The document discusses the history and concepts of town planning. It begins with definitions of town planning as ordering land use and development to achieve efficiency, convenience and beauty. It describes Ebenezer Howard's garden city concept from 1898 as aiming to combine benefits of town and country living. Key aspects included limited size, greenbelt, and social/economic planning. Letchworth (1903) was among the first garden cities applied based on these principles. Patrick Geddes and Clarence Perry also contributed new concepts, emphasizing regional surveys and neighborhood units. Radburn, New Jersey (1928) applied principles like separating vehicles and pedestrians.

1. PREPARED BY:
AR. VIJAYA KUMARI M
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GSAP
PHYSICAL PLANNING
SESSION - 1

2. WHAT IS TOWN PLANNING ?
 The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of
buildings and communication routes so as to secure the
maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience, and
beauty.
 An attempt to formulate the principles that should guide us
in creating a civilized physical background for human life
whose main impetus is thus … foreseeing and guiding
change.
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3.  An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating
buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as social,
cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy
conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work, and to play or relax,
thus bringing
WHAT IS TOWN PLANNING ?
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4. WHAT IS TOWN PLANNING ?
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 physical, social and economic planning of an urban environment
 It encompasses many different disciplines and brings them all under a
single umbrella.
 The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the organization of
all elements of a town or other urban environment.

5. PLANNING PROCESS
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6. GARDEN CITY – Sir Ebenezer Howard
 Garden city most potent planning model in western urban planning
 Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems
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7. AN INTRODUCTION -
 Sir Ebenezer Howard was born as the son of a
shopkeeper in the City of London, on 29th of January
1850.
 After schooling, he took on a number of clerical posts.
 In 1871, he emigrated to the frontier country of America
to become a farmer.
 He subsequently spent four years living in Chicago,
witnessing it’s rebuilding following the great fire.
 It was during this time, he began to contemplate ways
to improve cities.
GARDEN CITY – Sir Ebenezer Howard
(29th January 1850– May 1st, 1928)
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8. According to the definition given by Garden Cities & Town Planning Association
in 1919
“A Garden City is a Town designed for healthy living and industry; of a size
that makes possible a full measure of social life, but not larger; surrounded
by a rural belt; the whole of the land being in public ownership or held in
trust for the community.”
 It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in
advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land.
 Each a self-sufficient entity—not a dormitory suburb—of 30,000
population
 Each ringed by an agricultural belt
GARDEN CITY – The Concepts
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9. GARDEN CITY – The Concepts
GIVEN BY EBENZER HOWARD
 He analysed the reasons for people to move to city or country side.
 This concept attempts to reduce and solve social problems.
 The garden city consists for different zones, street types and green.
 The core in centre is about 4 sq km. & Contains central park,
surrounded by a commercial, cultural & administrative zone .
 To avoid problems which occurs in city expansion, the concept limits
the city max. Population to 32,000 people.
 Thus new city has to be found in a reasonable distance of 7km., So the
cities are well connected.
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10. Garden city- an impressive
diagram of the three
magnets namely the town
magnet, country magnet
with their advantages and
disadvantages and the
third magnet with
attractive features of both
town and country life.
Naturally people preferred
the third one namely
Garden city
GARDEN CITY – The Concepts

11. The Three Magnets Diagram (below) makes three points:
 Town life has good and bad characteristics
 Country life has good and bad characteristics
 Town-Country life can have all the good things about life in towns and life in the
country - without any of the bad things.
POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATIVE ASPECTS
• Social opportunity. • Closing out of
nature.
• Isolation of
crowds.
• High rents & prices.
• Places of
amusement.
• Foul air and Murky
sky.
• Chances of
employment.
• Slums & gin palaces.
• High money
wages.
• Costly drainage.
• Well-lit streets.
• Palatial edifices.
TOWN
POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATIVE ASPECTS
• Beauty of nature. • Lack of society
• Land lying idle. • Hands out of work.
• Wood, meadow,
forest.
• Trespassers beware.
• Fresh air. • Low wages.
• Low rents. • Lack of drainage.
• Abundance of water. • Lack of amusement.
• Bright sunshine. • No public spirit.
• Need for reform.
• Crowded dwellings.
• Deserted villages.
COUNTRY
GARDEN CITY – The Concepts

12. These were to be achieved by:
 Unified ownership of land to
prevent individual land
 Speculation and maximize
community benefit
 Careful planning to provide
generous living
 Working space while
maintaining natural qualities
 Social mix and good community
facilities
 Limits to growth of each garden
city
 Local participation in decisions
about development

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14. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE
GARDEN CITY DATAS
• Central City:
Area: 12000 acres.
Population : 58000 people
• Agglomeration Cities:
Area: 9000 acres
Population: 32000 people
• Distance between central main city
and the agglomeration: ~10km .
Assumed data-
• A total of 6000 acre estate
• 1000 acres, purely for the central garden
city as a home for 30000 people.
• Surrounding the central city 5000 Acres
of land is retained for agriculture and
home for 2000 people, with cow
pastures, farmlands, and welfare services.
Core garden city principles
 Strong community
 Ordered development
 Environmental quality

15. Affordability
 Howard wanted garden city for all incomes
 Most originally for those of modest incomes
 Their attractiveness as living environments has often made them because
more popular with better off people
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16. • A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue
which run in the center of concentric rings ,
houses the schools and churches and acts as a
continuous public park.
• All the industries, factories and warehouses
were placed at the peripheral ring of the city.
• The municipal railway was placed in another
ring closer to the industrial ring , so that the
pressure of excess transport on the city streets
are reduced and the city is connected to the rest
of the nation.
CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT
• Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern.
• Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that radiated from the central
park/garden.
• Civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre, Museum etc. ) are placed
around the central garden.
• The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as an arcade for indoor shops and
winter gardens.
• The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric ringed tree lined avenues.
• Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km .

17.  The first garden cities proposed were Letchworth and Welwyn in 1903
and 1920 respectively.
 As one of the world's first new towns and the first Garden city.
 It had great influence on future town planning and the New Towns
movement.
 It influenced Welwyn garden city, which used a similar approach and
inspired other projects around the world
 Planned to combine the best of ‘town and country’ living
GARDEN CITY – Letchworth Garden City
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21. PATTRICK GEDDES (1854-1932)
 Father of modern town planning
 First to link sociological concepts into town planning
 “survey before plan’
 The Scottish sociologist, biologist, educator, and
town planner
 He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields
of urban planning and sociology
 He introduced the concept of "region" to
architecture and planning and coined the term
"conurbation".

22. PLANNING CONCEPTS BY PATRICK GEDDES
The sequence of planning is to be-
o Regional survey
o Rural development
o Town planning
o City design
 These are to be kept constantly up to date
 He gave his expert advice for the improvement of about 18 major towns in
India.

23. PLANNING CONCEPTS BY PATRICK GEDDES CONT.
 Rural development, urban planning and city design not the same and
adopting a common planning process is disastrous
 Contribution – waves of population inflow to large cities, followed by
overcrowding and slum formation and the wave of black flows – the whole
process resulting in amorphous sprawl, waste and unnecessary obsolescence.
 Patrick Geddes explained an organism's relationship to its environment as
follows:
“The environment acts, through function, upon the organism and
conversely the organism acts, through function, upon the environment.“
(Cities in Evolution, 1915)

25.  His principles for town planning in Bombay demonstrate his views on the
relationship between social processes and spatial form, and the intimate
and causal connections between the social development of the individual
and the cultural and physical environment.
 They included: ( Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915")
 Preservation of human life and energy, rather than superficial
beautification.
 Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in stages.
 Purchasing land suitable for building.
 Promoting trade and commerce.
 Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance.
 Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European cities.
 Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather than
focusing on roads and parks available only to the rich.
 Control over future growth with adequate provision for future
requirements.
PRINCIPLES OF PATRICK GEDDES

27.  Neighborhood planning deals with a level of planning greater than
household size but smaller than that of a city
 C.A.Perry was the first one to specify the neighborhood unit as the
populated area of 5000-6000 people.
 A neighborhood contains schools, churches, parks and business centers
schools, parks and business centers
 Neighborhood unit is a term of reference given for purpose of the study
describe in this article to the scheme of arrangement for a family –life
community.
CLARENCE AUTHUR PERRY (1872-1944)

28.  The concept of planning neighborhoods are identified segments of cities is
not new.
 Ebenezer Howard, who presented the idea in his book, Garden Cities of
Tomorrow, published in England in 1898.
 Under Howard’s Guidance, the town of Letch worth (England) was
designed and built in 1903, followed by Welwyn in 1919.
 Both of them were “new towns,” consisting of a new town centre with
adjacent residential neighborhoods.
 The neighborhood planning unit concept in American planning literature
was written by Clarence Arthur Perry;
 it appeared in 1929, published as a part of the New York Regional plan.
HISTORY OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONCEPT

29. Principles of Neighborhood planning
PURPOSE OF NEIGHBORHOOD HOOD PLANNING
 To create safe, healthy, physical and environment in which children will have
no traffic streets to cross on their way to school which are within walking
distance from their homes.
 An environment in which women may have an easy walk to shopping
centers where they may get the household goods.
 Employment people may find continent transportation to and from work
 Well equipped playground is located near house for safety .
 Size
 Boundaries
 Protected strips
 Internal streets
 Layout of building
 Shopping centers
 Community centres
 facilities

30. The traditional definition of the Neighborhood Unit-
A neighborhood unit is generally defined as a residential area –
1. An elementary school, adjacent park area, serves as the focus for the
neighborhood.
2. The size of the neighborhood is limited in population to that which will
produces an appropriate enrollment for elementary school. The school
may have one, two, three or four classes per grade.
3. The physical size of the neighborhood is determined by walking
distance from residences to the elementary school. No child should be
required to walk more than ½ miles. (thus result in neighborhood
having gross areas of about 160 acres)
4. Boundaries of the neighborhood are clearly identified and are often
natural barriers.
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31. 5. A variety of housing types may be present.
6. No major flow of traffic pass through the neighborhood.
7. Stores are located on the perimeter streets, and not within the area
itself.
8. There are no large centre of employment within the neighborhood that
attract workers from outside.
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33. DESIRED PROXIMITY
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42. RADBURN, NEW JERSEY
 Radburn was planned by architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1928.
 It is America’s first garden community, serving as a world wide example of the
harmonious blending of private space and open area.
 Radburn provided a prototype for the new towns to meet the requirements
for contemporary good living.
 Radburn was designed to occupy one square mile of land and house some
25,000 residents.
 However, the Great Depression limited the development to only 149 acres.
 Radburn created a unique alternative to the conventional suburban
development through the use of cul-de-sacs, interior parklands, and cluster
housing.
 Although Radburn is smaller than planned, it still plays a very important role in
the history of urban planning.
 The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) used Radburn as a
garden city experiment.

43. ELEMENTS OF THE RADBURN CITY
 Park as backbone of the neighborhood.
 Specialized Highway system, Complete separation of vehicular and pedestrian
traffic with 21% of road areas.
 The Radburn planners achieved the separation of vehicular and pedestrian
traffic through the use of the superblocks, cul-de-sacs, and pedestrian-only
pathways.
 Through the use of the superblock, houses in Radburn were uniquely
designed to have two fronts.
 The ‘back side’ of the house, what we would normally consider the front side,
faced the culs-de-sac and parking.
 The kitchen was normally placed in the back to provide visitors a place to
enter the house.

44. Housing blocks
Parks and greenbelt
Plaza building the shoping center

45.  The ‘front side’ of the house faced towards the green spaces or parks
encouraging pedestrian traffic.
 Since automobiles were given limited access to the ‘backs’ of the houses,
the ‘fronts’ of the house were relatively quiet, therefore, the bedrooms
were always placed on this side of the house.
 The 2900 residents of Radburn share 23 acres of interior parks, which yield
345 square feet / person.
ELEMENTS OF THE RADBURN CITY CONT.

46. RADBURN CONSISTS OF-
• Residential areas
• 149 acres of interior parks,
• Walkways.
• 2 swimming pools,
• 4 tennis courts,
• 2 playgrounds,
• Archery plaza and a school,
• 2 outdoor basketball courts
• A community center, which houses
administrative offices, library, gymnasium,
clubroom and service and maintenance areas.

49. THANK YOU