The document discusses gene transfer and the genetic code. It states that the genetic code is nearly universal, allowing gene transfer between species. It outlines the basic process of gene transfer using plasmids, host cells, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase. Specifically, the plasmid is cut with enzymes, foreign DNA is inserted, then the recombinant plasmid is placed in a host cell where the desired gene product is produced, as demonstrated by harvesting insulin from E. coli.

5. Applications and Ethics of Gene Transplantation Purpose of Genetically Modifying Animals To identify, isolate, and characterize genes in order to understand their function. To provide research models of human genetic diseases and help develop new strategies for gene therapy. To provide organs and tissues for use in human transplant surgery. To alter composition of food to improve its nutritional value. To enhance livestock improvement programs. Ethical Concerns Animal sentiency Affecting animal welfare