The report submitted presents detailed performance evaluation analysis for production of 5tonne
hydraulic jack. The main task is to produce it using two approaches namely conversional and reverse
engineering. Conversional design team were able to design the jack with all the necessary tolerance and limits,
those involve design calculations, producing standard drawing and cost analysis on each part involve. While
reverse engineering team were able to produce the jack through reverse engineering procedures and approach,
this involve selection of materials needed to produce the parts with our machines in the workshop, test analysis
for each component, assembling and testing to ensure effective performance
Design of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Valves, New ApproachIJERA Editor
A fully flexible valve actuation systems are being under consideration as an enabling technology for advanced internal combustion engine concepts. Electro-hydraulic valve actuator systems are being considered as a dominating variable valve technology. Compared to the servo control system, the system using a proportional valve has the advantages of low price, high anti-pollution ability and high reliability. Unlike existing electromechanical or servo actuated electro-hydraulic valve actuation systems, precise valve motion control is achieved with an internal feedback mechanism. This feedback mechanism can be turned on or off in real-time using simple two state valves which helps reduce the system cost and enables mass production.
Kaveri engine is an afterburning turbofan project developed by the GTRE, lab under DRDO, India. GTRE is now running two separate successor engine programmes, the K9+ and the K10. Click here to know more about kaveri Engine : http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=Kaveri.jsp
Design of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Valves, New ApproachIJERA Editor
A fully flexible valve actuation systems are being under consideration as an enabling technology for advanced internal combustion engine concepts. Electro-hydraulic valve actuator systems are being considered as a dominating variable valve technology. Compared to the servo control system, the system using a proportional valve has the advantages of low price, high anti-pollution ability and high reliability. Unlike existing electromechanical or servo actuated electro-hydraulic valve actuation systems, precise valve motion control is achieved with an internal feedback mechanism. This feedback mechanism can be turned on or off in real-time using simple two state valves which helps reduce the system cost and enables mass production.
Kaveri engine is an afterburning turbofan project developed by the GTRE, lab under DRDO, India. GTRE is now running two separate successor engine programmes, the K9+ and the K10. Click here to know more about kaveri Engine : http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=Kaveri.jsp
The aim of this study is to investigate a technique to enhance the air swirl to achieve
betterment in engine performance characteristics in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel
engine. A good swirl promotes the fast combustion and improves the efficiency. The engine should
run at low speeds in order to have low mechanical losses and fast combustion, enabling good
combustion efficiency. Therefore to produce high turbulence prior to combustion within the cylinder,
swirl induced by the inlet manifold will be helpful. This paper aims at studying the effect of air swirl
generated by directing the air flow in intake manifold on engine performance. The turbulence is
achieved in the inlet manifold with different types of internal threads of constant pitch. In view this,
experimental investigation has been carried out to find the effect of swirl on the performance
characteristics of the engine, by inducing swirl in inlet manifolds with three different types of
internal threads viz. acme, buttress and knuckle threads of constant pitch. The results indicate that
inlet manifold with buttress threads is identified as optimum configuration based on performance
characteristics of engine. This is because inlet manifold with buttress threads achieved a higher swirl
coefficient and swirl ratio compared with inlet manifold having acme and knuckle threads
This work was aimed at developing a computational model following certain standards that are important to turbo machinery. Numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out on a two bladed savonius rotor by varying certain parameters of the turbine namely blade shape, blade profile, aspect ratio of the turbine and position of vent on the blade. For numerical investigation, commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software ANSYS-FLUENT has been used. The results obtained have been validated with established experimental results. Investigations involving the variation of Aspect ratio have been done completely through experimentation. For the other cases, the obtained numerical results have been validated with the established experimental values. For the investigation regarding variation of blade shape, the length of semi minor axis has been changed and simulations have been carried out. Also, in the blade a vent has been introduced and its best position determined. Finally, new blade shapes have been designed and simulations carried out to find the optimum one. All these cases were computed at two different Reynolds number specifically 150000 and 80000. The new configurations gave better results than that for the conventional one.
CASE STUDY: Health analysis of reciprocating engines, compressors and gas pip...Abdul Basit Bashir
This paper refers to a detailed study conducted in March 2017 by SUMICO Technologies to evaluate the mechanical performance and condition of critical reciprocating engines, compressors and associated pipelines using state-of-the-art technologies at a natural gas booster station in Mari Gas Field (Sindh, Pakistan).
Results of the study revealed various hidden areas requiring attention to increase efficiency, reduce operational costs and increase reliability of the plant. This paper describes the technologies used, performance parameters analyzed,some interesting findings and the benefits gained through the study.
Prepared by Abdul Basit Bashir (SUMICO Technologies)
https://www.linkedin.com/in/abdulbasitb/
Intake and exhaust valves are very important engine components that are used to control the flow of intake and exhaust
gases in internal combustion engines. They are used to seal the working space inside the cylinder against the manifolds;
and are opened and closed by means of what is known as the valve train mechanism.. These valves are loaded by spring
forces and subjected to thermal loading due to high temperature and pressure inside the cylinder.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
The fan is being run with an electric motor and then taking the
readings from the sensors associated with the processor and the
computer and drawing the ratios relative to the flow
Increase In Electrical And Thermal Conductivities Of Doped Polymers Dependent...IOSR Journals
Most Polymers do not possess natural intrinsic properties that will be enough for them to be used as semi- conductors. In the world trend of industrial growth where polymers seem to be replacing all semi-conductors because of their availability, durability, recyclability and reduced cost, attention is being strongly given to their improvement them for this essential function hence the need for this research.Eight samples each of four polymers; polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly propylene (PP),nylon 66 were prepared by doping with different concentrationsof graphite to enhance their electrical and thermal conductivities, considering the fact that they are of different intrinsic properties. The samples were testedfor their electrical and thermal conductivities.It was evident that as the concentration of the graphite dopantincreases, the electrical and thermal conductivities of all the polymers increased although not at the same rate.The most interesting fact is that all polymers that showed highly favorable results in electrical conductivity, showed the least for thermal conductivities which can be attributed to their intrinsic properties.
The aim of this study is to investigate a technique to enhance the air swirl to achieve
betterment in engine performance characteristics in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel
engine. A good swirl promotes the fast combustion and improves the efficiency. The engine should
run at low speeds in order to have low mechanical losses and fast combustion, enabling good
combustion efficiency. Therefore to produce high turbulence prior to combustion within the cylinder,
swirl induced by the inlet manifold will be helpful. This paper aims at studying the effect of air swirl
generated by directing the air flow in intake manifold on engine performance. The turbulence is
achieved in the inlet manifold with different types of internal threads of constant pitch. In view this,
experimental investigation has been carried out to find the effect of swirl on the performance
characteristics of the engine, by inducing swirl in inlet manifolds with three different types of
internal threads viz. acme, buttress and knuckle threads of constant pitch. The results indicate that
inlet manifold with buttress threads is identified as optimum configuration based on performance
characteristics of engine. This is because inlet manifold with buttress threads achieved a higher swirl
coefficient and swirl ratio compared with inlet manifold having acme and knuckle threads
This work was aimed at developing a computational model following certain standards that are important to turbo machinery. Numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out on a two bladed savonius rotor by varying certain parameters of the turbine namely blade shape, blade profile, aspect ratio of the turbine and position of vent on the blade. For numerical investigation, commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software ANSYS-FLUENT has been used. The results obtained have been validated with established experimental results. Investigations involving the variation of Aspect ratio have been done completely through experimentation. For the other cases, the obtained numerical results have been validated with the established experimental values. For the investigation regarding variation of blade shape, the length of semi minor axis has been changed and simulations have been carried out. Also, in the blade a vent has been introduced and its best position determined. Finally, new blade shapes have been designed and simulations carried out to find the optimum one. All these cases were computed at two different Reynolds number specifically 150000 and 80000. The new configurations gave better results than that for the conventional one.
CASE STUDY: Health analysis of reciprocating engines, compressors and gas pip...Abdul Basit Bashir
This paper refers to a detailed study conducted in March 2017 by SUMICO Technologies to evaluate the mechanical performance and condition of critical reciprocating engines, compressors and associated pipelines using state-of-the-art technologies at a natural gas booster station in Mari Gas Field (Sindh, Pakistan).
Results of the study revealed various hidden areas requiring attention to increase efficiency, reduce operational costs and increase reliability of the plant. This paper describes the technologies used, performance parameters analyzed,some interesting findings and the benefits gained through the study.
Prepared by Abdul Basit Bashir (SUMICO Technologies)
https://www.linkedin.com/in/abdulbasitb/
Intake and exhaust valves are very important engine components that are used to control the flow of intake and exhaust
gases in internal combustion engines. They are used to seal the working space inside the cylinder against the manifolds;
and are opened and closed by means of what is known as the valve train mechanism.. These valves are loaded by spring
forces and subjected to thermal loading due to high temperature and pressure inside the cylinder.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
The fan is being run with an electric motor and then taking the
readings from the sensors associated with the processor and the
computer and drawing the ratios relative to the flow
Increase In Electrical And Thermal Conductivities Of Doped Polymers Dependent...IOSR Journals
Most Polymers do not possess natural intrinsic properties that will be enough for them to be used as semi- conductors. In the world trend of industrial growth where polymers seem to be replacing all semi-conductors because of their availability, durability, recyclability and reduced cost, attention is being strongly given to their improvement them for this essential function hence the need for this research.Eight samples each of four polymers; polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly propylene (PP),nylon 66 were prepared by doping with different concentrationsof graphite to enhance their electrical and thermal conductivities, considering the fact that they are of different intrinsic properties. The samples were testedfor their electrical and thermal conductivities.It was evident that as the concentration of the graphite dopantincreases, the electrical and thermal conductivities of all the polymers increased although not at the same rate.The most interesting fact is that all polymers that showed highly favorable results in electrical conductivity, showed the least for thermal conductivities which can be attributed to their intrinsic properties.
Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Actuator in a Typical Aerospace vehicle | J4...Journal For Research
An Aerospace Vehicle is capable of flight both within and outside the sensible atmosphere. An Actuation System is one of the most important Systems of an Aerospace vehicle. This paper study involves detailed study of various controls Actuation System and Design of a typical Hydraulic Actuation Systems. An actuator control system concerned with electrical, electronic or electro mechanical. Actuator control systems may take the form of extremely simple, manually-operated start-and-stop stations, or sophisticated, programmable computer systems. Hydraulic Actuation System contains Electro Hydraulic Actuators, Servo Valves, Feedback Sensing elements, Pump Motor package, Hydraulic Reservoir, Accumulator, various safety valves, Filters etc. The main objective of this study involves design of Hydraulic Actuator and selection of various other components for the Actuation Systems of an Aerospace Vehicle. Design of the system includes design of Hydraulic actuator and also the Modeling and Analysis of actuator using sophisticated Software.
Development and design validation of pneumatic tool for stem seal collet fi...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work deals with the design development and design validation of special purpose pneumatic tool to optimize the steps in assembly and consequently production process. An attempt is made to develop a pneumatic tool that uses power of compressed air to generate a force enough to press the stem seal and the collet, collet cup collectively. Detailed calculations of section properties of various members of the tool assembly are carried out. Calculation for force to be generated is done by considering possibilities i.e. hydraulic generation and pneumatic. Prior to fabrication, detailed CAD modeling of each component of assembly is carried out using CATIA V5 software which gives a correct perception of the assembly and its components. Fabrication of each component of the assembly is carried out by various manufacturing processes as Grinding, milling, drilling. To enhance surface hardness induction hardening is carried out. Close correlation between the calculated and generated force validates the design.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Fabrication of Semi-Automatic Molten Metal Pouring System in Casting Industries.IJERA Editor
In India there are many foundry have followed conventional and manual operations. Today’s competitive
environment has lower manufacturing cost, more productivity in less time, high quality product, defect free
operation are required to follow to every foundry man. Mould shifting, Crushing, Lower Surface finish,
Shrinkage, Porosity, Cold shut and Extra material are common casting defects due to these manual operations.
These defects directly affect on productivity, profitability and quality level of organization. In the current global
competitive environment there is a need for the casting units and foundries to develop the components in short
lead time. Defect free castings with minimum production cost have become the need of foundry. In any casting
industry the leading problem taking place is Mould shifting from electrical furnace to the die casting. In the
present work an attempt was made to fabricate the pneumatic system for pouring the molten metal in to the
cavity semi automatically. The system was tested for carrying the metal which reduces the manual work for
mould shifting from electrical furnace to die casting and the results are compared with manual working which
improves the quality, productivity and defect free product
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
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Performance Evaluation for Production of 5000kgHydraulic Jack
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 8, Issue 4 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 49-52
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Performance Evaluation for Production of 5000kgHydraulic Jack
AminuSaleh Mohammed, Dr. Ibrahim OnuweAbdulmalik
Hydraulic Equipment Development InstituteKumbotso .P.M.B 3067, KanoNigeria
Abstract: The report submitted presents detailed performance evaluation analysis for production of 5tonne
hydraulic jack. The main task is to produce it using two approaches namely conversional and reverse
engineering. Conversional design team were able to design the jack with all the necessary tolerance and limits,
those involve design calculations, producing standard drawing and cost analysis on each part involve. While
reverse engineering team were able to produce the jack through reverse engineering procedures and approach,
this involve selection of materials needed to produce the parts with our machines in the workshop, test analysis
for each component, assembling and testing to ensure effective performance.
Keyword: Control pressure, fluid reservoir, Hydraulic cylinder.
I. Significance
The significance of this work is to produce a 5000kg hydraulic jack with locally available materials
which would go a long way for the increase in output of locally fabricated equipment, decrease in price of these
equipment and jobs creation for our numerous unemployed graduates, which at the end will generally improve
the economy of the country.
II. Introduction
The study of hydraulic deals with the use and characteristics of the liquid, earlier recorded history shows
that devices such as pumps and water wheels were known in very ancient times. It was not, however until 17th
century that the branch of hydraulics with which we are to be concerned first came in use.
Hydraulics now could be defined as a means of transmitting power by pushing on a confined liquid, the
input component of the system is called pump while the output is called an actuator.
2.1HYDRAULIC PUMPS
The pump is probably the most important and least understood component in the hydraulic system. Its
function is to convert mechanical energy by pushing the hydraulic fluid into the system. Pumps are made in
many different pumping mechanisms and for many different purposes. With all the technological developments
that have accrued since ancient time.
A pump can be defined as a machine or device which is used to increase the potential and kinetic energy of
liquid. Generally pumps are used:-
a. To more liquid from lower elevation to higher elevation.
b. To increase the flow rate of the liquid.
c. To move liquid from lower pressure area to higher pressure area.
All pumps however fall into one of two basic categories hydraulic or hydrostatic.
2.2 HYDRAULIC PRINICIPLES
Hydraulics work on Pascal’s law which state that pressure applied any share to a body of confined liquid is
transmitted undiminished to every portion of surface of the containing vessel. Force applied is transmitted in the
vessel undiminished. Force applied will tend to push not the lower piston. The force applied in small area is
overcome in the piston, having larger area
2. Performance Evaluation For Production Of 5 Tonne Hydraulic Jack
www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
III. Material And Methods
EFFICIENCY OF THE HDYRAULIC JACK
Fig 3.0 Line Diagram of Hydraulic Jack Operation
From the figure above, FILA is the input force applied by the operator on the lever arm, FOLA is the output force
of the lever arm which is equal to FIHS, the input force on the hydraulic system.FOHS is the output force of the
hydraulic system to overcome the load to be lifted.
MATOTAL = MALA x MAHS
……………………
(XLIV)
Source: (Expositor,20/8/09)
where: MA TOTAL = Over all mechanical advantage
MALA = Lever arm mechanical advantage
MAHS = Hydraulic system mechanical advantage
Recall;
MALA = 10
MAHS=
𝐷2
𝑑2………………(XLV)
where: D = Actual diameter of main piston calculated(mm)
d = Actual diameter of minor piston calculated(mm)
MAHS =
34.97 2
9.6 2
= 13.269
Piston 2
Piston 1
A2
A1
Fig 3.0: Hydraulic Principle
Piston 2
Piston 1
A2
A1
Fig 3, 1: Hydraulic Principle
3. Performance Evaluation For Production Of 5 Tonne Hydraulic Jack
www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
MATOTAL = 10 x 13.269
= 132.69
𝜂=
𝐹𝑂 𝐻𝑆
𝐹𝐼 𝐿𝐴 𝑋𝑀𝐴 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿
x 100…………..(XLVI)
Source: (Expositor, 20/8/2009)
where:𝜂= Preferred efficiency of the jack (%)
𝐹𝑂 𝐻𝑆 = 49050N (Given)
𝜂 =
49050
375 𝑋 132.69
x 100
= 98.6%
(Anthony, 1994) recommended the volumetric efficiency of 85 – 99% for a hydraulic system that employed
hydraulic fluid of optimum viscosity range (13 – 860mm2
/s) i.e. [0.01 – 0.5µ(kg/ms)]. The value of volumetric
efficiency obtained is however found to be appropriate if the hydraulic fluid selected is adapted and pressure
loss is greatly reduced.
result in satisfactory operation of the machine. Certainly, judgment and experience must be exercised in
such a process. It is cost effective to test prototypes with a range of tolerances to observe the limits of acceptable
performance.
In general, the production of parts with big tolerance on their dimensions requires multiple processing
steps like casting or forging, turning, grinding, honing, etc. it should however believe that, a finer surface finish
attracts an increase in cost.
Table 3.1 USA Standard B4, 1 – 1967 (1974), Preferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts, Sponsored by the
ASME(1). (KalpaKjian, 2004).
S/N ITEM SIZE GRINDING HONING REAMING
1 Piston ∅10 − 15 + 0.21 + 0.14 + 0.25
2 Piston ∅36 − 40 + 0.23 + 0.18 + 0.28
3 Internal Cylinder ∅10 − 15 + 0.21 + 0.14 + 0.25
4 Internal Cylinder ∅36 − 40 + 0.23 + 0.18 + 0.28
From the figure above, the tolerances recommended for the major components of the hydraulic jack based on
the machining processes that could be adapted are:-
The minor piston and cylinder of external diameter and internal diameter 10mm and 10.5mm
respectively are given the tolerances of +0.21mm for grinding, +0.14mm for honing and+0.25mm for reaming.
However, the main piston and cylinder of external and internal diameter 35mm and 35.5mm respectively are
given the tolerances of +0.23mm for grinding, +0.18mm for honing and+0.28mm for reaming.
IV. Discussion Of Results:
Many testing approach was conducted on the parts to be produce in local fabrication of hydraulic jack,
some of them include visual observation where the materials suspected were picked and closely inspected to
predict thetype material. Spark test was also another method that was used in the material selection, samples are
obtained from the parts of the original jack and grinded using grinding machine, the length of the spark
producedby the sample of the original jack and aluminum is compared from the result obtained, the base of the
jack is suspected to be made of cast iron while the piston and cylinders are made of steel.
Hardness test was conducted on piston, cylinder and jack base using Rockwell hardness tester to measure the
depth of penetration for materials of different hardness range.
Tensile strength test was also conducted on the piston, cylinder and jack base. The equipment used for
the test is hydraulically operated tensile test machine. The tensile test can be used to ascertain several
mechanical properties of materials that are important in design.
The jack was tested in two different ways, tested on load and tested under no load, when tested under
no load the first observation seen was leakage within the main cylinder and the base. The second test was
conducted still under no load, the piston was jack up but when it was pressed down by the operator’s hand, it
went down easily. It was observed that the rubber seals at the base were not properly positioned.
When tested on load the jack was used to raise one side of Toyota Hiace bus for about 10 minutes before the
pressure was released, it was observed that the side of vehicle was lifted up and leakage was found.
V. Conclusion And Recommendations
After trouble shooting, it was observed that when pumping the hydraulic oil into the line, the oil is not
retained due to poor operation of the valves. To address this, the valve seating was chamfered to allow the
valves to be properly seated on the orifice. The jack was reassembled and retested under load and found working
well without leakage.
4. Performance Evaluation For Production Of 5 Tonne Hydraulic Jack
www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
It is recommended that the jack should not be used outside the range ofambient temperature as recommended by
the manufactures.
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M.H.A. (1975), Material for Engineering, 3rd
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[11]. Mc Din B. (1967) Modern Survey Hydraulic Machinery and Pneumatic power, Cret Publishers, London.
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