The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral trade agreement regulating international trade from 1948 to 1995. In 1994, 123 nations signed the Uruguay Round Agreements establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) to replace GATT and incorporate GATT, as well as new agreements on trade in services and intellectual property, into a single organization governing international trade. The WTO commenced January 1, 1995, providing a permanent framework for negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was first signed in 1947 with the goal of encouraging free trade between member states by regulating and reducing tariffs. GATT provided an international forum for negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes. It aimed to reduce barriers to trade such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. GATT led to increased world trade growth in the 1950s-1960s but its effectiveness was undermined as countries increased protectionism. This led to negotiations in the 1980s for the Uruguay Round, which established the World Trade Organization in 1994 and expanded global trade rules.
The document summarizes the history and objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how GATT was created in 1947 with 23 members to liberalize trade and establish rules, and how the WTO was established in 1995 with more comprehensive global trade agreements and more members. The key principles of the WTO are non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable commitments, transparency, and safety valves to restrict trade in certain circumstances. The major agreements covered by the WTO relate to goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, textiles and other areas.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body that oversees global trade rules and settles disputes. It has 157 member states and seeks to liberalize trade, ensure a level playing field for all, and assist developing countries. The WTO agreements aim to promote open and fair trade for goods, services, and intellectual property through a rules-based system with binding dispute resolution. The current Doha Round of negotiations seeks to make global trade more inclusive but faces ongoing disagreements, particularly regarding agriculture.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement signed in 1947 to regulate international trade. It aimed to reduce trade barriers and tariffs, expand global production and trade, and ensure full employment. Key principles of GATT were that trade should be non-discriminatory, quantitative trade restrictions prohibited, and trade disputes resolved through consultation. GATT lasted until 1995 when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an international organization that oversees and liberalizes global trade. The WTO aims to improve welfare by administering trade agreements, facilitating trade negotiations, and settling trade disputes. The document outlines the key WTO agreements and principles of non-discrimination, predictability, competitiveness, and benefits for developing countries. It also discusses the impact of WTO on India, including increased exports and foreign investment as well as developmental issues.
The document summarizes the history of globalization and international trade agreements from the late 19th century to the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995. It describes how globalization declined after WWI as countries erected trade barriers but then rebounded with the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948. GATT held a series of negotiation rounds to reduce tariffs and expand trade. However, GATT was imperfect so the Uruguay Round of 1986 established the WTO to provide stronger oversight of international trade.
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the agreements it oversees, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how GATT established principles like most-favored nation status and national treatment to reduce trade barriers. It also describes the creation of the WTO in 1995 and key agreements on goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, and dispute settlement. The document outlines the ongoing Doha Round negotiations and challenges in reaching agreements.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral trade agreement regulating international trade from 1948 to 1995. In 1994, 123 nations signed the Uruguay Round Agreements establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) to replace GATT and incorporate GATT, as well as new agreements on trade in services and intellectual property, into a single organization governing international trade. The WTO commenced January 1, 1995, providing a permanent framework for negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was first signed in 1947 with the goal of encouraging free trade between member states by regulating and reducing tariffs. GATT provided an international forum for negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes. It aimed to reduce barriers to trade such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. GATT led to increased world trade growth in the 1950s-1960s but its effectiveness was undermined as countries increased protectionism. This led to negotiations in the 1980s for the Uruguay Round, which established the World Trade Organization in 1994 and expanded global trade rules.
The document summarizes the history and objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how GATT was created in 1947 with 23 members to liberalize trade and establish rules, and how the WTO was established in 1995 with more comprehensive global trade agreements and more members. The key principles of the WTO are non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable commitments, transparency, and safety valves to restrict trade in certain circumstances. The major agreements covered by the WTO relate to goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, textiles and other areas.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body that oversees global trade rules and settles disputes. It has 157 member states and seeks to liberalize trade, ensure a level playing field for all, and assist developing countries. The WTO agreements aim to promote open and fair trade for goods, services, and intellectual property through a rules-based system with binding dispute resolution. The current Doha Round of negotiations seeks to make global trade more inclusive but faces ongoing disagreements, particularly regarding agriculture.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement signed in 1947 to regulate international trade. It aimed to reduce trade barriers and tariffs, expand global production and trade, and ensure full employment. Key principles of GATT were that trade should be non-discriminatory, quantitative trade restrictions prohibited, and trade disputes resolved through consultation. GATT lasted until 1995 when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an international organization that oversees and liberalizes global trade. The WTO aims to improve welfare by administering trade agreements, facilitating trade negotiations, and settling trade disputes. The document outlines the key WTO agreements and principles of non-discrimination, predictability, competitiveness, and benefits for developing countries. It also discusses the impact of WTO on India, including increased exports and foreign investment as well as developmental issues.
The document summarizes the history of globalization and international trade agreements from the late 19th century to the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995. It describes how globalization declined after WWI as countries erected trade barriers but then rebounded with the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948. GATT held a series of negotiation rounds to reduce tariffs and expand trade. However, GATT was imperfect so the Uruguay Round of 1986 established the WTO to provide stronger oversight of international trade.
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the agreements it oversees, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how GATT established principles like most-favored nation status and national treatment to reduce trade barriers. It also describes the creation of the WTO in 1995 and key agreements on goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, and dispute settlement. The document outlines the ongoing Doha Round negotiations and challenges in reaching agreements.
GATT was created in 1947 to regulate international trade and lasted until 1995 when it was replaced by the WTO. The WTO was established in 1995 and currently has 164 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade through principles like non-discrimination, transparency, and reciprocal trade commitments between members. The WTO administers trade agreements and acts as a forum for negotiations and resolving disputes between countries.
The document discusses the establishment and evolution of international trade organizations and agreements from 1944 onwards. It provides details about the establishment of IMF, World Bank, ITO and GATT in the 1940s and discusses the objectives and principles of GATT. It then summarizes the key outcomes and achievements of GATT as well as exceptions. Finally, it outlines the establishment of WTO in 1995 and highlights some important features of the Uruguay Round agreements related to trade in goods, services, intellectual property rights, agriculture etc.
The document summarizes the key events and decisions of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations between 1986-1994 that established the World Trade Organization. It discusses how countries felt existing trade issues needed addressing and new topics included after the Tokyo Round. The Uruguay Round was officially launched in 1986 to liberalize trade, strengthen trade rules, and expand into new areas like services, intellectual property, and investment. After long negotiations and missed deadlines, the final agreement was signed in 1994 establishing the WTO and expanding global trade governance.
This is a presentation done by Export Agriculture students in Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka. The presentation includes WTO, its objectives, functions of WTO, agreements, Economic & political influece as well as the point of view of the group members relevent to Sri Lankan situation.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
GATT was the predecessor to the WTO and governed international trade from 1948 until 1993. It worked to eliminate trade barriers and boost liberalization. In 1993, WTO was established in Geneva with 153 member nations to replace GATT and provide a framework for multilateral trade negotiations while ensuring a fair and predictable global trading system and settling disputes. Both organizations aimed to stimulate economic growth through freer trade.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was negotiated in 1947 and was designed to reduce trade barriers and encourage free trade. It provided an international forum for negotiating tariff reductions and resolving trade disputes. While GATT was successful in significantly reducing tariffs over time, growing non-tariff barriers and subsidies in response to economic difficulties undermined its effectiveness. This led to negotiations in the 1980s and 1990s that transformed GATT into the World Trade Organization in 1995 to strengthen and expand the global trading system to address new challenges.
General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)Nambi Nam
The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It summarizes that GATT was created in 1947 as an outcome of failed negotiations to establish the International Trade Organization. Its objective was to reduce barriers to international trade through lowering tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. GATT provided a forum for negotiations between member states to encourage free trade. It was transformed into the World Trade Organization in 1995.
Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3
First Phase : 5
Second Phase : 5
Third Phase : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
Did GATT succeed? : 6
Slide 20: 6
Slide 21: 6
Slide 22: 6
Slide 23: 6
Slide 24: 6
Difference between GATT & WTO 7
This document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is the international organization that oversees global trade rules between nations. The WTO aims to ensure trade flows freely and predictably. It was established in 1995 but built upon the multilateral trading system originally set up under GATT over 50 years prior. The document outlines several key principles and agreements of the WTO system including most favored nation status, national treatment, and agreements on agriculture, services, intellectual property and other areas.
The document discusses GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), the WTO (World Trade Organization), and regional trading blocs. It provides background on GATT, including its founding in 1947 with 23 members and purpose of reducing tariffs. It then discusses the establishment of the WTO in 1995 to replace GATT and regulate international trade. Finally, it examines some major regional trading blocs like the European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, SAARC, and SAFTA, providing brief overviews of their history, members, and objectives in promoting regional economic integration and trade.
The document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the objectives, history, structure, principles, agreements, and role of the WTO. The WTO aims to help trade become more smooth, fair, free and predictable through administering trade agreements and resolving disputes between member nations. It also provides special provisions and assistance to developing countries. The WTO's role is to promote open, fair and undistorted global competition through trade liberalization and economic reforms.
The document discusses the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and supervise international trade. The WTO has 153 member countries and aims to ensure global trade flows smoothly through transparency and by establishing common trade rules and resolving disputes.
This document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) for a class. It discusses the objectives of understanding the WTO, its structure, role, and relevance. It provides timelines of the International Trade Organization, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and establishment of the WTO. Key points covered include the principles of non-discrimination, free trade, predictability, and fair competition that guide the WTO. The document also examines the WTO's functions, councils, agreements, treatment of developing countries, and concludes that the WTO provides a forum for resolving international trade disputes.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body that establishes and enforces rules regarding trade between nations. Its rules and agreements are the result of negotiations between its 148 member countries and are aimed at making trade more predictable and free. The WTO's principal rulebook is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was significantly revised in the Uruguay Round negotiations from 1986-1993. The WTO works to lower trade barriers, settle disputes, review national trade policies, and help developing countries engage in international trade.
The document provides information about the history and objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how GATT was created in 1947 and helped establish rules for international trade. It then explains how the WTO was established in 1995 to replace GATT and now has 160 member countries. The key objectives of the WTO are to liberalize trade, provide a framework for trade agreements and disputes, and help resolve trade issues between countries.
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)Harshit Ahuja
GATT was formed in 1947 after the failure of the International Trade Organization. GATT's goals were to reduce tariffs through multilateral negotiations and ensure non-discriminatory and transparent trade. GATT held 8 rounds of negotiations from 1947 to 1994 to reduce tariffs on various goods. The final Uruguay Round extended negotiations to new areas like services and intellectual property and led to the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1994 to replace GATT.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides background on the establishment of the WTO in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It outlines the key functions and principles of the WTO, including administering trade agreements, dispute settlement, and promoting free trade. The document also summarizes some major WTO agreements, such as TRIPS, TRIMS, and those related to tariffs, agriculture, textiles, and intellectual property.
The General Agreement on Trade in ServicesSaravanan A
The document provides an overview of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Some key points:
- GATS is the first multilateral agreement covering international trade in services. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round from 1986-1993.
- GATS aims to promote trade liberalization in the services sector in a gradual, progressive manner while allowing exceptions. It covers four modes of supplying services: cross-border trade, consumption abroad, commercial presence, and movement of natural persons.
- The agreement includes general obligations that apply to all member countries, such as most-favored-nation treatment and transparency. It also allows countries to make specific commitments to open certain service sectors to foreign competition under market
Intellectual property rights give creators control over their inventions, artistic works, and brands through property rights. There are two main types of intellectual property - industrial property such as patents, trademarks, and designs, and copyright for literary and artistic works. Intellectual property provides economic incentives for innovation and distribution of new ideas and technologies. It also promotes creativity, economic growth, and international trade. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) extends international trade rules to the services sector and covers 12 broad sectors that can be traded across borders, with a commercial presence, or through the movement of people.
GATT was created in 1947 to regulate international trade and lasted until 1995 when it was replaced by the WTO. The WTO was established in 1995 and currently has 164 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade through principles like non-discrimination, transparency, and reciprocal trade commitments between members. The WTO administers trade agreements and acts as a forum for negotiations and resolving disputes between countries.
The document discusses the establishment and evolution of international trade organizations and agreements from 1944 onwards. It provides details about the establishment of IMF, World Bank, ITO and GATT in the 1940s and discusses the objectives and principles of GATT. It then summarizes the key outcomes and achievements of GATT as well as exceptions. Finally, it outlines the establishment of WTO in 1995 and highlights some important features of the Uruguay Round agreements related to trade in goods, services, intellectual property rights, agriculture etc.
The document summarizes the key events and decisions of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations between 1986-1994 that established the World Trade Organization. It discusses how countries felt existing trade issues needed addressing and new topics included after the Tokyo Round. The Uruguay Round was officially launched in 1986 to liberalize trade, strengthen trade rules, and expand into new areas like services, intellectual property, and investment. After long negotiations and missed deadlines, the final agreement was signed in 1994 establishing the WTO and expanding global trade governance.
This is a presentation done by Export Agriculture students in Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka. The presentation includes WTO, its objectives, functions of WTO, agreements, Economic & political influece as well as the point of view of the group members relevent to Sri Lankan situation.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
GATT was the predecessor to the WTO and governed international trade from 1948 until 1993. It worked to eliminate trade barriers and boost liberalization. In 1993, WTO was established in Geneva with 153 member nations to replace GATT and provide a framework for multilateral trade negotiations while ensuring a fair and predictable global trading system and settling disputes. Both organizations aimed to stimulate economic growth through freer trade.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was negotiated in 1947 and was designed to reduce trade barriers and encourage free trade. It provided an international forum for negotiating tariff reductions and resolving trade disputes. While GATT was successful in significantly reducing tariffs over time, growing non-tariff barriers and subsidies in response to economic difficulties undermined its effectiveness. This led to negotiations in the 1980s and 1990s that transformed GATT into the World Trade Organization in 1995 to strengthen and expand the global trading system to address new challenges.
General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)Nambi Nam
The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It summarizes that GATT was created in 1947 as an outcome of failed negotiations to establish the International Trade Organization. Its objective was to reduce barriers to international trade through lowering tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. GATT provided a forum for negotiations between member states to encourage free trade. It was transformed into the World Trade Organization in 1995.
Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3
First Phase : 5
Second Phase : 5
Third Phase : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
Did GATT succeed? : 6
Slide 20: 6
Slide 21: 6
Slide 22: 6
Slide 23: 6
Slide 24: 6
Difference between GATT & WTO 7
This document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is the international organization that oversees global trade rules between nations. The WTO aims to ensure trade flows freely and predictably. It was established in 1995 but built upon the multilateral trading system originally set up under GATT over 50 years prior. The document outlines several key principles and agreements of the WTO system including most favored nation status, national treatment, and agreements on agriculture, services, intellectual property and other areas.
The document discusses GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), the WTO (World Trade Organization), and regional trading blocs. It provides background on GATT, including its founding in 1947 with 23 members and purpose of reducing tariffs. It then discusses the establishment of the WTO in 1995 to replace GATT and regulate international trade. Finally, it examines some major regional trading blocs like the European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, SAARC, and SAFTA, providing brief overviews of their history, members, and objectives in promoting regional economic integration and trade.
The document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the objectives, history, structure, principles, agreements, and role of the WTO. The WTO aims to help trade become more smooth, fair, free and predictable through administering trade agreements and resolving disputes between member nations. It also provides special provisions and assistance to developing countries. The WTO's role is to promote open, fair and undistorted global competition through trade liberalization and economic reforms.
The document discusses the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and supervise international trade. The WTO has 153 member countries and aims to ensure global trade flows smoothly through transparency and by establishing common trade rules and resolving disputes.
This document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) for a class. It discusses the objectives of understanding the WTO, its structure, role, and relevance. It provides timelines of the International Trade Organization, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and establishment of the WTO. Key points covered include the principles of non-discrimination, free trade, predictability, and fair competition that guide the WTO. The document also examines the WTO's functions, councils, agreements, treatment of developing countries, and concludes that the WTO provides a forum for resolving international trade disputes.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body that establishes and enforces rules regarding trade between nations. Its rules and agreements are the result of negotiations between its 148 member countries and are aimed at making trade more predictable and free. The WTO's principal rulebook is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was significantly revised in the Uruguay Round negotiations from 1986-1993. The WTO works to lower trade barriers, settle disputes, review national trade policies, and help developing countries engage in international trade.
The document provides information about the history and objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how GATT was created in 1947 and helped establish rules for international trade. It then explains how the WTO was established in 1995 to replace GATT and now has 160 member countries. The key objectives of the WTO are to liberalize trade, provide a framework for trade agreements and disputes, and help resolve trade issues between countries.
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)Harshit Ahuja
GATT was formed in 1947 after the failure of the International Trade Organization. GATT's goals were to reduce tariffs through multilateral negotiations and ensure non-discriminatory and transparent trade. GATT held 8 rounds of negotiations from 1947 to 1994 to reduce tariffs on various goods. The final Uruguay Round extended negotiations to new areas like services and intellectual property and led to the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1994 to replace GATT.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides background on the establishment of the WTO in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It outlines the key functions and principles of the WTO, including administering trade agreements, dispute settlement, and promoting free trade. The document also summarizes some major WTO agreements, such as TRIPS, TRIMS, and those related to tariffs, agriculture, textiles, and intellectual property.
The General Agreement on Trade in ServicesSaravanan A
The document provides an overview of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Some key points:
- GATS is the first multilateral agreement covering international trade in services. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round from 1986-1993.
- GATS aims to promote trade liberalization in the services sector in a gradual, progressive manner while allowing exceptions. It covers four modes of supplying services: cross-border trade, consumption abroad, commercial presence, and movement of natural persons.
- The agreement includes general obligations that apply to all member countries, such as most-favored-nation treatment and transparency. It also allows countries to make specific commitments to open certain service sectors to foreign competition under market
Intellectual property rights give creators control over their inventions, artistic works, and brands through property rights. There are two main types of intellectual property - industrial property such as patents, trademarks, and designs, and copyright for literary and artistic works. Intellectual property provides economic incentives for innovation and distribution of new ideas and technologies. It also promotes creativity, economic growth, and international trade. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) extends international trade rules to the services sector and covers 12 broad sectors that can be traded across borders, with a commercial presence, or through the movement of people.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It provides a forum for negotiating trade agreements, settling disputes, and overseeing a system of trade rules. The WTO currently has 164 member countries and agreements cover trade in goods, services and intellectual property. Its overarching goal is to help trade flow freely by removing obstacles and ensuring predictable and transparent trade policies.
The document discusses the key principles of GATT, including non-discrimination, reciprocity, enforceable commitments, transparency, and safety valves. It also covers the various GATT trade rounds from 1947 to 1994 and their topics of negotiation. Additionally, it outlines the demands of developing countries for differential treatment under GATT to support their economies. The principles of GATT helped significantly reduce tariffs and spur global trade growth after World War 2, but new issues like non-tariff barriers and services trade prompted the creation of the WTO through the Uruguay Round negotiations.
This presentation was a part of my group project study at M S Ramaiah Institute Of Management, Bangalore. Co-Developed by : Shashank M.A, Prasad E. Prabhu, Binit chouraria, Koushik Basak & Uma Maheshwar Rao (MSRIM Bangalore)
By:-
Aniruddh Tiwari
Linkedin :- http://in.linkedin.com/in/aniruddhtiwari
The document discusses the history and evolution of international trade agreements from GATT to the World Trade Organization (WTO). It outlines the 8 rounds of negotiations under GATT to reduce tariffs and introduce discussions on non-tariff barriers. The final Uruguay Round led to the establishment of the WTO in 1995. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and provides a framework for resolving trade disputes between member countries. It oversees agreements on goods, services, intellectual property, investment, and agriculture.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed in 1947 as a temporary agreement to reduce tariffs and encourage trade liberalization. It was later transformed into the World Trade Organization in 1995. GATT helped reduce trade barriers and spur global trade growth for decades. However, economic difficulties in the 1970s-1980s led countries to increase nontariff barriers, as GATT had less ability to discipline these types of protectionist policies.
The document provides an overview of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its replacement by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. It discusses that GATT was created in 1947 to reduce tariffs and trade barriers, and was replaced by the WTO to establish stronger global trade rules and dispute resolution. The document also notes that India has been a founding member of both GATT and WTO, and that its participation in the increasingly rule-based international trade system has helped provide stability and predictability in global trade.
Basic information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). Establishment, evolution and formation of the final act in 1994. The Result of Uruguay Round negotiation for a multilateral Trading System.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a legal agreement signed in 1947 between many countries to promote international trade by reducing barriers like tariffs and quotas. It included 8 rounds of negotiations through 1986. In 1995, the agreements created the World Trade Organization (WTO) which absorbed and extended the GATT. The WTO now has 164 member countries and oversees global trade agreements, negotiations, dispute resolution, and technical assistance for developing nations. It has successfully reduced average tariffs from 22% when GATT began to 5% after the Uruguay Round in 1999.
This presentation talks about the intellectual property rights and the various treaties related to them, their history and functions, GATT, WTO, International Agreements, Madrid Protocol, TRIPS and Berne Convention are given in detail. The presentation will give you an overview of how IPR works in trade relalated aspects throughout the world, across international borders.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 as the successor to GATT and provides the institutional framework for implementing and monitoring adherence to trade agreements between its 153 member countries. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and ensure a stable global trading system through negotiations and a dispute resolution process. Major functions of the WTO include administering trade agreements, providing a forum for trade negotiations, handling trade disputes, and monitoring national trade policies.
During the 1930s Great Depression, international trade declined sharply as countries imposed import restrictions to protect their economies. In 1945, the US proposed expanding trade and employment. On October 30, 1947, 23 countries in Geneva signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), establishing rules for international trade. GATT went through eight rounds of negotiations between 1947-1994 to reduce tariffs and trade barriers. The final round, the Uruguay Round, established the World Trade Organization in 1995 to provide stronger, more permanent governance of global trade.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history and functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses how the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee international trade, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It outlines the various trade negotiation rounds that have occurred under GATT and within the WTO. The key principles and functions of the WTO are also summarized, including administering trade agreements, providing a forum for negotiation and dispute resolution, and establishing rules for a liberal international trading system.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1995. The key functions and structure of the WTO are described, including administering trade agreements, resolving disputes, and establishing principles like most favored nation. Agreements within the WTO like TRIPS and TRIMS are also summarized. The role and relevance of the WTO for developing countries is highlighted.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. The WTO aims to help the trading system become more transparent, fair and predictable through agreements and by settling trade disputes between members. It also provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document outlines the structure, functions, principles and relevant agreements of the WTO including TRIPS and TRIMS as well as its role in promoting development.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It was established in 1995 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WTO has 164 member countries and aims to supervise trade policies, settle disputes, and cooperate with other organizations to ensure a smooth and fair international trading system. Key functions of the WTO include administering trade agreements, facilitating trade negotiations, and reviewing national trade policies.
The GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) was created in 1947 to reduce trade barriers and boost postwar economic recovery. It led to the formation of the WTO (World Trade Organization) in 1995. The WTO provides a forum for member countries to negotiate trade issues and resolve disputes through agreed upon rules and processes. It aims to facilitate global trade through open communication and negotiated agreements while also maintaining some trade barriers where sensible. However, critics argue it can negatively impact local communities and human rights by fueling international trade expansion.
The document discusses the history and evolution of international trade agreements from the 1930s Great Depression through the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. It provides details on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the 8 rounds of GATT negotiations, the Uruguay Round that established the WTO, functions and principles of the WTO, the Doha Development Round, advantages and drawbacks of the WTO, types of trade barriers, and implications for Indian seafood trade.
The document discusses various topics related to international business management and trade agreements. It provides information on bilateral and multilateral trade laws and agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its rounds of trade negotiations. It also discusses intellectual property rights agreements (TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS), the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and India's bilateral trade agreements. Key trade concepts around bilateral vs multilateral trade, preferential trade agreements, and the role of the WTO in liberalizing trade and settling disputes are also summarized.
The document discusses the history and evolution of international trade agreements from GATT to the modern WTO. It outlines key events like the Bretton Woods conference that led to GATT, various trade negotiation rounds that reduced tariffs, the formation of the WTO in 1995, and principles of the rules-based global trading system like non-discrimination and transparency. It also summarizes roles of different WTO bodies and topics of ongoing negotiation like agriculture subsidies and special provisions for developing countries.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was an international agreement formed in 1949 that promoted international trade by reducing trade barriers like tariffs between member countries. GATT held several rounds of negotiations where member countries agreed to reduce tariffs and trade barriers further. In 1993, GATT was updated and the World Trade Organization was created to replace GATT and expand the scope of international trade agreements to include services, intellectual property, and other areas.
INTER NATIONAL TRADE POWER POINT copy.pptxAngelMoonga
Power point présentation on importance of the GATT and the rounds held under it for improving, it and omission of unnecessary provisions. Specifically the Tokyo, and Kennedy rounds.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body that oversees global trade agreements. It was established in 1995 to expand upon and formalize the previous General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO has 164 member countries and oversees agreements on trade in goods, services, and intellectual property through its dispute resolution process and regular trade negotiations.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade. The WTO evolved out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process for addressing trade complaints. It has 164 member countries, aims to lower trade barriers, and works to ensure a rules-based global trading system through consensus-based decision making.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.
The document discusses several key WTO agreements including those covering goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, and the establishment of the WTO. It also summarizes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. These agreements establish the principles of international trade liberalization and standards for trade barriers, intellectual property protection, and dispute resolution.
Waziani Limited is a Polish company that sources high quality Georgian wines exclusively from Georgia. They plan to promote Manavis Mtsvane, a popular white Georgian wine. The document provides details on the company, product, export plan, competition, market analysis of Germany, and a sample export offer and purchase agreement. It analyzes opportunities in the German market and concludes that Germany offers good prospects for Georgian wines due to quality, affordability, and increasing interest in new foods and drinks.
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Suzlon is a leading global wind energy company headquartered in India. It has over 16,000 employees across 25 countries. Suzlon has manufacturing facilities across India, China, and other locations that produce wind turbines ranging from 600 kW to 2.1 MW capacity. It aims to be among the top three wind energy companies worldwide through technology leadership and a focus on customer satisfaction. Suzlon has a global market share of around 10% and supplies wind power projects across Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Gatt
1.
2. Bretton Woods conference (1944) as starting point for a new
order of then world economy with the cornerstones:
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Trade Organization (ITO)
• IMF was designed to take care of short term problems in
connection with international liquidity
• IBRD is one of 5 institutions that comprise the World Bank Group
• During negotiations on the ITO in 1946, some countries saw a
need for immediate tariff reductions :-
US took the initiative in preparing a document on a “general
agreement on tariffs and trade”
Subsequent negotiations in Geneva between a group of 23
countries resulted in a set of mutual tariff reductions (GATT)
3. Foundation of the GATT
The GATT was signed by its 23 founding members on 30 October
1947 and entered into force on 1 January 1948
23 Founding member countries of the GATT:
United States, Canada, Cuba, Brazil,
Chile, Australia, New Zealand, China,
India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan,
Syria, Lebanon, South Africa, Zimbabwe,
United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Czechoslovakia
GATT was introduce as a stepping stone towards the
establishment of the ITO and embodied many principles of the
proposed ITO.
4. GATT and WTO
• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which
was signed in 1947, is a multilateral agreement regulating
trade among about 150 countries. According to its preamble,
the purpose of the GATT is the "substantial reduction of tariffs
and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences,
on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.“
5. GATT and WTO
• The Uruguay Round, which was completed on December 15,
1993 after seven years of negotiations, resulted in an
agreement among 117 countries (including the U.S.) to reduce
trade barriers and to create more comprehensive and
enforceable world trade rules. The agreement coming out of
this round, the Final Act Embodying the Results of the
Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, was signed
in April 1994. The Uruguay Round agreement was approved
and implemented by the U.S. Congress in December 1994,
and went into effect on January 1, 1995.
6. GATT and WTO
• This agreement also created the World Trade Organization (WTO),
which came into being on January 1, 1995. The WTO implements the
agreement, provides a forum for negotiating additional reductions of
trade barriers and for settling policy disputes, and enforces trade
rules. The WTO launched the ninth round of multilateral trade
negotiations under the "Doha Development Agenda" (DDA or Doha
Round) in 2001.
7. WTO: Functions
• Administring and implementing the multilateral and plurilateral trade
agreements
• Forum for multilateral trade negotiations
• Dispute settlement
• Overseeing national trade policy
• Cooperation with IMF and World Bank
8. WTO: Basic Principles
(1) Trade without discrimination
(2) Predictable and growing access to market
(3) Undistorted, fair competition
(4) Transparency
9. Ministerial
Conference
Council for
Trade in Goods
General Council meeting as
Trade Policy Review Body
Council for
TRIPS
General Council meeting as
Dispute Settlement Body
General Council
Council for
Trade in Services
Appellate Body
Dispute Settlement panels
Committees on
•Trade and Environment
•Trade and Development
•Subcommittee on
Least-Developed Countries
•Regional Trade Agreements
•Balance of Payments Restrictions
•Budget, Finance and Administration
Working parties on
•Accession
Working groups on
•Trade, debt and finance
•Trade and technology transfer
•(Inactive:
(Relationship between Trade
and Investment,
(Interaction between Trade
and Competition Policy
(Transparency in Government
Procurement)
Committees on
•Market Access
•Agriculture
•Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
•Technical Barriers to Trade
•Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
•Anti-Dumping Practices
•Customs Valuation
•Rules of Origin
•Import Licensing
•Trade-Related Investment Measures
•Safeguards
Working party on
•State-Trading Enterprises
Committees on
•Trade in Financial services
•Specific Commitments
Working parties on
•Domestic Regulation
•GATS Rules
10. 10 Benefits of the WTO
• The system helps promote
peace
• Disputes are handled
constructively
• Rules make life easier for all
• Freer trade cuts the costs of
living
• It provides more choices of
products and qualities
• Trade raises incomes
• Trade stimulates economic
growth
• The basic principles make life
more efficient
• Governments are shielded
from lobbying
• The system encourages good
government
11. Trade and Development
• In November 2001, 142 Trade Ministers from around the world met
at the 4th WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, and launched
a Round of multilateral trade negotiations.
• The Doha Ministerial Declaration established the objective of duty-
free, quota-free market access for products originating from LDCs. In
Canada’s case, a preferential tariff for LDCs has been in place since
1983. The scope of products covered by this scheme, which applies to
49 of the world’s least-developed countries, was substantially
expanded in January 2003. The least-developed country tariff (LDCT)
provides duty-free and quota-free access for all products from LDCs,
with the exception of over-quota access for supply-managed
products in the dairy, poultry and eggs sectors.
12. Technical Assistance and Training
• Technical assistance and training are core elements of the
development dimension of the Multilateral Trading System, as
confirmed by Ministers at Doha (December 2001). This was again
underlined and further strengthened at the Ministerial Conference in
Hong Kong, China (December 2005).
• Within the WTO Secretariat, TRTA is coordinated by the Institute for
Training and Technical Cooperation (ITTC), based on the technical
assistance and training plans (the TA Plans). The Committee on Trade
and Development is the regular body overseeing all TRTA activities.
13. Year Name Sub.
Covered
Countries Achievements
1947 Geneva Tariffs 23 Signing of GATT,
45,000 tariff
concessions affecting
$10 billion of trade
1949 Annecy Tariffs 13 Countries
exchanged some
5,000 tariff
concessions
1950 Torquay Tariffs 38 Countries
exchanged some
8,700 tariff
concessions, cutting
the 1948 tariff levels
by 25%
14. Year Name Sub.
Covered
Countries Achievements
1956 Geneva Tariffs,
admission
of Japan
23
$2.5 billion in tariff
reductions
1960 Dillon Tariffs 26 Tariff concessions
worth $4.9 billion of
world trade
1964 Kennedy Tariffs,
anti-
dumping
66 Tariff concessions
worth $40 billion of
world trade
15. year Name Sub. Covered count
ries
Achievements
1973 Tokyo Tariff, non-tariff
measures,
"framework"
102 Tariff reductions worth
more than $300 billion
dollars achieved
1986 Uruguay Tariffs, non-tariff
measures, rules,
services,
intellectual
property, dispute
settlement, textiles,
agriculture,
creation of WTO,
etc
123 the creation of WTO,
and extended the
range of trade
negotiations, leading to
major reductions in
tariffs & agricultural
subsidies, to allow full
access for textiles from
developing countries,
and an extension of
intellectual property
rights.
16. Uruguay round versus Earlier rounds
• The spirit of opposition.
• The agenda was made very heavy and oppressive for the
developing country.
• Major focus of negotiations shifted from tariff cutting to
reduction in non-tariff barriers.
• It covered every outstanding policy issue.
• Developing countries were required to actively participate in
negotiation, meaning that they were to give concession in
order to receive additional concessions, something which
they had not done before.
• Rush of new members in the last round had showed that
multilateral trade agreement was considered an anchor for
development.
17. • Streamlined dispute settlement mechanism and Trade Review
Policy Mechanism.
• Proposed creation of a new institution WTO.
• More transparent rules for dumping investigation and rules for
determining the injury to the industry.
• The coverage of government procurement widened.
• It appeared that developing countries may have made more
concessions.
18.
19. Thank You!
Presented By:
Niraj Patel
• My Thought:
– “ I have never learnt anything in my life from any
person who agreed with me.”