This document outlines the course content for a cell biology course. It covers 10 main topics: introduction to cells, chemical foundations, methods of studying cells, genetic mechanisms, cell signaling, cell membranes and architecture, energetics, cellular traffic, cell birth/lineage/death, and the molecular basis of cancer. The course will involve seminar presentations by students on each topic, along with exams to assess comprehension. Overall, the course provides an introduction to the key concepts and components of cell biology from a biochemical and genetic perspective.
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
In broad sense, the study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation, and the expression patterns of genes.The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
In broad sense, the study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation, and the expression patterns of genes.The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
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2. 1. Introduction to Cells
2. Chemical Foundations - Biochemistry
3. Methods of Studying Cells
a. Investigating Cells
b. Visualizing Biomolecules CELL BIOLOGY:
c. Visualizing Nucleic Acids COURSE OUTLINE
4. Genetic Mechanisms
a. DNA and Chromosomes
b. Anatomy of a Gene
c. Replication, Transcription, Translation
d. Regulating Gene Expression
e. Genetic Techniques and Genomics - Biotechnology
f. Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Genetics
5. Cell Signaling
6. Cell Membranes and Cell Architecture
a. Plasma Membrane and Transport
b. Organelles - Histology
c. Cytoskeleton
7. Energetics – Biochemistry
8. Cellular Traffic
9. Cell Birth, Lineage and Death
10. Molecular Basis of Cancer
3. GRADING SYSTEM
Quizzes/ Exams: 50% Seminar Presentation: 50%
1. A long exam will be given after each seminar topic,
with a 60% cut-off for the passing grade.
2. Prelim, Midterm and Endterm exams will cover only
the last topic covered for the period.
3. The PP lessons prepared by the instructor will be
the basis of the scope of the content material for
the seminar topics. The use of such materials is
allowed for all presentors.
4. However, you are free to design the kind of
presentations you will give your audience within 1-2
hours. The objective is they will understand the
topic in accordance with the limits their
intelligence genes would allow.
4. 5. A copy of the presentation must be provided to the
instructor at least 2 days before the scheduled event.
6. No appearance during the scheduled presentation will
automatically result to a grade of 60 for the presentor.
No excuses will be entertained.
7. Swapping of schedules is not allowed without previous
notice.
8. For additional points, invite at least one faculty of the
Dept. of Natural Sciences/or a person of authority to
evaluate your presentation. She/ He may attend during
the final presentation and/or submit a written evaluation
of the presentation on or before the scheduled event.
9. Your presentation will be graded as follows:
Comprehensiveness of content material – 20%
Mastery of topic – 60%
Audience impact- 10%
Faculty Evaluation – 10%
9. General Structure Of The Cell
1.Shape – depends upon:
Functional adaptations
Surface tension & viscosity of the protoplasm,
e.g., leukocytes in circulating blood are
spherical but emit pseudopods and become
irregular in shape extravascularly.
Mechanical action exerted by adjoining cells
Rigidity of the cell membrane
Presence of cytoplasmic microtubules
2.Size – variations are due to:
adaptations to perform a specific function
withstand mechanical stresses & pressures
environmental and genetic factors
10.
11. All organisms from simple
bacteria to complex
mammals probably evolved
from a common, single-
celled progenitor.
DNA and protein sequences
were examined for assigning
relationships, which agree
with fossil records. Although
prokaryotes, Archaea are
more similar to eukaryotes
than to
Eubacteria, e.g., archaean
and eukaryotic genomes
encode homologous histone
proteins, which associate
with DNA; bacteria lack
histones. RNA and protein
components of Archaean
ribosomes are more like
those in eukaryotes than
those in bacteria.
12. MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION Intragenic mutation:
an existing gene can be
modified by mutations
in its DNA sequence.
Gene duplication:
an existing gene can be
duplicated so as to
create a pair of closely
related genes within a
single cell.
Segment shuffling:
two or more existing
genes can be broken
and rejoined to make a
hybrid gene consisting
of DNA segments that
originally belonged to
separate genes.
Horizontal transfer:
a piece of DNA can be
transferred from the
genome of one cell to
that of another.
13. We develop from a single cell
Fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell
yields a zygote, a cell about 200 μm
in diameter.
A zygote houses all the necessary
instructions for building the human
body with 100 trillion (1014) cells.
It generates hundreds of different
kinds of cells that differ in
contents, shape, size, color, mobility,
and surface composition.
Genes and signals control cell
diversification
Our current knowledge lead to stem
cell, cloning, and related techniques
that offer exciting possibilities but
raise some concerns
14. The Molecules of a Cell
1. Small molecules carry energy, transmit
signals, and are linked into macromolecules.
Neurotransmitters
Hor-
mones
Monomers to polymers
Adenosine triphoshate (ATP)
15. 2. Proteins give cells structure and perform most
cellular tasks
Each protein has a defined 3D conformation that is
stabilized by numerous chemical interactions.
Proteins below include enzymes, an antibody, a
hormone, and the blood’s oxygen carrier. Models of a
DNA segment and the lipid bilayer that forms cellular
membranes demonstrate the relative width of these
structures compared with typical proteins.
16. 3. Nucleic acids carry coded information for making
proteins at the right time and place.
Step 1 : Transcription factors bind to the
regulatory regions of the specific genes
they control and activate them.
Step 2 : Following assembly of a
multiprotein initiation complex bound to
the DNA, RNA polymerase begins
transcription of an activated gene at a
specific location, the start site. The
polymerase moves along the DNA
linking nucleotides into a single-
stranded pre-mRNA transcript using
one of the DNA strands as a template.
Step 3: The transcript is processed to
remove noncoding sequences.
Step 4: In a eukaryotic cell, the mature
messenger RNA (mRNA) moves to the
cytoplasm, where it is bound by
ribosomes that read its sequence and
assemble a protein by chemically linking
amino acids into a linear chain.
17. 4. The genome is packaged into chromosomes and
replicated during cell division.
A normal human has 23 pairs of morphologically distinct chromosomes; one
member of each pair is inherited from the mother and the other member
from the father. Chromosomes from the preparation on the left arranged in
pairs in descending order of size, an array called a karyotype. The presence
of X and Y chromosomes identifies the sex of the individual as male.
18. 5. Mutations May Be Good, Bad, or Indifferent
Mutations are mistakes that occasionally occur
spontaneously during DNA replication, causing
changes in the sequence of nucleotides. Such
changes can arise from radiation, chemical poisons
(e.g., cigarette smoke, alcohol).
Mutations come in various forms: a simple swap of
one nucleotide for another; the deletion, insertion, or
inversion of one to millions of nucleotides in the DNA
of one chromosome; and translocation of a stretch of
DNA from one chromosome to another.
“Indifferent” mutations in nonfunctional DNA have
been a major player in evolution, leading to creation
of new genes or new regulatory sequences for
controlling already existing genes. Some of our own
copies of genomes are genetic residues of
infections acquired by our ancestors.
19. CELL FUNCTIONS
1. Cells build and degrade numerous molecules and
structures.
ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by
photosynthesis in plants and by the breakdown of sugars and
fats in most cells. The energy released by the splitting
(hydrolysis) of Pi from ATP drives many cellular processes.
20.
21. 2.Cells can be powered by a
variety of free energy sources
a. Organotrophic -
animals, fungi, and the
bacteria that live in the
human gut, get it by feeding
on other living things or the
organic chemicals they
produce. These organisms
could not exist without
primary energy converters:
b. Phototrophic - those that
harvest the energy of Living organisms at a hot
hydrothermal vent
sunlight At temperatures up to about 150°C,
c. Lithotrophic - those that lithotrophic species of bacteria live,
fuelled by geochemical energy. A little
capture their energy from further away are the giant (2-m) tube
worms, which live in symbiosis with
energy-rich systems of huge numbers of symbiotic sulfur-
inorganic chemicals in the oxidizing bacteria.
22. 3. Animal cells produce their own external
environment and glues.
Animal cells produce and secrete an extracellular matrix that
cushions, lubricates, and glue cells together for exchanging
small molecules including nutrients and signals, and
facilitating coordinated functioning of the cells. The cells of
higher plants contain relatively few such molecules.
23. 4. Cells change shape and move.
Three types of protein filaments, organized into networks and
bundles, form the cytoskeleton within animal cells.
The cytoskeleton prevents the plasma membrane of animal
cells from relaxing into a sphere; it also functions in cell
locomotion and the intracellular transport of
vesicles, chromosomes, and macromolecules .
The cytoskeleton can be linked through the cell surface to the
extracellular matrix or to other cells, helping to form tissues.
A cultured fibroblast in a fluorescence microscope reveals the location of
filaments bound to a particular dye-antibody preparation. All three fiber
systems contribute to the shape and movements of cells.
24. 5. Cells Sense and Send Information Binding of a
hormone or other
signaling molecule
to its specific
receptors can
trigger an
intracellular
pathway that
increases or
decreases the
activity of a
preexisting protein.
The hormone-
receptor complexes
activate
transcription of
specific target
genes. Many signals
that bind to
receptors on the cell
surface also act, by
25. 6. Cells regulate their gene expression to meet changing needs.
Cells often respond to
changing circumstances
and to signals from other
cells by altering the amount
or types of proteins they
contain.
Gene expression is
commonly controlled to
produce a particular mRNA
only when the encoded
protein is needed, thus
minimizing wasted energy.
Transcriptional
activators, repressors and
other mechanisms for
controlling gene expression
determine whether such
could occur only in part of
the brain, only during
evening hours, only during
a certain stage of
26. 7. Cells Grow and Divide
During growth, eukaryotic In animals, meiosis of diploid
cells continually progress precursor cells forms gametes.
through the four stages of The male parent produces two
the cell cycle, generating types of sperm and
new daughter cells. determines the sex of the
zygote.
27. 8. Cells die from aggravated assault or an internal
program
Left, normal WBC.
Right, cell
undergoing
programmed cell
death
(apoptosis), form
numerous surface
blebs that eventually
are released. The
cell is dying because
it lacks certain
Apoptosis is important to eliminate virus-infected cells,
growth signals.
remove cells where they are not needed (like the webbing that
disappears as fingers develop), and to destroy immune system
cells that would react with our own bodies.
28. 9. Metabolic proteins, the
genetic code, and
organelle structures are
nearly universal.
(a) Hox genes serve to direct
formation of the right structures
in the right places. (b)
Development of the large
compound eyes in fruit flies
requires a gene called eyeless.
(c) Flies with inactivated eyeless
genes lack eyes. (d) Normal
human eyes require Pax6, that
corresponds to eyeless. (e)
People lacking adequate Pax6
function have the genetic
disease aniridia, a lack of irises
in the eyes. Pax6 and eyeless
encode highly related proteins
that regulate the activities of
other genes, and are descended