Presentation on Calculation of Polytropic and Isentropic Efficiency of natura...Waqas Manzoor
This presentation demonstrates comparison of calculation of Polytropic and Isentropic Efficiency of Natural Gas Compressor using Aspen HYSYS & using Manual Calculations. Complete derivation of equations of Polytropic and Isentropic efficiency, have also been demonstrated. The slight difference observed in the manually calculated values and Aspen HYSYS simulation, may be attributed to the calculation method of the software which is based on numerical integration.
Accumulation and Over-pressure: difference between accumulation and overpressureVarun Patel
Accumulation is pressure above the maximum allowable working pressure that vessel experience during high pressure event. Hence, when we say ‘accumulation’, its mean we are talking about the vessel or equipment.
On the other hand, Overpressure is pressure above the set pressure of the pressure safety valve that PSV experience during high pressure event. Hence, when we say ‘accumulation’, its mean we are talking about the pressure relief valve.
Presentation on Calculation of Polytropic and Isentropic Efficiency of natura...Waqas Manzoor
This presentation demonstrates comparison of calculation of Polytropic and Isentropic Efficiency of Natural Gas Compressor using Aspen HYSYS & using Manual Calculations. Complete derivation of equations of Polytropic and Isentropic efficiency, have also been demonstrated. The slight difference observed in the manually calculated values and Aspen HYSYS simulation, may be attributed to the calculation method of the software which is based on numerical integration.
Accumulation and Over-pressure: difference between accumulation and overpressureVarun Patel
Accumulation is pressure above the maximum allowable working pressure that vessel experience during high pressure event. Hence, when we say ‘accumulation’, its mean we are talking about the vessel or equipment.
On the other hand, Overpressure is pressure above the set pressure of the pressure safety valve that PSV experience during high pressure event. Hence, when we say ‘accumulation’, its mean we are talking about the pressure relief valve.
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
Pressure Safety Valve Sizing - API 520/521/526Vijay Sarathy
No chemical process facility is immune to the risk of overpressure to avoid dictating the necessity for overpressure protection. For every situation that demands safe containment of process gas, it becomes an obligation for engineers to equally provide pressure relieving and flaring provisions wherever necessary. The levels of protection are hierarchical, starting with designing an inherently safe process to avoid overpressure followed by providing alarms for operators to intervene and Emergency Shutdown provisions through ESD and SIL rated instrumentation. Beyond these design and instrument based protection measures, the philosophy of containment and abatement steps such as pressure relieving devices, flares, physical dikes and Emergency Response Services is employed
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
Basic Unit Conversions for Turbomachinery Calculations Vijay Sarathy
Turbomachinery equipment like centrifugal pumps & compressors have their performance stated as a function of Actual volumetric flow rate [Q] & Head [m/bar]. The following tutorial describes how pump/compressor head can be expressed in energy terms as ‘kJ/kg’. Turbomachinery head expressed in kJ/kg describes, how many kJ of energy is required to compress 1 kg of gas for a given pressure ratio. The advantage of using energy terms to estimate absorbed power is that it is based on the amount of ‘mass’ compressed which is independent of pressure and temperature of a fluid.
Brief introduction to Fired Heaters operation and design. Definition of the different Heaters in the industry and brief strategy how to operate them safely.
Especially created to understand the basic concept of Natural Gas Dehydration and to describe the popular dehydration method with their process working principles.
Production of 1-Tetradecene at 100 tons per yearaman_hb
The purpose of the project is to study the production of 1-Tetradecene through processing and refining process method and to perform energy balance, material balance and design the equipments involved in this process. We used chemcad chemstation software for process simulation and determining the phase envelope graph. We created a component, 1-octacosene in component database of chemcad simulation software.
Reactor design is one of the important part of chemical engineering equipment design, This presentation gives you ideas about what terms to consider while doing the design of equipment for the process
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
Pressure Safety Valve Sizing - API 520/521/526Vijay Sarathy
No chemical process facility is immune to the risk of overpressure to avoid dictating the necessity for overpressure protection. For every situation that demands safe containment of process gas, it becomes an obligation for engineers to equally provide pressure relieving and flaring provisions wherever necessary. The levels of protection are hierarchical, starting with designing an inherently safe process to avoid overpressure followed by providing alarms for operators to intervene and Emergency Shutdown provisions through ESD and SIL rated instrumentation. Beyond these design and instrument based protection measures, the philosophy of containment and abatement steps such as pressure relieving devices, flares, physical dikes and Emergency Response Services is employed
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
Basic Unit Conversions for Turbomachinery Calculations Vijay Sarathy
Turbomachinery equipment like centrifugal pumps & compressors have their performance stated as a function of Actual volumetric flow rate [Q] & Head [m/bar]. The following tutorial describes how pump/compressor head can be expressed in energy terms as ‘kJ/kg’. Turbomachinery head expressed in kJ/kg describes, how many kJ of energy is required to compress 1 kg of gas for a given pressure ratio. The advantage of using energy terms to estimate absorbed power is that it is based on the amount of ‘mass’ compressed which is independent of pressure and temperature of a fluid.
Brief introduction to Fired Heaters operation and design. Definition of the different Heaters in the industry and brief strategy how to operate them safely.
Especially created to understand the basic concept of Natural Gas Dehydration and to describe the popular dehydration method with their process working principles.
Production of 1-Tetradecene at 100 tons per yearaman_hb
The purpose of the project is to study the production of 1-Tetradecene through processing and refining process method and to perform energy balance, material balance and design the equipments involved in this process. We used chemcad chemstation software for process simulation and determining the phase envelope graph. We created a component, 1-octacosene in component database of chemcad simulation software.
Reactor design is one of the important part of chemical engineering equipment design, This presentation gives you ideas about what terms to consider while doing the design of equipment for the process
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
A method is disclosed for the manufacture of phosphoric acid directly from phosphate rock slurry in a reaction vessel with additional sulphuric acid to produce dehydrate calcium sulphate (gypsum). The gypsum is separated from the recovery solution via filtration and removed as a by-product. Design of equipments like reactor, sedimentation tank and evaporator is done.
Boiler Efficiency Improvement through Analysis of Lossesijsrd.com
Thermal is the main source for power generation in India. The percentage of thermal power generation as compare to other sources is 65 %. The main objective of thermal power plant is to fulfill the energy demands of the market and to achieve these demands; plant requires technical availability with the parts reliability and maintenance strategy. This paper deals with the determination of current operating efficiency of Boiler and calculates major losses for Vindhyachal Super thermal power plant (India) of 210 MW units. Then identify the causes of performance degradation. Also find the major causes of heat losses by Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and recommends its appropriate strategy to reduce major losses. The aim of performance monitoring is continuous evaluation of degradation i.e. decrease in performance of the steam boiler. These data enable additional information which is helpful in problem identification, improvement of boiler performance and making economic decisions about maintenance schedule.
Experimental and Process Modelling Study of Integration of a Micro-turbine with an Amine Plant - presentation by Elvis Agbonghae of the University of Leeds at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
The presentation was on final year design project, "Production of LPG from NGLs and condensate". It includes process selection, establishing a flow diagram for the selected process, the sizing of main equipments, detailed design of four Major equipments along with P & ID control for the systems and finally the economic evaluation was conducted to check the feasibility of the process. The final product composition of LPG was simulated using Aspen HYSYS and found to be 49% Propane and 21% butane.
Tensor and vector quantity components?
Diffusion quantities
1. Velocity
2. Flux across the plane
3. Flux relative to the plane
4. Concentration and Molar density
5. Concentration gradient
Channeling is defined as at low liquid flow rate the packing surface was covered by the liquid partially so some of the packing will be dry and some will be wet.
Channeling was the severe causes in the stacked packing comparing with the dumped packing towers.
Channeling can be minimized if the tower diameter was 8 times the packing diameter.
Super facial gas velocity = uo*density of the gas
At loading point in a packed column the liquid was hold by the stream of gas this can be identified by the steeper increases in pressure drop.
Gas velocity should be calculated to avoid the flooding velocity.
The gas velocity should be maintained below the flooding velocity to increase the mass transfer rate.
If the gas velocity lowers the designing of tower will impact the diameter of the tower to be increases and the reduction in the mass transfer rate. Benefits usi g lower gas flow rate was decreased pressure drop will occurs in the tower.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
1. GAS FLARE STACK PROCESS
Shad B. Ibrahim
Mohammed A. Abdulkadir
Rabar M. Mahmood
2. CONTENT
› Introduction
› What is Flaring ?
› Flare Stack Classification
› Flare Process Components
› Design Calculation
› Cost Estimations
› Inspection, Safety And Recovery
› Gas Flare Implications
› References 2
3. INTRODUCTION
› The flare is the last line of defense in the safe emergency
release system in a refinery or chemical plant.
› It provides a means of safe disposal of the vapor streams
from its facilities, by burning them under controlled
conditions.
› With obeying the environmental regulation (EPA) of
pollution control and public relations requirements.
3
4. WHAT IS FLARING ?
› High-temperature oxidation process used to burn
combustible components (mostly hydrocarbons) of
waste gases from industrial operations.
› Natural gas, propane, ethylene, propylene, butadiene and
butane constitute over 95 % of the waste gases flared.
› C3H8 +5O2 → 3 CO2 + 4H2O.
4
5. FLARE STACK CLASSIFICATION
Flares
Height of
the flare
Elevated
Self Supported Stack
Guy Wired Supported
Stack
Derrick Supported
Stacks
Demountable Derrick
Supported Stacks
Ground
Open
Enclosed
Method to
enhance
mixing at
flare
Steam-Assisted
Air-Assisted
Non-Assisted
Pressure Assisted
5
6. FLARE PROCESS COMPONENTS
1
• Knock-out Drum
2
• Liquid Seal
3
• Flare Stack
4
• Gas Seal
5 •Burner Tip
6 •Pilot Burners
7 •Steam Jets
8 •Controls
6
13. Item Cost ($)
Direct Costs
Purchased Equipment cost
Flare System 84 953.6
Auxiliary 5 932.34
Sum of A 90 885.94
Instrumentation (0.10 A) 9 088.59
Sales Taxes (0.03A) 2 726.57
Freight (0.05 A) 4 544.29
PEC = B 107 245.39
Direct Installation Costs
Foundation and Supports
(0.12 B)
12 869.44
Handling and Erection (0.40
B)
42 898.15
Electrical (0.01 B) 1 072.45
Piping (0.02 B) 2 144.90
Item Cost ($)
Installation (0.01 B) 1 072.45
Painting (0.01 B) 1 072.45
Total 61 129.84
Site Preparation 10 000
Facilities and Buildings 15 000
Total Direct Costs 𝟗𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟒
Indirect Annual Costs
Engineering (0.10 B) 10 724.53
Construction & Field Expenses
(0.10 B)
10 724.53
Contractor Fees (0.10 B) 10 724.53
Start-up (0.01 B) 1 072.45
Performance Test (0.01 B) 1 072.45
Contingencies (0.15 B) 16 086.80
Total Indirect Costs 50 405.29
Total Capital Investment 146 535.13
15. Mechanism Symptom Correction
Over
Pressurization Relief valves open Set valves to correct
position
Cross and open
connections.
Back fire Verify connection and
valve position
Burner fouling Flame out Clean burner tips more
frequently
15
16. GAS FLARE IMPLICATIONS
› Climate Change
› Acid Rain
› Agriculture
› Thermal Emission
› Luminosity
› Noise Pollution
› Radiation
› Adverse Effects
› Hematological
Effects
› Economic
› Pollution
› Social
Environmental Health Other
16
18. REFERENCES
› A L Ling, July 2007. FLARE SELECTION AND SIZING (ENGINEERING DESIGN
GUIDELINE), Johor Bahru: KLM Technology Group.
› Leslie B. Evans, William M. Vatavuk, Diana K. Stone, Susan K. Lynch, Richard F.
Pandullo, September 2000. VOC Destruction Controls, North Carolina, Durham:
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S Environmental Protection
Agency.
› Ludwig, Ernest E., 1999. APPLIED PROCESS DESIGN FOR CHEMICAL AND
PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS, Volume 1, Third Edition, United States of America:
Gulf Publishing Company.
› Charles E. Baukal, JR., 2014. The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook,
Second Edition: Volume 3 – Applications, Boca Raton, Fort Lauderdale, USA:
Taylor & Fransic Group LLC.
› Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Apr 1, 2013. INDUSTRIAL GAS FLARING PRACTICES,
New Jersey USA: John Wiley & Sons Cooperation
18