form - Volatile liquid
● Uses:
Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia (administered from many types
of vaporizers)
● Contraindications:
severe liver disease; diabetes mellitus; impaired kidney function; raised
cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
Ether, anaesthetic
12. ● Dosage:
Induction, Adult and Child , up to 15% in inspired gases
Maintenance of light anaesthesia, Adult and Child 3–5% in air (with or
without muscle relaxants); up to 10% for deep anaesthesia
● Adverse effects:
transient postoperative effects include impairment of liver function and
leukocytosis; nausea and vomiting; capillary bleeding.