1. Women have less decision-making power and asset ownership compared to men, especially in intensive value chains.
2. Intensive value chains use more purchased inputs like fertilizers and hired labor, resulting in higher yields. However, extension services mainly target men.
3. Women do most of the labor in crop establishment and post-harvest handling while men do more field management.
4. Controlling for other factors, sweet potato yields are lower on female-managed farms compared to male-managed farms, indicating a gender productivity gap.
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Gender dynamics shape opportunities in Vietnam's root crop value chains
1.
2. Do self-help groups improve women’s empowerment and gender equality in
the fisheries and aquaculture in India? A systematic literature review
Surendran Rajaratnam, Julie Newton, Cynthia McDougall and Hayrol Azril Shaffril
3. Research Questions
• What is the state of the literature on WSHGs in the fisheries and
aquaculture in India?
• What are the positive and negative gender outcomes experienced
by these WSHGs & their members?
4. 1) "Reached" through
inclusive terms of value
chain engagement -
shorter term
2) Resources accessed
and "Benefits" realized to
improve HHs, community
and value chain
performance -
intermediary term
3) "Empowerment" within
HHs, community and
value chain –
longer term
4) "Transformation" in
HHs, communities and
value chain –
longer term
Accessing Resources
1.1 Inclusive terms of
engagement in VC
development
2.1 Increased access to
knowledge & skills
2.2 Increased social networks
2.3 Increased access to
productive resources
Realizing Benefits
2.4 Increased income
2.5 Increased consumption of
food (incl. fish)
3.1 Improved decision making
3.2 Economic & social VC
upgrading
3.3 Increased voice &
leadership
3.4 Enhanced status,
recognition & confidence
4.1 Shifting attitudes &
behaviors within HHs
4.2 Shifting attitudes &
behaviors at the community
and state level
Source: Johnson et al. (2017); Danielsen et al. (2018); Danielsen et al. (forth coming)
Conceptual Framework: Gender outcome typology
5. Findings: the state of the literature
Location: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Mumbai
Areas: Rural (21) + Sub-urban (1) + urban (1)
Types of WSHGs (by association/affiliation):
• Gov. programmes/schemes: vehicles of microfinance; receive subsidies from various schemes
• NGOs
• Women groups which are organized by the SIFFS - kept their own identities; engagement in
economic activities
6. WSHGs and their activities:
• WSHGs - previously established & engaged for the purpose of the studies.
• Not all SHGs formed are actively engaged in fisheries or other livelihood activities
(Vivekanandan et al. 2019; Mission Shakthi and WFP, 2020)
• 30/598 SHGs in fishing villages were active (Vivekanandan et al. 2019)
• In operation for a number of years
• Various districts/geographical locations
• Various activities along the fisheries and aquaculture value chains.
Members of WSHGs
• Majority of WSHG members were engaged in agriculture as their primary occupation, while fisheries
were their secondary (Devi et al., 2019)
• Fisherwomen who are not related to each other (Kripa & Mohamed, 2008)
• Common socio-economic background; age category of members, have access to ponds
(Panda et al., 2012, 2014)
7. 23 23
13
5
Reach Benefit Empower Transform
No.
of
papers
RQ2: Overview of findings based on the gender
outcome typology
8. What is working? Opportunities
• Access to banks and credit programs – credits and loans
• Key benefits – avenue for income generation, increased income & savings, improved farming practices
• Engagement in groups – mobility, stronger social cohesion, avenue for sharing ideas on livelihood issues
What is not working? Challenges
• Not all SHGs are able to obtain loans from banks/MFIs
• Some SHGs took multiple loans from different sources (incl. private moneylenders)
• No system to track the income earned by SHG members – estimation only and not actual
• WSHGs were formed and managed by LSP, men (who manages the marketing and finances); paid individually;
tend not to trickle down to all of WSHG members; the entrepreneurial capacities of WSHGs are not enhanced
Outcome category: Benefit
9. • Economic & social value chains upgrading - Women capable of taking up self-
employment ventures & their group meetings became a platform to exchange ideas;
discuss livelihoods issues.
• Voice and leadership - SHGs & strengthening women’s economic role increased
women’s voice in village & on public issues.
• Enhanced status & recognition as well as confidence and self-efficacy – Gaining
self-confidence & self-esteem as being part of an SHG; level of involvement in
entrepreneurial activities were significantly associated with confidence building & self-
esteem.
Outcome category: Empowerment
10. Shifting attitudes within the family
• Initial opposition from family, later became supportive - contribute to their household financially.
• Husbands acknowledged their wives’ contribution & reported they could no longer ignore women’s
wisdom & role in family decision-making process.
Shifting attitudes at community and state level in recognizing these women
• Leaders were recognized and given awards/fellowships for their expertise in their aquaculture venture
with the nominations by government agencies who are working with them.
Restrictive gender norms and attitudes of family and community members remains a challenge
• Men continue to dominate village councils discussions in terms of representation
• Men continue to dominate the ‘managerial’ roles in many SHGs - potentially exploitative arrangement &
one which impedes independent decision making by women.
Outcome category: Transform
11. 1. There are not many studies on WSHGs in the fisheries and aquaculture
2. Study methodologies observation:
i. Type of study - cross-sectional not longitudinal – we don’t know about the
change process over time
ii. Intersectionality - most of the studies treats WSHGs as socio-economically
homogenous
iii. Gaps - lack making comparison of WSHGs with men’s groups engaged in similar
activities; studies which reports on women’s empowerment lack baseline &
endline, use standardized, validated tool; choice of tools to track empowerment &
transformation are not always detailed/or explained.
3. Limited evidence/reporting on perverse outcome/backlash
Other findings
14. Understanding gender dynamics in highly intensive and low intensive
value-chains for root crops in Vietnam
Vanya Slavchevska (the Alliance), Nozomi Kawarazuka (CIP)
PIM Webinar
10-11am EDT
September 21, 2021
16. Project objectives/research questions
• What opportunities to participate and benefit do local and export-oriented
value chains provide for women and men farmers?
• How far are women involved in decision-making in local and export-oriented
value chains?
• What factors influence the level of investment in quality planting materials,
fertilizer and crop protection and implications for productivity?
17. Highly-intensive,
export-oriented
value chains
Low-intensive
(some localized)
value chains
Sweetpotato
Vinh Long
Lam Dong
Hanoi
Ha Tinh
Bac Giang
Southeast region
South Central region
Central Highlands
North Mountainous
Cassava
Geographic typology of VCs
Significant differences in value chain characteristics across provinces/regions
Animal feeding
Home consumption
18. Data -- surveys
Survey completed
5 provinces
377 HHs
Survey (1) Completed
26 provinces
842 HHs
(552 HHs cassava farmers)
Survey (2) Planned
6 provinces
132 HHs
Cassava
survey
regions
Sweetpotato
survey regions
19. Methodology: Qualitative
North Mountain
Son La
Southeast
Tay Ninh
Central coast
Ha Tinh
Mekong Delta
Vinh Long
crops Cassava Cassava SP SP
Agricultural
systems
Agroforestry Low-land Coastal Low-land
Ethnicity and
gender
Ethnic minority. Kinh majority Kinh majority Kinh majority
Value-chain
mapping
Low intensive
value chain
Intensive
value chain
Low intensive
value chain
Intensive
value chain
In-depth
interviews
Key actors: 8
Producers: 16
Key actors: 8
Producers: 16
Key actors: 8
Producers: 16
Key actors: 8
Producers: 16
20. Current findings
Decision making and asset ownership
Agricultural input
Access to training
Family and hired labor
Gender gaps in productivity
21. Figure 1. Selected sex-disaggregated indicators related to decision-making and access to resources
in sweetpotato value chains, by province. Source: Authors’ estimates.
Gender patterns of decision-making and asset ownership
across sweetpotato VCs
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% Decisions
on
sweetpotato
Earnings
from
sweetpotato
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Decisions
on
sweetpotato
Earnings
from
sweetpotato
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Decisions
on
sweetpotato
Earnings
from
sweetpotato
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Decisions
on
sweetpotato
Earnings
from
sweetpotato
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Decisions
on
sweetpotato
Earnings
from
sweetpotato
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Provinces with intensive production
22. Gendered patterns of decision-making in cassava production and
ownership of land
Figure 2. Selected sex-disaggregated indicators related to decision-making and access to resources
in cassava value chains, by region. Source: Authors’ estimates.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Decision
on
agriculture
Earnings
from
cass
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Smart
phone
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Decision
on
agriculture
Earnings
from
cass
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Smart
phone
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Decision
on
agriculture
Earnings
from
cass
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Smart
phone
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Decision
on
agriculture
Earnings
from
cass
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Smart
phone
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
Decision
on
agriculture
Earnings
from
cass
Planting
material
Varieties
Purchasing
planting
materials
Smart
phone
Access
to
credit
Land
onwership
South East South Central Central Highland North Mountainous All regions
Joint
Female
Male
Most intensive production region
23. Use of inputs by value chain
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-3
2
7
12
17
22
27
South East South Central Central Highland North
Mountainous
Land prepration (million VND/ha)
Planting material (million VND/ha)
Pesticide (million VND/ha)
Herbicide (million VND/ha)
Fertilizer (million VND/ha)
Hired labor (million VND/ha)
Transportation (million VND/ha)
Other (million VND/ha)
yield (t/ha)
Highly intensive value chains use a lot
of inputs
• Fertilizer
• Hired labor
• Pesticides (sweetpotato)
• Purchased planting material
Yields are also higher
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Vinh Long Lam Dong Ha Tinh Ha Noi Bac Giang
Inputs costs (million VND/ha)
Land prepration (million VND/ha)
Planting material (million VND/ha)
Pesticide (million VND/ha)
Herbicide (million VND/ha)
Fertilizer (million VND/ha)
Hired labor (million VND/ha)
Transportation (million VND/ha)
Yield (t/ha)
24. Access to training
• Extension and training services
tend to be targeted at the high
intensive, export oriented value
chains
• Men participate at higher rates
in both cassava and
sweetpotato trainings
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Vinh Long Lam Dong Ha Tinh Ha Noi Bac Giang All regions
Any sweetpotato training, % of HHs
Only men participated sweetpotatoes training, % of HHs
Only women participated sweetpotatoes training, % of HHs
Both men and women participated sweetpotatoes training, % of HHs
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
South East South Central Central Highland North
Mountainous
All regions
Any cassava training, % of HHs
Only men participated cassava training, % of HHs
Only women participated cassava training, % of HHs
Both men and women participated cassava training, % of HHs
25. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Land preparation
Planting material
Planting
Fertiliser application
Herbicide application
Weeding
P&D chem cntrl
P&D non-chem cntrl
Harvest
Transport
Processing
Irrigation
Family labor (person days/ha) Vinh Long
Female Male
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Land preparation
Planting material
Planting
Fertiliser application
Herbicide application
Weeding
P&D chem cntrl
P&D non-chem cntrl
Harvest
Transport
Processing
Irrigation
Family labor (person days/ha) Ha Tinh
Female Male
Family
labor
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Field establishment
Land preparation
Planting material preparation
Planting
Fertilizer application
Herbicide application
Pest and disease chemical
Pest and disease non-chemical
Weeding
Harvest
Transport
Chipping and drying
Irrigation
Family labor (person-day per ha) in South East
N_Female_ha N_male_ha
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Field establishment
Land preparation
Planting material preparation
Planting
Fertilizer application
Herbicide application
Pest and disease chemical
Pest and disease non-chemical
Weeding
Harvest
Transport
Chipping and drying
Irrigation
Family labor (person-day per ha) in North
Mountainous
N_female_ha N_male_ha
26. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Field establishment
Land preparation
Planting material preparation
Planting
Fertilizer application
Herbicide application
Pest and disease chemical
Pest and disease non-chemical
Weeding
Harvest
Transport
Chipping and drying
Irrigation
Hired labor (person days/ha) South East
N_HiF_ha N_HiM_ha
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Field establishment
Land preparation
Planting material preparation
Planting
Fertilizer application
Herbicide application
Pest and disease chemical
Pest and disease non-chemical
Weeding
Harvest
Transport
Chipping and drying
Irrigation
Hired labor (person days/ha) North Mountainous
N_HiF_ha N_HiM_ha
Hired
labor
0 5 10 15 20 25
Land preparation
Planting material
Planting
Fertiliser application
Herbicide application
Weeding
Pest and disease chemical control
Pest and disease non-chemical control
Harvest
Transport
Processing
Irrigation
Hired labor (person days/ha) in Vinh Long
Female Male
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Land preparation
Planting material
Planting
Fertiliser application
Herbicide application
Weeding
Pest and disease chemical control
Pest and disease non-chemical control
Harvest
Transport
Processing
Irrigation
Hired labor (person days/ha) in Ha Tinh
Female Male
27. Gender gap in productivity in sweetpotato: Naïve regressions
v (1) (2) (3) (4)
VARIABLES Yield (in logs) Yield (in logs) Yield (in logs) Yield (in logs)
Female managed -0.645*** -0.214* -0.150 -0.122
(0.134) (0.111) (0.122) (0.149)
Jointly managed -0.264** -0.0235 -0.0157 -0.0678
(0.122) (0.0871) (0.0864) (0.0998)
Ha Tinh -1.100*** -0.816*** -0.738**
(0.137) (0.252) (0.311)
Lam Dong -0.198 -0.170 0.147
(0.122) (0.129) (0.169)
Ha Noi -0.456*** -0.163 -0.148
(0.119) (0.260) (0.295)
Bac Giang -0.276 -0.0282 -0.190
(0.218) (0.265) (0.264)
Sweet potato area (ln) No No Yes Yes
Wealth quintiles No No No Yes
Other controls No No No Yes
Observations 373 373 373 365
R-squared 0.078 0.275 0.287 0.369
Standard errors clustered at the village in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
28. Gender gap in productivity in cassava: Naïve regressions
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
VARIABLES Yield (in logs) Yield (in logs) Yield (in logs) Yield (in logs) Yield (in logs)
Female or jointly managed -0.104 -0.00943 -0.0226 -0.0159 0.0333
(0.0764) (0.0771) (0.0788) (0.0785) (0.0718)
South Central -0.0158 -0.105 -0.0509 0.0101
(0.0884) (0.120) (0.115) (0.131)
Central Highlands -0.381** -0.433** -0.280 -0.263
(0.153) (0.164) (0.192) (0.182)
North Mountainous -0.511*** -0.639*** -0.603*** -0.489**
(0.135) (0.174) (0.176) (0.204)
Cassava area (ln) No No Yes Yes Yes
Wealth quintile No No No Yes Yes
Other controls No No No No Yes
Observations 541 541 541 541 541
R-squared 0.003 0.081 0.086 0.099 0.237
Standard errors clustered at the village level in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
29. Root crops’ multiple utilization remains particularly important for women
processing
trading
Export
Dried chips business
Local seed trading business
Animal feeding – animal selling
Local market (vines and roots)
Firewood, roots & leaves for home consumption
Seed and roots exchange for reciprocal support
Priorities:
High-input
High-yield
Clean seed
When roots crops are used
for multiple purposes,
women’s priorities are
more likely to be reflected
in the household decisions
on agricultural input and
varieties to grow.
30. 1. What opportunities to participate and benefit do local and export-oriented value
chains provide for women and men farmers?
Intensive value chains are dominated by men. In this case, women have more control
and interest in other crops, livestock or off-farm work. It is not necessarily to have
women empowerment in all crops evenly.
Local value chains with post-harvest technologies have a great potential for women.
Gift giving and exchange (vines, roots, planting materials) is a means of receiving
support in times of needs. This is often neglected in economic analyses.
Preliminary conclusions
31. Preliminary conclusions
2. How far are women involved in decision-making in local and export-oriented
value value chain?
Women have more decision-making power in local and less-intensive value
chains. Male labour-migration contest - a great potential to empower
women.
In export-oriented value chains, women are not necessarily excluded but joint
decision-making is nuanced. Men have more power in technical decisions.
32. 3. What factors influence the level of investment in quality planting materials,
fertilizer and crop protection and implications for productivity?
Women-led farms may be intentionally kept with low investment: questioning the
argument of “women lack access to finance, knowledge…. “.
Productivity may not be a priority for women farmers (e.g. taste, varieties for
animal feeding)
Preliminary conclusions
34. Annex: Table 1. Basic characteristics of sweetpotato sample
Vinh Long Lam Dong Ha Tinh Ha Noi Bac Giang All regions
Farmer and household characteristic
Gender of respondent (1=male) 0.92 0.66 0.27 0.18 0.31 0.47
Gender of household head (1=
male)
0.97 0.79 0.81 0.77 0.93 0.85
Age of respondent (years) 50.10 46.23 56.24 56.22 55.50 52.75
HH ethinicity (1= Kinh) 0.99 0.56 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90
The highest education level in the
household
10.36 12.47 10.20 11.59 11.71 11.28
Year of education of household
head
5.99 7.26 7.71 7.90 7.77 7.33
Farm characteristic
Agr land own area (ha) 0.98 1.57 1.69 0.23 0.31 1.00
Agr_rented area (ha) 0.51 1.06 0.70 0.07 0.01 0.49
Agr_borrowed area(ha) 0.03 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07
Sweet potatoes area (ha) 1.43 1.30 0.07 0.07 0.16 0.63
72 82 78 73 72 377
• In highly intensive, export-oriented value chains (Vinh Long and Lam Dang) the respondents were primarily men.
• In low intensive, localized value chains (Hanoi, Ha Tinh and Bac Giang), the respondents were largely women.
• A significant difference in land area dedicated to sweetpotato between highly and less intensive value chains.
35. Annex: Table 2. Basic characteristics of cassava sample
South East South Central
Central
Highland
North
Mountainous
All regions
Farmer and household characteristics
Gender of respondent
(1=male) 0.76 0.62 0.69 0.57 0.66
Gender of household head 0.91 0.81 0.91 0.89 0.88
Age of household head 50.13 53.20 47.12 50.49 50.12
HH ethnicity (1= Kinh) 0.98 0.76 0.23 0.26 0.53
The highest education level in
the household 10.52 10.55 9.55 9.29 9.94
Year of education of
household head 7.17 6.84 5.15 5.79 6.17
Farm characteristics
Agr land own area (ha) 4.09 1.26 2.51 1.41 2.27
Agr_rented area (ha) 5.16 0.22 0.01 0.03 1.19
Agr_borrowed area(ha) 0.72 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.17
Cassava area (ha) 6.68 0.78 1.31 0.31 2.10
121 135 157 139 552
The highly intensive, export-oriented cassava chains (Southeast and South-Central regions) are dominated by
the ethnic majority group (Kinh), better educated farmers, and larger farms.
36. Helpers, Employees or
Owners: Opportunities for
women’s empowerment in
agricultural value chains
Jennifer Twyman
Manuel Moreno, Jenny Wiegel, Juliana Muriel,
Monica Chavarro, Carlos Suazo, and Judith Castro
PIM Webinar - Webinar 1: Gender dynamics in value chains
beyond production node and a single commodity focus: Findings
September 21, 2021
37. Background
Most gender and value chain studies focus
on understanding women’s participation,
benefits from, and empowerment across
different links of one value chain. Few look
across multiple value chains.
Many gender and agricultural studies focus
on on-farm production, and not women’s
roles in other nodes of the value chain, such
as processing, which can occur on-farm/at
home or in processing plants.
Women, in agricultural settings, often
identify themselves as “helpers” supporting
their husbands, especially with on-farm
production. However, women can also be
employees, owners, or managers.
38. Study objective & Research questions
The main objective of this study is to explore women's empowerment across two
nodes of two value chains in order to identify opportunities and barriers that
women face to be involved as employees, owners, and/or managers in the
production and processing nodes of different kinds of agricultural value chains.
1. What is the relative performance of different agricultural value chains in terms
of women’s empowerment?
2. What factors influence women's empowerment in the different value chains
and the different nodes of these value chains?
3. What opportunities and barriers exist for women in terms of economic
opportunities (and/or assuming different roles such as employee, manager, or
owner)?
39. Context
Rural Opportunities Project
• Dry Corridor of Honduras
• Value chain project seeking to increase women’s
economic empowerment
Cashew – export market
Dairy – cheese for local markets
Two Nodes:
• Production (raw products: cashew nuts, milk)
• Processing (processing raw product into marketable
product for consumers)
41. Results: Women’s Participation/Roles in the Value Chain
Manager
Person involved in making most of the decisions related to
the value chain node.
Helpers
Person who does any activities (work) related to the value
chain node but are not managers; they may make some
decisions but not the majority.
Not involved
Do not participate in the value chain node activities.
44% 49%
72%
51%
56%
33%
20%
15%
0%
18%
9%
34%
CASHEW
PRODUCTION
CASHEW
PROCESSING
DAIRY
PRODUCTION
DAIRY PROCESSING
Managers Helpers Not involved
43. Percent of women reaching “empowerment” in each
indicator, by value chain and node.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Workload Group
membership
Access to
and
decisions on
credit
Ownership
of assets
Input in
production
decisions
Control over
use of
income
%
of
empowered
women
Cashew
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Producers
Processors
Group
membership
Workload Access to
and
decisions on
credit
Ownership
of assets
Control over
use of
income
Input in
production
decisions
%
of
empowered
women
Dairy
44. Indicator Contributions to Women’s Disempowerment
2.0%
20.6%
11.6%
2.0%
37.9%
25.9%
Cashew Production
Input in production decisions
Ownership of assets
Access to and decisions on
credit
Control over use of income
Group membership
Workload
5.7%
3.8%
8.7%
38.6%
42.0%
Cashew Processing
Input in production decisions
Ownership of assets
Access to and decisions on
credit
Control over use of income
Group membership
Workload
7.1%
9.3%
7.6%
18.4%
29.8%
27.8%
Dairy Production
Input in production decisions
Ownership of assets
Access to and decisions on
credit
Control over use of income
Group membership
Workload
2.9% 2.9%
9.5% 0.7%
43.8%
40.1%
Dairy Processing
Input in production decisions
Ownership of assets
Access to and decisions on
credit
Control over use of income
Group membership
Workload
45. Some qualitative results related to workloads
• “El trabajo del marañón no es un trabajo tan pesado como para que
lo pueda hacer sólo un hombre…”
• Cashew work isn’t so tough that only a man can do it.
• “No es que es fácil, sino que la mujer tiene que tener más capacidades
… [Una mujer] que tiene su hogar, que tiene hijos, no tiene el tiempo
de andar como el varón. Entonces se le hace un poco más difícil a la
mujer.”
• It is not that it is easy, but that the woman has to have more capabilities…. [A woman] who
has a home, who has children, does not have the time to walk around like a man. … So, it
makes it a little more difficult for women.
46. OLS Regression Analysis: Factors Related to Women’s
Empowerment (A-WEAI 5DE Scores)
Model 1 Model 2
Role (base category = Manager)
Helper -0.038* -0.047**
Not involved -0.048 -0.046
Value chain: cashew 0.138***
Node: production 0.044**
Value Chain*Node (base category = cashew production)
Cashew processing -0.145***
Dairy production -0.203***
Dairy processing -0.169***
Land Ownership 0.054*** 0.069***
Control Variables Yes Yes
Observations 537 537
R-squared 0.150 0.182
* p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001
47. Conclusions
• Results suggest that women’s empowerment differs by value chain, node, and
women’s role in them.
• Women in cashew production (export market) are more empowered, according
to A-WEAI, than women in other value chain nodes.
• Women in production are more empowered than women in processing node.
• Workload and group membership are two key contributors to women’s
disempowerment across both value chains and both nodes.
• This is especially relevant for women in the processing nodes of both value chains.
• Limited access to credit is also contributing to disempowerment.
• For women in dairy production, control of income is another important contribution to
women’s disempowerment.
48. Thank you!
Jennifer Twyman
Manuel Moreno, Jenny Wiegel, Juliana Muriel,
Monica Chavarro, Carlos Suazo, and Judith Castro
Email
manuel.moreno@cgiar.com
j.wiegel@cgiar.org
Editor's Notes
The study provides a comparative analysis women’s and men’s opportunities and constraints to participate in and benefit in the localized and the globalized value chains of two root crops, which have become major industrial crops and multi-billion dollar industries in SEA.
It contributes insights into how the CGIAR addresses gender issues in the processes of increased commercialisation and globalization of agri-food systems
Southeast Asia’s on-going shift of root crops from local to commercial value chains can provide many implications for other crops in Africa and other regions where commercialization has only recently started.
HH survey (2) is one remaining region out of 5 for the cassava survey which could not be surveyed in 2020 because farmers had already harvested all their cassava; the survey included DNA fingerprinting and disease surveillance components, which require that farmers are ideally visited around 3-4 months after planting. We can proceed with the analyses even without that region and will add it whenever the data collection are complete.
What terminology to use? Localized/local and globalized/export-oriented/upgraded?
Value chains differ significantly across provinces and regions. It therefore difficult to analyze the characteristics of low intensive and high intensive value chains without taking into account the regional/territorial characteristics.
We draw on both quantitative and qualitative data sources. The quantitative analyses are based on a HH survey with 552 cassava producing households from 4 cassava producing regions and with 377 sweetpotato-producing HHs in 5 provinces.
We’ve planned four qualitative case studies. Because of the recent worsening of the COVID-19 situation, we have only conducted two of the case studies and today’s presentation largely draw on these two case studies which were in the less intensive production systems for both cassava and sweetpotato.
The first two panels are the highly intensive regions. The last three are the less intensive ones. Blue color is male only decision-making, orange is women-only and grey is joint decision-making.
Most decisions in highly intensive, export oriented value chains are dominated by men (the first two provinces). Women, jointly with their spouses are reported to have a say in overall decisions about sweetpotato in these highly commercial value chains, but technical decisions such as around selecting planting material and crop varieties, purchasing seeds and other inputs are all take almost exclusively by men, especially in Vinh Long.
Women’s participation in decision-making is starkly different in the other three provinces where value chains are less intensive and more localized. In those value chains, women make nearly all decisions with little or no input from men. Nevertheless, across all provinces, men continue to enjoy a higher access to and ownership of key productive resources such as land and credit.
The gendered patterns of decision-making are quite different in cassava value chains. To remind, grey is joint decision-making.
While men seem to dominate decision-making in the most highly intensive value chains in the Southeast Region, a large share of cassava producers across all regions, and particularly the South central and the Central highlands take decisions jointly with their spouse. In few households, across all regions decisions around cassava production are taken by women only. Only in the North mountainous region, a non-negligible share of cassava producers are exclusively women. The north mountainous region is where cassava has other uses besides being sold fresh to the factories for further processing into chips or starch. This is important and we will come back to this later with the qualitative analyses too.
We now proceed to look at how input use differs across the more localized and the export oriented value chains.
The top graph is the inputs and yields of sweetpotato. The bottom one has the same information for cassava. It is immediately clear that the value of inputs used per hectare are significantly higher in the more export-oriented value chains. In sweetpotato, pesticide, hired labor and fertilized are the main cost drivers. Across all provinces, a non-negligible share of households also purchase planting material.
In export-oriented value chains, the main cost drivers are fertilizer and hired labor. The cost of planting material in somewhat negligible. The main source of planting material in nearly all regions is “own farm”.
Yields are also quite different across value chains. Higher use of inputs are also associated with higher yields and this is clear on the graph. What is interesting to notice is that yields in Ha tinh are particular low. And this is largely explained by the type of variety grown and final use – in Ha Tinh farmers grow sweetpotato for their leaves, which are consumed, rather than for their roots.
Extension and training services tend to be targeted at the high intensive, export oriented value chains
Men participate at higher rates in both cassava and sweetpotato trainings, even in localized value chains.
Highly commercialized value chains (Vinh Long and Lam Dang) use significantly less family labor than the localized value chains (Ha Tinh and Hanoi).
Although both men and women tend to take part in most activities, women supply significantly more labor than men in all activities.
Highly commercialized value chains such as those of Vinh Long and even Lam Dang use significantly less family labor than the localized value chains in Ha Tinh and Hanoi. (Note that the scale of x-axis differs across graphs.) Both men and women are somewhat equally likely to engage in all activities in the commercial value chains. While there is no processing in vinh Long and sweetpotato are directly exported fresh, there is a lot more processing in lam Dang and Ha Tinh, and processing tends to be domeinated by women by men also take part. The localized value chains in Ha Tinh and Ha Noi rely on a lot more family labor, both male and female, than the highly commercial value chains. Although both men and women tend to take part in most activities, women supply significantly more labor than men in all activities.
There is a lot more hiring of labor in export-oriented value chains (the top panels) than in the more localized value chains (the bottom panels).
We also look at the gender gap in a traditional regression framework. The dependent variable is yield and the explanatory variable of interest is whether the production is managed by women, or jointly (male management is the base category). What we see is that.
The study provides a comparative analysis women’s and men’s opportunities and constraints to participate in and benefit in the localized and the globalized value chains of two root crops, which have become major industrial crops and multi-billion dollar industries in SEA.
It contributes insights into how the CGIAR addresses gender issues in the processes of increased commercialisation and globalization of agri-food systems
Southeast Asia’s on-going shift of root crops from local to commercial value chains can provide many implications for other crops in Africa and other regions where commercialization has only recently started.
HH survey (2) is one remaining region out of 5 for the cassava survey which could not be surveyed in 2020 because farmers had already harvested all their cassava; the survey included DNA fingerprinting and disease surveillance components, which require that farmers are ideally visited around 3-4 months after planting. We can proceed with the analyses even without that region and will add it whenever the data collection are complete.
What terminology to use? Localized/local and globalized/export-oriented/upgraded?
The study provides a comparative analysis women’s and men’s opportunities and constraints to participate in and benefit in the localized and the globalized value chains of two root crops, which have become major industrial crops and multi-billion dollar industries in SEA.
It contributes insights into how the CGIAR addresses gender issues in the processes of increased commercialisation and globalization of agri-food systems
Southeast Asia’s on-going shift of root crops from local to commercial value chains can provide many implications for other crops in Africa and other regions where commercialization has only recently started.
HH survey (2) is one remaining region out of 5 for the cassava survey which could not be surveyed in 2020 because farmers had already harvested all their cassava; the survey included DNA fingerprinting and disease surveillance components, which require that farmers are ideally visited around 3-4 months after planting. We can proceed with the analyses even without that region and will add it whenever the data collection are complete.
What terminology to use? Localized/local and globalized/export-oriented/upgraded?
The study provides a comparative analysis women’s and men’s opportunities and constraints to participate in and benefit in the localized and the globalized value chains of two root crops, which have become major industrial crops and multi-billion dollar industries in SEA.
It contributes insights into how the CGIAR addresses gender issues in the processes of increased commercialisation and globalization of agri-food systems
Southeast Asia’s on-going shift of root crops from local to commercial value chains can provide many implications for other crops in Africa and other regions where commercialization has only recently started.
HH survey (2) is one remaining region out of 5 for the cassava survey which could not be surveyed in 2020 because farmers had already harvested all their cassava; the survey included DNA fingerprinting and disease surveillance components, which require that farmers are ideally visited around 3-4 months after planting. We can proceed with the analyses even without that region and will add it whenever the data collection are complete.
What terminology to use? Localized/local and globalized/export-oriented/upgraded?
Motivation: Does this identification impact the opportunities they have in different nodes of different value chains, and women’s empowerment?
Motivation: Does this identification impact the opportunities they have in different nodes of different value chains, and women’s empowerment?
In terms of employees and owners, we found very little variation across the sample.
There were very few people who identified as employees.
For ownership, we had most data about landownership and nearly everyone was a landowner. We also explored ownership of assets important for each node of the value chains but found similar problems.
So, we decided to only consider managers and helpers for this categorization. We also include landownership as a variable in the regression.
The score of A-WEAI in the cashew chain is better than the dairy chain. Cashew producers have the high A-WEAI score (0.897). Dairy procesors have the low A-WEAI score (0.749).
Overall, this graph shows higher WE in the cashew VC, and higher WE in the production nodes than the processing nodes. indicators.
These results are a bit surprising. From field observations and discussions with the project team, I had assumed that women in cashew (and in general in production) were the least empowered.
The bar charts on the previous slide showed the % of women meeting the empowerment threshold for each indicator. These pie charts show each indicator’s contribution to disempowerment. So, in the previous slide we saw that access to and control over credit was the least achieved empowerment indicator. However, in the pie charts we see that this indicator (dark green piece) does not contribute much to disempowerment because of the weighting of the different indicators.
And, while qualitative research and conversations with partners on the ground suggest low levels of income, especially in the production node of the cashew value chain, control over income (yellow) does not contribute much to women’s disempowerment, except in dairy production.
The drivers of women’s disempowerment seem to be the purple pieces – group membership and workload – across both nodes of both value chains.
The model:
Dependent Variable: Women’s disempowerment (WEAI 5DE indicator)
Ranges from 0 to 1
0 indicates fully empowered (in all indicators/domains)
1 indicates completely disempowered (in all indicators/domains)
Key Variables of Interest
Role (Helper or Manager)
Value Chain (Cashew or Dairy)
Node (Production or Processing)
Landowner
Control Variables
Age, education
Spouse’s age and education
Other on-farm activities
Off-farm activities
Results:
Helpers are more disempowered than managers.
Managers are more empowered than helpers.
Women in the cashew value chain are less disempowered than those in the dairy chain.
Women in cashew are more empowered than those in dairy.
Men in production are less disempowered than men in processing node.
Men in production are more empowered than those in processing.
Older men and women are less disempowered than younger men and women.
Older men and women are more empowered.
Landowners are less disempowered than non-owners.
Landowners are more empowered than non-owner.