This document provides an overview of the integrated project to produce L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) through a fermentation process. It includes a literature review on the production of L-PAC, an analysis of the global demand and proposed production process. The process description includes mass and energy balances in the fermentor, pressure vessel design, heat exchanger design, and descriptions of the control systems and wastewater treatment plant. The document references literature on the fermentation process and engineering design calculations.
This study analyzed the performance of a diesel engine fueled with Mahua biodiesel (B100) and petro-diesel (B0) at different static injection timings. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at full load. Results showed that lower static injection timing of 22° bTDC produced lower emissions of carbon monoxide, smoke, and nitrogen oxides compared to the standard timing of 23° bTDC for both fuels. Among the fuels, B100 provided the highest reductions in carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides emissions compared to B0. Overall, the study demonstrated that B100 can be safely used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines with optimized static injection timing.
Presentation given by Professor Joe Wood from University of Birmingham on "Studies of Hydrotalcite Clays for CO2 Adsorption " in the Capture Technical Session on Solid Adsorption at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
1) The document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers and provides calculations for their basic design.
2) It defines key terms like Btu, calorie, joule, watt, temperature scales, pressure units, and specific heat.
3) The main heat exchanger equation is presented along with the process for designing a heat exchanger through an iterative approach to calculate the required heat transfer area.
Enhancing the Kinetcs of Mill Scale Reduction: An Eco-Friendly Approach (Part 2)chin2014
This document summarizes a research paper on enhancing the kinetics of mill scale reduction using hydrogen gas as an eco-friendly approach. The document includes:
1. An introduction to mill scale, its composition, and issues with current techniques for treating it.
2. A literature review summarizing previous research on reducing iron oxide using hydrogen and production of sponge iron powder from mill scale.
3. The objectives of experimentally studying the reduction kinetics using hydrogen gas at different temperatures and times to efficiently produce iron powder.
Selection of amine solvents for CO2 capture from natural gas power plant - presentation by Jiafei Zhang in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
State of the art in the pu sub sector-technology options and trendsUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses various blowing agent technologies used in polyurethane foam production. Mature technologies like hydrocarbons are widely used but have safety restrictions, while other options have drawbacks in cost or performance. Newer technologies under development like methylal and unsaturated HFCs show promise, but further work is needed before they can replace HCFCs by the 2013 deadline.
This document summarizes an experimental study on achieving Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) in a diesel engine using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to simultaneously reduce emissions and fuel consumption. Key findings include:
- Introducing LPG (10-40%) into the intake reduced particulate matter (PM) and nitric oxides (NOx) while increasing hydrocarbons (HC) and reducing brake thermal efficiency (BTE).
- Optimal RCCI was achieved with 10% LPG, significantly reducing PM and carbon monoxide (CO) within emission limits while maintaining acceptable HC, NOx, and BTE.
- RCCI combustion was characterized
This document provides guidance on the design and rating of shell and tube heat exchangers. It discusses fundamentals of heat transfer calculations and selection of appropriate heat transfer models. Key considerations in the thermal design of shell and tube heat exchangers include process parameters, mechanical design factors such as tube dimensions and layout, and selection of heat transfer correlations. Software tools can help optimize the design but require experience to achieve practical designs.
This study analyzed the performance of a diesel engine fueled with Mahua biodiesel (B100) and petro-diesel (B0) at different static injection timings. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at full load. Results showed that lower static injection timing of 22° bTDC produced lower emissions of carbon monoxide, smoke, and nitrogen oxides compared to the standard timing of 23° bTDC for both fuels. Among the fuels, B100 provided the highest reductions in carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides emissions compared to B0. Overall, the study demonstrated that B100 can be safely used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines with optimized static injection timing.
Presentation given by Professor Joe Wood from University of Birmingham on "Studies of Hydrotalcite Clays for CO2 Adsorption " in the Capture Technical Session on Solid Adsorption at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
1) The document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers and provides calculations for their basic design.
2) It defines key terms like Btu, calorie, joule, watt, temperature scales, pressure units, and specific heat.
3) The main heat exchanger equation is presented along with the process for designing a heat exchanger through an iterative approach to calculate the required heat transfer area.
Enhancing the Kinetcs of Mill Scale Reduction: An Eco-Friendly Approach (Part 2)chin2014
This document summarizes a research paper on enhancing the kinetics of mill scale reduction using hydrogen gas as an eco-friendly approach. The document includes:
1. An introduction to mill scale, its composition, and issues with current techniques for treating it.
2. A literature review summarizing previous research on reducing iron oxide using hydrogen and production of sponge iron powder from mill scale.
3. The objectives of experimentally studying the reduction kinetics using hydrogen gas at different temperatures and times to efficiently produce iron powder.
Selection of amine solvents for CO2 capture from natural gas power plant - presentation by Jiafei Zhang in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
State of the art in the pu sub sector-technology options and trendsUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses various blowing agent technologies used in polyurethane foam production. Mature technologies like hydrocarbons are widely used but have safety restrictions, while other options have drawbacks in cost or performance. Newer technologies under development like methylal and unsaturated HFCs show promise, but further work is needed before they can replace HCFCs by the 2013 deadline.
This document summarizes an experimental study on achieving Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) in a diesel engine using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to simultaneously reduce emissions and fuel consumption. Key findings include:
- Introducing LPG (10-40%) into the intake reduced particulate matter (PM) and nitric oxides (NOx) while increasing hydrocarbons (HC) and reducing brake thermal efficiency (BTE).
- Optimal RCCI was achieved with 10% LPG, significantly reducing PM and carbon monoxide (CO) within emission limits while maintaining acceptable HC, NOx, and BTE.
- RCCI combustion was characterized
This document provides guidance on the design and rating of shell and tube heat exchangers. It discusses fundamentals of heat transfer calculations and selection of appropriate heat transfer models. Key considerations in the thermal design of shell and tube heat exchangers include process parameters, mechanical design factors such as tube dimensions and layout, and selection of heat transfer correlations. Software tools can help optimize the design but require experience to achieve practical designs.
IRJET- Design, Analysis & Weight Reduction of Piston of Refrigerator CompressorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project to optimize the design of a refrigerator compressor piston to reduce weight. The current piston design and material are analyzed using CAD and FEA software. Several design iterations are performed with varying dimensions and materials to minimize weight while ensuring structural integrity under operating pressures. The optimal design was found to use a 2mm thickness aluminum alloy piston, reducing weight by 12 grams (15%) compared to the original design while maintaining a safety factor above requirements. Overall the project aims to improve refrigerator efficiency by lightweighting compressor components through design optimization.
This document summarizes work on developing thermoplastic composite materials for wind turbine blades to lower costs and improve recyclability. A team including NREL, TPI Composites, Johns Manville, Colorado School of Mines, and Arkema is developing thermoplastic resin infusion techniques and characterizing material properties. The team has commissioned new labs, collected material property data, developed chemical kinetics models, and demonstrated techniques like phase change materials to shorten curing cycles. The goal is to advance thermoplastic composites from a TRL of 3 to 4 and demonstrate their potential to increase domestic manufacturing and reduce life cycle energy usage of wind turbines.
This document summarizes a study on co-pyrolysis of paper waste and mustard press cake to optimize energy yield from pyrolysis. The objectives were to investigate product yields from a lab-scale pyrolyzer under different temperatures and feedstock ratios, develop a statistical model to predict maximum energy yield, and conduct a life cycle assessment of a 100 tonne per day co-pyrolysis plant. Response surface methodology was used to determine the condition of 812K temperature and 8.8:1 paper to cake ratio yielded the highest 56.5% energy yield as bio-oil. A life cycle assessment found the co-pyrolysis plant had better greenhouse gas performance and efficiency than conventional incineration for power generation.
This document summarizes a presentation on chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology for power generation using coal synthesized gas. CLC uses oxygen carriers to transfer oxygen from air to fuel, allowing for inherent separation of carbon dioxide during combustion. The presentation outlines CLC technology, selection of oxygen carriers and reactor configurations reported in literature. It also provides analysis of a syngas-fueled CLC system layout and thermodynamic modeling of an optimized 800 MWth plant integrated with a supercritical steam cycle. The optimized design achieves higher efficiencies through increased steam temperatures.
This document describes a design of experiments study to optimize the regeneration of spent activated carbon cloth used to adsorb volatile organic compounds in automobile painting processes. A full factorial design was used initially to screen important factors. A central composite design was then employed to develop regression models and identify optimum regeneration conditions that minimize residual compounds ("heel") and maximize pore volume for reuse. The optimum conditions were identified as a molecular weight of 79.2 g/mol, kinetic diameter of 0.28 nm, and heating temperature of 259°C, achieving 4.1% heel and 0.82 cm3/g pore volume.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Key Thermo-Physical Properties of Light Crude OilsVijay Sarathy
1) The document discusses methods for estimating key thermo-physical properties of light crude oils, such as latent heat of vaporization, using correlations based on distillation data and critical properties.
2) It provides examples of the Katz-Firoozabadi and Riazi-Daubert correlations that can be used to calculate properties like molecular weight, specific gravity, critical pressure and temperature.
3) The document works through a case study to estimate the latent heat of vaporization of a light crude oil at 325°K using distillation data, volume average boiling point, and the provided property correlations.
The document provides details on the material and energy balances, equipment needs, costs, and economic evaluation of a proposed corn starch production plant. Key points:
- Material and energy balances are presented to determine equipment size and energy requirements. The total estimated energy needed is 3,090,800 kWh/year.
- Major equipment needs and costs are listed, with a total purchased equipment cost of 710,000 ETB. The total fixed capital investment is estimated at 2,868,400 ETB.
- Production costs are estimated, including raw materials, utilities, labor, maintenance, etc. The total manufacturing cost is estimated to be 6,141,875 ETB + 3% of total production cost
This document summarizes a study that used particle swarm optimization to model fuel mixtures for cement production. The study analyzed using conventional fuels and agricultural waste at a cement plant in Nigeria. The model optimized for minimum cost while meeting constraints. Running the model at two specific surface areas, 0.35 cm^2/g and 0.38 cm^2/g, showed that the higher surface area led to slightly increased energy use, retention time, and production costs due to the need for more grinding. The optimized mixture used mostly sugar cane waste for fuel. The results indicated the fuel mixtures did not negatively impact clinker quality.
The document discusses the establishment of India's first 100 MWe Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) demonstration plant. An R&D committee was formed to oversee development of IGCC technology for Indian coals. Experiments were conducted on existing BHEL gasification plants to optimize design of the 100 MWe plant. Results validated the technical feasibility and performance parameters. The committee recommended preparing a detailed project report for the 100 MWe plant.
This document describes a study evaluating different steam cycle designs to provide heat and power for a CO2 capture system on an offshore oil and gas installation. Three steam cycle configurations were modeled - an extraction condensing turbine, backpressure turbine, and combination cycle. The backpressure cycle was found to provide all necessary steam and power for CO2 capture and compression with some excess capacity. Weight relationships for major equipment were developed to estimate how cycle components would scale with changes in gas turbine exhaust flow. The study aims to identify the best steam cycle design for offshore CO2 capture applications.
This document provides design calculations for the aeration system of a conventional activated sludge plant treating 10 MLD of sewage. Key details include:
- The aeration tank volume is calculated as 2190.48 cubic meters based on an F/M ratio of 0.35/day and mean cell residence time of 3 days.
- The oxygen requirement is calculated as 2070 kg/day. Surface aerators would require 110 kW while diffused aeration would require 105 kW of compressor power.
- Sludge production calculations determine an excess sludge pump capacity of 436 cubic meters per day and return sludge pump capacity of 5 MLD.
The document presents a project on the production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) through fermentation. It includes a literature review on the fermentation process and usage of L-PAC. An economy analysis of the global demand and supply of L-PAC from 2006-2013 is presented. The process description includes fermentation in a bioreactor, centrifugation, precipitation, filtration and drying. Mass and energy balances are calculated for the bioreactor and distillation column. The pressure vessel designs for the bioreactor and distillation column are discussed. Heat exchanger designs and heat integration are analyzed. Control loops for bioreactor level, feed rate and antifoam are proposed. Wastew
This document summarizes a research project modeling a carbon dioxide gas absorber using methyl diethanol amine (MDEA). The research involved developing mathematical models of the absorber to predict variations in CO2 concentration and temperatures across the column. The models were implemented in MATLAB and results were validated using plant data. Simulation results showed good agreement with plant data and provided insight into how varying process parameters like MDEA concentration and gas flow rate affect absorber performance. The research concluded the developed models accurately modeled the absorber and recommended future work study the regeneration section and residence time dependence.
Modelling and Simulation systems PRESENTATION.pptx1ds20ch022
1) The document models and simulates natural refrigeration cycles using four refrigerants - carbon dioxide, ammonia, isobutane, and R1234yf - in Aspen HYSYS.
2) It analyzes the refrigeration loops over a range of operating conditions and compares their performance based on COP. Ammonia has the highest COP followed by the hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide.
3) Sensitivity analysis shows condenser temperature has a greater influence on COP than evaporator temperature. Optimization studies maximize COP by adjusting evaporator and condenser temperatures.
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINALSandra Broekema
The document summarizes 6 years of operating experience with DryFining, a coal drying process. It has upgraded 1000 tons per hour of lignite coal since 2009, reducing moisture from 38% to 30% by weight. This has increased the coal's heating value and reduced emissions while improving the net plant heat rate by 4.5%. Case studies show the process can increase generation capacity at coal plants and reduce capital and operating costs. The process provides more flexible, efficient fuel enhancement that benefits both new and existing coal-fired power facilities.
Airah Natural Refrigerants Special Interest Group Sydney 30 October 2008rhysemo
The document discusses the benefits of transcritical CO2 cooling and heating systems in office buildings and meat processing plants. It provides several key benefits:
1) Significant reduction in primary energy consumption and electrical energy use compared to traditional HVAC systems due to the higher efficiency of CO2 systems.
2) Reduced cooling water consumption and elimination of Legionella bacteria and HFC fugitive gas emissions.
3) Significant decreases in greenhouse gas emissions from reduced energy use.
4) Potential energy savings of 45-50% in meat processing plants by recovering waste heat from cooling, heating, and freezing processes.
Airah Natural Refrigerants Special Interest Group Sydney 30 October 2008rhysemo
The document discusses the benefits of transcritical CO2 cooling and heating systems in office buildings and meat processing plants. It finds that such systems can significantly reduce primary energy consumption, electrical energy use, cooling water use, and greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional HVAC systems. This is due to the improved efficiency of CO2 as a refrigerant and the ability to provide both heating and cooling from one system. The document also recommends considering total energy inputs and parasitic loads when selecting compressor equipment.
- The document discusses Mayekawa Mfg. Co., Ltd.'s NH3/CO2 refrigeration system called "NewTon". It aims to provide energy conservation and comply with environmental regulations by using natural refrigerants.
- NewTon uses a prefabricated package for the NH3 refrigeration cycle that is tested and assembled in the factory prior to shipping. This allows for quicker onsite installation and minimizes NH3 charge.
- Performance data shows NewTon provides significant power reductions of 19-41% compared to previous HCFC-22 systems in various cold storage applications. It also has higher energy efficiency factors compared to HCFC-22 freezer systems.
(1) The document discusses optimization of AB2-type alloy composition for improved hydrogen storage properties. (2) Testing of alloys with varying non-stoichiometry found that A1.05B2 alloy exhibited the best properties with a working capacity of 1.55 wt%, fast kinetics, and suitable thermodynamics. (3) Overall, modifying the chemical environment through non-stoichiometry was found to increase storage capacity by altering the size of interstitial sites.
Condition Monitoring of electrical machine Molla Morshad
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted at a thermal power plant. It provides background on factors that influence energy costs and efficiency at thermal plants. It then describes the objectives, areas, and parameters that were analyzed during the audit. These include analyzing the boiler, turbine, and auxiliary systems to calculate energy consumption and efficiency. The audit aims to identify areas of energy waste, quantify the waste, set benchmarks, and recommend measures to reduce waste and optimize energy usage. Key areas like boiler efficiency, turbine heat rate, and auxiliary power consumption were monitored. The document provides examples of calculations used to assess performance and efficiency of different plant components. Overall, the energy audit seeks to improve the plant's energy usage and lower energy costs and environmental impacts
This document analyzes the kinetics of degradation of a pharmaceutical dosage form. Graphical and mathematical analyses show the degradation follows first-order kinetics. The rate constants were determined at various temperatures. An Arrhenius plot was constructed to determine the activation energy and heat of activation. Shelf lives were predicted at different temperatures. The frequency factor, entropy of activation, and other kinetic parameters were calculated from the Arrhenius equation. The conclusions were that the drug follows first-order degradation kinetics and has a shelf life of 41 minutes at 25°C in 0.1N HCl media.
IRJET- Design, Analysis & Weight Reduction of Piston of Refrigerator CompressorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project to optimize the design of a refrigerator compressor piston to reduce weight. The current piston design and material are analyzed using CAD and FEA software. Several design iterations are performed with varying dimensions and materials to minimize weight while ensuring structural integrity under operating pressures. The optimal design was found to use a 2mm thickness aluminum alloy piston, reducing weight by 12 grams (15%) compared to the original design while maintaining a safety factor above requirements. Overall the project aims to improve refrigerator efficiency by lightweighting compressor components through design optimization.
This document summarizes work on developing thermoplastic composite materials for wind turbine blades to lower costs and improve recyclability. A team including NREL, TPI Composites, Johns Manville, Colorado School of Mines, and Arkema is developing thermoplastic resin infusion techniques and characterizing material properties. The team has commissioned new labs, collected material property data, developed chemical kinetics models, and demonstrated techniques like phase change materials to shorten curing cycles. The goal is to advance thermoplastic composites from a TRL of 3 to 4 and demonstrate their potential to increase domestic manufacturing and reduce life cycle energy usage of wind turbines.
This document summarizes a study on co-pyrolysis of paper waste and mustard press cake to optimize energy yield from pyrolysis. The objectives were to investigate product yields from a lab-scale pyrolyzer under different temperatures and feedstock ratios, develop a statistical model to predict maximum energy yield, and conduct a life cycle assessment of a 100 tonne per day co-pyrolysis plant. Response surface methodology was used to determine the condition of 812K temperature and 8.8:1 paper to cake ratio yielded the highest 56.5% energy yield as bio-oil. A life cycle assessment found the co-pyrolysis plant had better greenhouse gas performance and efficiency than conventional incineration for power generation.
This document summarizes a presentation on chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology for power generation using coal synthesized gas. CLC uses oxygen carriers to transfer oxygen from air to fuel, allowing for inherent separation of carbon dioxide during combustion. The presentation outlines CLC technology, selection of oxygen carriers and reactor configurations reported in literature. It also provides analysis of a syngas-fueled CLC system layout and thermodynamic modeling of an optimized 800 MWth plant integrated with a supercritical steam cycle. The optimized design achieves higher efficiencies through increased steam temperatures.
This document describes a design of experiments study to optimize the regeneration of spent activated carbon cloth used to adsorb volatile organic compounds in automobile painting processes. A full factorial design was used initially to screen important factors. A central composite design was then employed to develop regression models and identify optimum regeneration conditions that minimize residual compounds ("heel") and maximize pore volume for reuse. The optimum conditions were identified as a molecular weight of 79.2 g/mol, kinetic diameter of 0.28 nm, and heating temperature of 259°C, achieving 4.1% heel and 0.82 cm3/g pore volume.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Key Thermo-Physical Properties of Light Crude OilsVijay Sarathy
1) The document discusses methods for estimating key thermo-physical properties of light crude oils, such as latent heat of vaporization, using correlations based on distillation data and critical properties.
2) It provides examples of the Katz-Firoozabadi and Riazi-Daubert correlations that can be used to calculate properties like molecular weight, specific gravity, critical pressure and temperature.
3) The document works through a case study to estimate the latent heat of vaporization of a light crude oil at 325°K using distillation data, volume average boiling point, and the provided property correlations.
The document provides details on the material and energy balances, equipment needs, costs, and economic evaluation of a proposed corn starch production plant. Key points:
- Material and energy balances are presented to determine equipment size and energy requirements. The total estimated energy needed is 3,090,800 kWh/year.
- Major equipment needs and costs are listed, with a total purchased equipment cost of 710,000 ETB. The total fixed capital investment is estimated at 2,868,400 ETB.
- Production costs are estimated, including raw materials, utilities, labor, maintenance, etc. The total manufacturing cost is estimated to be 6,141,875 ETB + 3% of total production cost
This document summarizes a study that used particle swarm optimization to model fuel mixtures for cement production. The study analyzed using conventional fuels and agricultural waste at a cement plant in Nigeria. The model optimized for minimum cost while meeting constraints. Running the model at two specific surface areas, 0.35 cm^2/g and 0.38 cm^2/g, showed that the higher surface area led to slightly increased energy use, retention time, and production costs due to the need for more grinding. The optimized mixture used mostly sugar cane waste for fuel. The results indicated the fuel mixtures did not negatively impact clinker quality.
The document discusses the establishment of India's first 100 MWe Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) demonstration plant. An R&D committee was formed to oversee development of IGCC technology for Indian coals. Experiments were conducted on existing BHEL gasification plants to optimize design of the 100 MWe plant. Results validated the technical feasibility and performance parameters. The committee recommended preparing a detailed project report for the 100 MWe plant.
This document describes a study evaluating different steam cycle designs to provide heat and power for a CO2 capture system on an offshore oil and gas installation. Three steam cycle configurations were modeled - an extraction condensing turbine, backpressure turbine, and combination cycle. The backpressure cycle was found to provide all necessary steam and power for CO2 capture and compression with some excess capacity. Weight relationships for major equipment were developed to estimate how cycle components would scale with changes in gas turbine exhaust flow. The study aims to identify the best steam cycle design for offshore CO2 capture applications.
This document provides design calculations for the aeration system of a conventional activated sludge plant treating 10 MLD of sewage. Key details include:
- The aeration tank volume is calculated as 2190.48 cubic meters based on an F/M ratio of 0.35/day and mean cell residence time of 3 days.
- The oxygen requirement is calculated as 2070 kg/day. Surface aerators would require 110 kW while diffused aeration would require 105 kW of compressor power.
- Sludge production calculations determine an excess sludge pump capacity of 436 cubic meters per day and return sludge pump capacity of 5 MLD.
The document presents a project on the production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) through fermentation. It includes a literature review on the fermentation process and usage of L-PAC. An economy analysis of the global demand and supply of L-PAC from 2006-2013 is presented. The process description includes fermentation in a bioreactor, centrifugation, precipitation, filtration and drying. Mass and energy balances are calculated for the bioreactor and distillation column. The pressure vessel designs for the bioreactor and distillation column are discussed. Heat exchanger designs and heat integration are analyzed. Control loops for bioreactor level, feed rate and antifoam are proposed. Wastew
This document summarizes a research project modeling a carbon dioxide gas absorber using methyl diethanol amine (MDEA). The research involved developing mathematical models of the absorber to predict variations in CO2 concentration and temperatures across the column. The models were implemented in MATLAB and results were validated using plant data. Simulation results showed good agreement with plant data and provided insight into how varying process parameters like MDEA concentration and gas flow rate affect absorber performance. The research concluded the developed models accurately modeled the absorber and recommended future work study the regeneration section and residence time dependence.
Modelling and Simulation systems PRESENTATION.pptx1ds20ch022
1) The document models and simulates natural refrigeration cycles using four refrigerants - carbon dioxide, ammonia, isobutane, and R1234yf - in Aspen HYSYS.
2) It analyzes the refrigeration loops over a range of operating conditions and compares their performance based on COP. Ammonia has the highest COP followed by the hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide.
3) Sensitivity analysis shows condenser temperature has a greater influence on COP than evaporator temperature. Optimization studies maximize COP by adjusting evaporator and condenser temperatures.
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINALSandra Broekema
The document summarizes 6 years of operating experience with DryFining, a coal drying process. It has upgraded 1000 tons per hour of lignite coal since 2009, reducing moisture from 38% to 30% by weight. This has increased the coal's heating value and reduced emissions while improving the net plant heat rate by 4.5%. Case studies show the process can increase generation capacity at coal plants and reduce capital and operating costs. The process provides more flexible, efficient fuel enhancement that benefits both new and existing coal-fired power facilities.
Airah Natural Refrigerants Special Interest Group Sydney 30 October 2008rhysemo
The document discusses the benefits of transcritical CO2 cooling and heating systems in office buildings and meat processing plants. It provides several key benefits:
1) Significant reduction in primary energy consumption and electrical energy use compared to traditional HVAC systems due to the higher efficiency of CO2 systems.
2) Reduced cooling water consumption and elimination of Legionella bacteria and HFC fugitive gas emissions.
3) Significant decreases in greenhouse gas emissions from reduced energy use.
4) Potential energy savings of 45-50% in meat processing plants by recovering waste heat from cooling, heating, and freezing processes.
Airah Natural Refrigerants Special Interest Group Sydney 30 October 2008rhysemo
The document discusses the benefits of transcritical CO2 cooling and heating systems in office buildings and meat processing plants. It finds that such systems can significantly reduce primary energy consumption, electrical energy use, cooling water use, and greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional HVAC systems. This is due to the improved efficiency of CO2 as a refrigerant and the ability to provide both heating and cooling from one system. The document also recommends considering total energy inputs and parasitic loads when selecting compressor equipment.
- The document discusses Mayekawa Mfg. Co., Ltd.'s NH3/CO2 refrigeration system called "NewTon". It aims to provide energy conservation and comply with environmental regulations by using natural refrigerants.
- NewTon uses a prefabricated package for the NH3 refrigeration cycle that is tested and assembled in the factory prior to shipping. This allows for quicker onsite installation and minimizes NH3 charge.
- Performance data shows NewTon provides significant power reductions of 19-41% compared to previous HCFC-22 systems in various cold storage applications. It also has higher energy efficiency factors compared to HCFC-22 freezer systems.
(1) The document discusses optimization of AB2-type alloy composition for improved hydrogen storage properties. (2) Testing of alloys with varying non-stoichiometry found that A1.05B2 alloy exhibited the best properties with a working capacity of 1.55 wt%, fast kinetics, and suitable thermodynamics. (3) Overall, modifying the chemical environment through non-stoichiometry was found to increase storage capacity by altering the size of interstitial sites.
Condition Monitoring of electrical machine Molla Morshad
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted at a thermal power plant. It provides background on factors that influence energy costs and efficiency at thermal plants. It then describes the objectives, areas, and parameters that were analyzed during the audit. These include analyzing the boiler, turbine, and auxiliary systems to calculate energy consumption and efficiency. The audit aims to identify areas of energy waste, quantify the waste, set benchmarks, and recommend measures to reduce waste and optimize energy usage. Key areas like boiler efficiency, turbine heat rate, and auxiliary power consumption were monitored. The document provides examples of calculations used to assess performance and efficiency of different plant components. Overall, the energy audit seeks to improve the plant's energy usage and lower energy costs and environmental impacts
This document analyzes the kinetics of degradation of a pharmaceutical dosage form. Graphical and mathematical analyses show the degradation follows first-order kinetics. The rate constants were determined at various temperatures. An Arrhenius plot was constructed to determine the activation energy and heat of activation. Shelf lives were predicted at different temperatures. The frequency factor, entropy of activation, and other kinetic parameters were calculated from the Arrhenius equation. The conclusions were that the drug follows first-order degradation kinetics and has a shelf life of 41 minutes at 25°C in 0.1N HCl media.
The document describes a multi-unit plugging removal technique called HGSC. It works by heating, dissolution, and chemical reaction mechanisms to remove organic deposits in wells. The technique involves injecting a heated chemical solution to warm the wellbore, dissolve deposits, and prevent scaling through chelation. It has been applied to over 20 wells in China, increasing oil production and cumulative gains in all cases. The technique is simple, safe, and can be adjusted based on reservoir conditions.
Hydrogen production by a thermally integrated ATR based fuel processorAntonio Ricca
A compact auto-thermal reforming (ATR) based fuel processor was designed to produce 10 Nm3/h of hydrogen from methane and natural gas. Preliminary tests showed the ATR system could sustain high feed rates and natural gas was only weakly inhibited. The water-gas shift (WGS) catalyst tested was not optimal as it performed far from equilibrium and limited carbon monoxide conversion. Further work is needed to optimize the WGS catalyst, recover heat from the WGS exhaust, scale up the system to 50-100 Nm3/h of hydrogen production.
Sweetening and sulfur recovery of sour associated gas in the middle eastFrames
Effective and efficient removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential step when sweetening gas for downstream processes. By simultaneously turning the captured hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, a Frames THIOPAQ O&G system improves gas value, while creating a saleable chemical widely sought after in the agricultural and bulk chemical industry.
The document summarizes a presentation given at the IV International Conference on Advances in Energy Research. The presentation was given by Pradip Mondal, a PhD scholar at Bengal Engineering and Science University, and discussed the development of a model for a wood-based indirectly heated combined cycle plant. The presentation provided an overview and introduction on biomass and bioenergy resources in India. It then described the schematic layout of the proposed plant and discussed the modeling methodology, including assumptions made. Results showed the plant could achieve over 37% efficiency at optimal operating conditions. The conclusions highlighted that exergy losses primarily occurred in the gasifier, combustor-heat exchanger, gas turbine, and heat recovery steam generator units.
This document provides an evaluation of alternatives for upgrading sludge handling and biogas utilization at a water resource facility. It summarizes the background, objectives, alternatives considered, evaluation criteria, and conclusions and recommendations. Alternatives evaluated include using biogas to fuel boilers, internal combustion engines, microturbines, and fleet vehicles. The internal combustion engine option is recommended based on its superior flexibility and annual net savings compared to other options.
The document summarizes the design of a 30,000 MTPA maleic anhydride production plant in India. It includes:
1) An introduction describing the importance of maleic anhydride and the aim to design a cost-effective plant using mixed butane as a feedstock.
2) Details of the major process units - feedstock pretreatment, synthesis reactor, product recovery and purification.
3) Evaluation of four process alternatives and selection of the final design incorporating a catalytic partial oxidation reactor, absorber for product recovery, and distillation for purification.
4) Key aspects of the design such as mass balances, equipment sizing for a shell and tube heat exchanger, and the
This document discusses modeling and optimization of the draught system in a 210 MW steam generator. It includes:
1. Calculations of pressure drops along the air and flue gas paths and comparison to design values.
2. Assessment of induced draft (ID) and forced draft (FD) fan power requirements as a function of furnace pressure.
3. Analysis of operational data and the effect of increasing furnace vacuum on boiler efficiency, finding a potential savings of 117.32 kW from increasing vacuum.
4. Various ideas are proposed for further research including flue gas analysis, energy recovery from flue gas, and experimental validation of a flue gas heat exchanger.
5. Comb
Experimental and Process Modelling Study of Integration of a Micro-turbine with an Amine Plant - presentation by Elvis Agbonghae of the University of Leeds at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
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2. CONTENTS
Literature Review
Usage of L-PAC
Economy Analysis: Production & Demand
Process Description with PFD
Calculation of material and energy balance in the
fermentor
Pressure Vessel Design
Heat Utility Design and Heat Integration
Control Dynamic and Process
Pollution Control and Cleaner Production
4. L-PAC: Applications and Usages
MethamphetamineD-pseudoephedrineL-ephedrine
Used as the precursor for the production of these drugs that are known for
the nasal decongestant properties (Oliver et al. 1997, Shukla & Kulkarni
2000)
5. Economy Analysis
Global demand and supply for L-PAC from 2006 to 2013 (reproduced on
MATLAB®)
Source: Nanjing Pharmaceutical Company 2006, China Chemical
Industry News 2012
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
Global Demand and Supply for L-PAC from 2006 to 2013
Year
AmountofL-PAC(in103
kgortonnes)
Demand
Supply
PROPOSED PRODUCTION
Mode of operation: Fed-batch
fermentation
Total demand for L-PAC in
Malaysia in 2013 = 21,000 kg
(Globinmed 2010)
Proposed annual Production:
[L-PAC] = 25% of total demand
= 5,250 kg
Production rate:
[L-PAC] = 5,250kg/150 cycles
= 35 kg per cycle
Bulk price for L-PAC is around
RM312.30 per kg (Balantes
Pharma 2012)
7. Mass Balance
Stoichiometric equation: (Shuler & Kargi 2002)
Calculations are shown for F-102 and F-103 as examples:
Stream In Out
Feed Gas Total Product Gas-off Total
Glucose 72.00 0 72.00 0.66 0 0.66
C7H6O 3.03 0 3.03 0 0 0
NH3 0.50 0 0.50 0 0 0
Biomass 0.36 0 0.36 3.87 0 3.87
L-PAC 0 0 0 35 0 35
N2 0 1620.87 1620.87 0 1620.87 1620.87
CO2 0 0 0 0 14.53 14.53
H2O 458.71 0 458.71 480.54 0 480.54
Ethanol 5.40 0 5.40 5.40 0 5.40
Total 540.00 1620.87 2160.87 525.47 1635.40 2160.87
Comparison with SuperPro® Designer
SuperPro® 533.47 1627.39 2160.86
Error(%) -1.52 0.49 0.00
Mass balance involving F-102 and F-103:
8. Energy Balance
Unit Metabolism
Heat
(kJ)
Agitation Heat
(kJ)
Sensible Heat Heat of
reaction
(kJ)
Energy In
(kJ)
Energy Out
(kJ)
F-102 75789.55 19639.53 8420.09 8587.11 - 95587.10
F-103 3697.05 18613.42 8606.01 8717.42 -23447.99
E-101 - - 60227.89 10037.98 50189.91
The heat balance inside the fermentor (O’Shea 1998):
iCON simulation is also used to calculate the energy balance in distillation column, COL-102.
Stream 47 48 51 In – Out
Energy (W) -11379.47 -3243.51 -5854.92 -2281.04
Utility Condenser Reboiler Change
Energy (W) 264819.45 267100.60 -2281.15
9. Pressure Vessel Design: Internal Pressure
Fermentor, F-102
Specifications and dimensions:
Material = SS 316 or ASME SA-240
Radius of vessel = 0.3545 m
Diameter of vessel = 0.709 m
Height = 1.996 m
Cylindrical shell
Height = 1.418 m
Torispherical heads (Top and Bottom)
Knuckle radius = 0.0425 m
Crown radius = 0.363 m
Height = 0.289 m
Calculated that:
Design pressure = 69.12 psi = 477 kPa
Toverall = 0.14’’
Tmin= 3 mm
Design thickness = 5 mm
MAWP vessel = 98.94 psi
10. Specifications and dimensions:
Material = SS 316 or ASME SA-240
Radius of vessel = 0.25 m
Diameter of vessel = 0.50 m
Height = 3.77 m
Cylindrical shell
Height = 3.52 m
Ellipsoidal heads (Top and Bottom)
Height = 0.125 m
Calculated that:
Design pressure = 20.36psi
Toverall = 5.65mm
Tmin= 3.65mm
Design thickness = 6.35 mm
MAWP vessel = 15psi (Atmospheric pressure)
Pressure Vessel Design: External Pressure
Distillation column, COL-102
12. Heat
Utility
Design
Jacketed
Vessel
into F-102
Cooler E-
101
Jacketed
Vessel
into F-103
Condensor
E-102
Reboiler
E-103
Kettle Reboiler
3.2 mm o.d., 1.9 mm i.d.,
L = 4.8 m, plain U-tubes
Total Condensor
3.2 mm o.d., 1.9 mm i.d., L =
0.508 m, admiralty brass
Dimple Jacket
SS 316, pattern type 1
(100/100) 11 mm, base
length = 63.5 mm
U-tube exchanger
6.35 mm o.d., 2.465 mm i.d.,
L = 6.10 m, cupro-nickel
Jacket with spiral baffle
Stainless steel 316, channel 15 x
200 mm, 6 spirals
Heat Utility Design: Types
16. Process Dynamic & Control: Modeling
Fermentor, F-103
The mathematical models that are used for F-103:
1. (Rate of accumulation) = (Rate in) + (Rate of formation)
2. For component balance – cell:
3. For component balance – product:
4. For component balance – substrate:
SK
S
X
dt
dX
s
max
XY
dt
dP
XP /
dt
SSd
Y
X f
SP /
17. PD&C: Degree of Freedom
Degree of Freedom analysis
Number of variables = 10
Number of equation = 4 (as in previous slide)
Degree of freedom:
Variables to be controlled:
Revised degree of freedom:
Hence, 3 control loops are to be designed
- Level, flow rate into the fermentor, antifoam
PXSSFYYVKN fSXXPSV ,,,,,,,,, //max
6410F
EVF
N
NNN
SKV ,, max
336FN
18. LT
LC
Sensor – Differential
pressure
Signal type – Pneumatic
Valve – Diaphragm Source: Smith & Corripio 2006
Level sensor detects
difference in pressure
caused by hydrostatic
head
Sends pneumatic
signal to the
transmitter
Transmitter
directs the signal
to the level
controller
Controller calculates
the necessary
correction needed
Controller sends
signal to the
diaphragm valve
located at the output
of F-103
Diaphragm valve
moves the
diaphragm to open
or close the area of
flow
PD&C: Level Control Loop
19. • Based on the Environment Quality (Amendment) Act 2012:
1. Environmental Quality (Clean Air) (Amendment) Regulations 2000
2. Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009
3. Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) (Amendment) Regulations 2007
4. Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009
(Source: DOE 2013)
Pollution Control and Cleaner Production
(1)
Unit
(2)
Standard A
(3)
Standard B
Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 80 200
Temperature 0C 40 40
pH value - 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0
BOD5 at 200C mg/L 20 50
Suspended solid mg/L 50 100
Phenol mg/L 0.001 1.0
Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/L 10 20
Formaldehyde
Colour
mg/L
ADMI*
1.0
100
2.0
200
Discharge Limit according EQ(IE)R 2009
(Source: Taken and Modified from Department of Environment 2013)
20. PC&CP: Wastewater Treatment Plant
Overall Diagram for Modified WWTP
Stream Q Q + Qr Q - Qw Qu Qr Qw
Flow rate (m3/d) 13.15 14.77 9.37 5.40 1.62 3.78
S, BOD(mg/L) 14062.86 18 18 - - -
X, SS (mg/L) 0 9410.06 45 9365.06 9365.06 9365.06
Mass Balance for Modified WWTP
Equation used (Michael & David 2011):
X = 9410.06 mg/L V = 56.46m3 θc = 14.83 days O2 = 4471.20 kg/day
21. References
1. Bukhari, A. A. 2012. Part I: Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater. Pharmaceutical Waste Treatment and Disposal Practices. KFUPM
2. Cheresources. 2010. Jacketed vessel design forum. http://www.cheresources.com/content/articles/heat-transfer/jacketed-vessel-design [29
April 2013].
3. China Chemical Industry News. 2012. Synthetic Ephederine from Zhejiang Achievements Conversion Award.
http://www.39kf.com/my/tag_1_32032a-24892a-24901/ [16 March 2013].
4. Department of Environment Malaysia. 2011. Legistration, acts, regulation & order. http://www.doe.gov.my/portal/legislation-actsregulation-
order/ [3 April 2013]
5. Geankoplis, C.J. 2003. Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles: Includes Unit Operations. Fourth Edition. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
6. Globinmed. 2010. Ephedrine and its salt. Price range by year from 2000 to 2007.
http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81286:ephedrine-a-its-salts--price-values-by-year-from-2000-
to-200&catid=45&Itemid=137
7. Hagel, J.M., Krizevski, R., Marsolais, F., Lewinsohn, E. & Facchini, P.J. 2012. Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants. Trends in
Plant Science 17(7): 404-412.
8. Khan, M. A., Ul-Haq, I., Javed, M. M., Qadeer, M.A., Akhtar, N. & Bokhari, S.A.I. 2012. Studies on the Production of L-Phenylacetylcarbinol
by Candida Utilis in Shake Flask. Pak J. Bot. 44: 361-364.
9. Kostraby, M.M. 1999. The yeast mediated synthesis of the L-ephedrine precursor, L-phenylacetylcarbinol, in an organic solvent. Thesis
Doctor of Philosophy, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Victoria University of Technology.
10. Kumar, M.R., Chari, M.A. & Narasu, M.L. 2006. Production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) by different novel strains of yeasts in
molasses and sugar cane juice as production medium. Research Journal of Microbiology 1(5): 433 – 437.
11. McKetta, J.J.. 1991. Heat Transfer Design Methods. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
12. Mohamad Sulong, Astimar A. Aziz & AB Gapor Md. Top 2008 Bio-Fertiliser from palm Oil Biomass and POME Solids by Mobile Composter.
MPOB Information Series. ISSN 1511-7871
13. Nanjing Pharmaceutical Company. 2006. Ephederine and Mongolia Shengle Pharmaceutical Research Report.
http://wenku.baidu.com/view/dfcea5254b35eefdc8d3331a.html [16 March 2013].
14. Oliver, A.L., Roddick, F.A., & Anderson, B.N. 1997. Cleaner production of phenylacetylcarbinol by yeast through productivity improvements
and waste minimisation. Pure & Applied Chemistry 69(11): 2371-2385.
15. Shukla, V.B. & Kulkarni, P.R. 2000. L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) biosynthesis and industrial applications. World Journal of Microbiology
and Biotechnology 16(7): 499-506.
16. Smith, C.A. & Corripio, A.B. 2006. Principles andPractice of Automatic Process Control. Third edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
17. Towler, G. & Sinnott, R. 2013. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. Second
edition. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
18. Tripathi, C.M., Agarwal, S.C. & Basu, S.K. 1997. Production of L-Phenylacetylcarbinol by fermentation. Journal of Fermentation and
Bioengineering 84: 487-492.