Ergonomics is concerned with making the workplace efficient, safe, and comfortable. Effective application of ergonomics in work system design can balance worker characteristics and task demands, enhancing productivity, safety, well-being, and satisfaction. This document analyzes the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights to determine the effects of non-ergonomic components on productivity. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car unit on five tables with five chairs of incrementally varying heights. The time taken was observed and production rate analyzed to determine which student was more comfortable and efficient with the given table-chair combinations. The results showed the taller student was more comfortable and efficient for that specific setup.
Ergonomic Considerations for Design of Industrial Workstation: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on the ergonomic considerations for designing industrial workstations. It discusses how improperly designed workstations can lead to musculoskeletal disorders in workers due to repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and awkward postures. The literature identifies key ergonomic factors to consider like posture, force requirements, and repetition levels. Ergonomically designed workstations can increase productivity by making tasks easier and reducing worker fatigue. They can also improve product quality and decrease injury and absenteeism rates. The document then summarizes several studies that analyzed specific workstations and identified improvements like adjusting workstation layouts, adding adjustable components, or implementing job rotation to reduce physical stresses.
This document provides an overview of the course Industrial Engineering (AE 481) taught by Salima Sultana Shimo at Bangladesh University of Textiles. It discusses the topic of ergonomics, which is the study of human interaction with machines and factors that affect this interaction. The document defines ergonomics, outlines its purposes of improving human-machine interaction and systems, and describes domains of ergonomics including physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. It also discusses principles of ergonomics, evaluation methods, and the design of human-machine interface systems.
Computer Assisted System for Enhancing the Application of Ergonomics in Manuf...Waqas Tariq
The current paper focuses on the need and a plan for the development of a Computer Assisted Interactive and Intelligent Ergonomics System which, through a user friendly consulting mode presents the guidelines and formalized procedures for the application of ergonomics knowledge and data in manufacturing organizations. The system is expected to allow a production engineer or supervisor or even a worker with minimal ergonomics knowledge, to understand, analyze and find solutions to problems related to industrial ergonomics. A survey which is conducted in this regard is also described in this paper and through the out come of the survey it is shown that the poor acceptance and application of ergonomics is due to lack of exposure to ergonomics knowledge and non-availability of ergonomics knowledge in a suitable form for its application in manufacturing systems. 10
This document discusses how applying ergonomic principles can improve safety, health, quality, and productivity in industry. It examines common ergonomic issues for welders like inhaling fumes, eye injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders from awkward postures. Applying ergonomics means designing tools and tasks to fit human capabilities and limitations. This can lead to fewer injuries, higher quality work, increased productivity, and cost savings from reducing workplace injuries over time. Examples show how simple design changes like adding handles to equipment or adjustable workstations can significantly improve worker comfort and performance.
Cognitive ergonomics presentation master copyHiren Shah
The document discusses cognitive ergonomics and its goals and principles. It defines cognitive ergonomics as the study of cognition in work settings to optimize human and system performance. It focuses on the fit between human cognitive abilities and limitations and tasks, machines, and environments. The goals of cognitive ergonomics include enhancing cognitive task performance through user-centered design of human-machine interactions and developing training programs. It also discusses various cognitive processes and models of cognitive ergonomics involving usefulness, usability, and acceptance.
The document discusses how the work environment impacts employee performance and productivity. It focuses on the weaving section of Bahir Dar Textile Factory, which has poor environmental factors like temperature, noise, dust and lighting. These factors negatively impact worker health, effectiveness, and productivity. The literature review discusses how personality traits, health, and work environment preferences interact to influence employee performance and commitment. Maintaining a supportive work environment is important for allowing employees to apply their skills and maximize their productivity.
Ergonomic Design Principles - Case Study “Computer Laboratory"Esraa Fathy
Project | Applying Ergonomic Design Principles (2012_2013) Under supervision of Dr.Reem ElKadeem.
Project Objective:
The goal of the project is to exercise the application of ergonomic design principles combined with our creative talent in solving or preventing current problems in real case study. Sometimes minor ergonomic changes in the design of equipment, workstations or job tasks can make significant improvements in worker’s comfort, health, safety and productivity.
Our team was required to select one of workstations in the college and make a comparison between two workstations of the same category. Our case study was about “Computer Laboratory” (Production Workshop / Mechanical Building).
Project Deliverables:
Our team was required to document both the activities performed throughout the project and the application of the mechanism in industry in the form of a Technical Report. The report contains: Workstation Description _Workstation Assessment: through observation and NIOSH & OSHA surveys. _Workstation Measurements:Measuring of necessary workstation dimensions. _ Workstation Analysis: Identifying of risk factors causing WMSD, suggesting of modifications.
Results and conclusion: Criticizing both workstations and showing result of comparison.
And to present the activities performed throughout the project in the form of a PowerPoint Presentation.
Ergonomic Considerations for Design of Industrial Workstation: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on the ergonomic considerations for designing industrial workstations. It discusses how improperly designed workstations can lead to musculoskeletal disorders in workers due to repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and awkward postures. The literature identifies key ergonomic factors to consider like posture, force requirements, and repetition levels. Ergonomically designed workstations can increase productivity by making tasks easier and reducing worker fatigue. They can also improve product quality and decrease injury and absenteeism rates. The document then summarizes several studies that analyzed specific workstations and identified improvements like adjusting workstation layouts, adding adjustable components, or implementing job rotation to reduce physical stresses.
This document provides an overview of the course Industrial Engineering (AE 481) taught by Salima Sultana Shimo at Bangladesh University of Textiles. It discusses the topic of ergonomics, which is the study of human interaction with machines and factors that affect this interaction. The document defines ergonomics, outlines its purposes of improving human-machine interaction and systems, and describes domains of ergonomics including physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. It also discusses principles of ergonomics, evaluation methods, and the design of human-machine interface systems.
Computer Assisted System for Enhancing the Application of Ergonomics in Manuf...Waqas Tariq
The current paper focuses on the need and a plan for the development of a Computer Assisted Interactive and Intelligent Ergonomics System which, through a user friendly consulting mode presents the guidelines and formalized procedures for the application of ergonomics knowledge and data in manufacturing organizations. The system is expected to allow a production engineer or supervisor or even a worker with minimal ergonomics knowledge, to understand, analyze and find solutions to problems related to industrial ergonomics. A survey which is conducted in this regard is also described in this paper and through the out come of the survey it is shown that the poor acceptance and application of ergonomics is due to lack of exposure to ergonomics knowledge and non-availability of ergonomics knowledge in a suitable form for its application in manufacturing systems. 10
This document discusses how applying ergonomic principles can improve safety, health, quality, and productivity in industry. It examines common ergonomic issues for welders like inhaling fumes, eye injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders from awkward postures. Applying ergonomics means designing tools and tasks to fit human capabilities and limitations. This can lead to fewer injuries, higher quality work, increased productivity, and cost savings from reducing workplace injuries over time. Examples show how simple design changes like adding handles to equipment or adjustable workstations can significantly improve worker comfort and performance.
Cognitive ergonomics presentation master copyHiren Shah
The document discusses cognitive ergonomics and its goals and principles. It defines cognitive ergonomics as the study of cognition in work settings to optimize human and system performance. It focuses on the fit between human cognitive abilities and limitations and tasks, machines, and environments. The goals of cognitive ergonomics include enhancing cognitive task performance through user-centered design of human-machine interactions and developing training programs. It also discusses various cognitive processes and models of cognitive ergonomics involving usefulness, usability, and acceptance.
The document discusses how the work environment impacts employee performance and productivity. It focuses on the weaving section of Bahir Dar Textile Factory, which has poor environmental factors like temperature, noise, dust and lighting. These factors negatively impact worker health, effectiveness, and productivity. The literature review discusses how personality traits, health, and work environment preferences interact to influence employee performance and commitment. Maintaining a supportive work environment is important for allowing employees to apply their skills and maximize their productivity.
Ergonomic Design Principles - Case Study “Computer Laboratory"Esraa Fathy
Project | Applying Ergonomic Design Principles (2012_2013) Under supervision of Dr.Reem ElKadeem.
Project Objective:
The goal of the project is to exercise the application of ergonomic design principles combined with our creative talent in solving or preventing current problems in real case study. Sometimes minor ergonomic changes in the design of equipment, workstations or job tasks can make significant improvements in worker’s comfort, health, safety and productivity.
Our team was required to select one of workstations in the college and make a comparison between two workstations of the same category. Our case study was about “Computer Laboratory” (Production Workshop / Mechanical Building).
Project Deliverables:
Our team was required to document both the activities performed throughout the project and the application of the mechanism in industry in the form of a Technical Report. The report contains: Workstation Description _Workstation Assessment: through observation and NIOSH & OSHA surveys. _Workstation Measurements:Measuring of necessary workstation dimensions. _ Workstation Analysis: Identifying of risk factors causing WMSD, suggesting of modifications.
Results and conclusion: Criticizing both workstations and showing result of comparison.
And to present the activities performed throughout the project in the form of a PowerPoint Presentation.
Evaluation of the Impact of Engineering Ergonomic Interventions on Musculoske...CSCJournals
Improper work-system designs and physical demands lead to awkward postures in packaging workers in food factories, particularly with tasks that require a high instance of repetitive motions (e.g., assembly), which causes musculoskeletal disorders and affects psychosocial factors in the workplace. This study aimed to determine the effect of ergonomic engineering interventions on musculoskeletal risks and psychosocial factors among packaging workers in a food factory in Saudi Arabia. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) were used to examine musculoskeletal risks and psychosocial aspects, respectively among 52 male workers which were divided into intervention group control group. Two evaluation periods were used after implemented the interventions (3 months and 6 months post-intervention). The results showed that the engineering ergonomic interventions significantly decreased the musculoskeletal risks at neck, shoulders, upper back and lower back of workers in both evaluation periods at 3 months and 6 months post-intervention. The intervention improved only three aspects in JCQ: decision latitude, physical job demand and psychological job demands before and post-intervention.
Ergonomic risk assessment using postural analysis tools in a bus body buildin...Alexander Decker
This study assessed ergonomic risks for workers in a bus body manufacturing company using three assessment tools: RULA, REBA, and QEC. Video and photos were taken of 38 workers in different processes to analyze their postures. RULA found 31.57% of workers at high risk, 28.95% at medium risk, and 28.95% at lower risk. REBA found 26.32% at very high risk, 23.68% at high risk, and 42.10% at medium risk. QEC found 10.53% needing no changes, 31.58% needing further investigation, and 34.21% at high risk requiring immediate changes. The results show many workers are at
This document provides a literature review on ergonomics risk aspects associated with the power loom industry. It begins with definitions of ergonomics from various sources and notes that ergonomics aims to fit the task to the human. The literature review then discusses common ergonomic risk factors like awkward postures, forceful exertions, repetition, vibration and noise. It also mentions other risk factors like static postures, contact stress and extreme temperatures. Prolonged exposure to these risk factors can increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The review examines various ergonomic hazards and disorders associated with repetitive strain injuries. It concludes that constrained postures are a major risk factor for occupational musculoskeletal problems.
This document provides an introduction to ergonomics. The objectives are to understand the influences of the work environment on physical and psychosocial demands, the connection between work activities and repetitive strain disorders, methods to identify work hazards, and involve workers in addressing hazards. The history and definitions of ergonomics are discussed. Common injuries related to ergonomic risks like posture and repetition are also summarized. The document outlines the ergonomic evaluation process and provides examples of analyzing risks like lifting. Overall, the document introduces the topic of ergonomics and adapting the work environment for safety and efficiency.
This study analyzed work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in saw mills in northern Karnataka, India. Most work is done manually without machinery. Questionnaires found that 80% of workers experienced thigh, leg, and back pain, while 50% experienced arm and shoulder pain. Direct observation revealed workers frequently lifting and moving heavy logs manually into positions requiring twisted trunks and arms. Postural analysis tools REBA and RULA found most tasks scored above safe limits. Workers were also exposed to noise above OSHA limits from saws. The study identified high risk of musculoskeletal disorders from manual material handling, prolonged awkward postures, forceful exertions, and noise exposure. Immediate ergonomic interventions were recommended to reduce musculoskeletal disorder risks
Ergonomics is defined as the science of fitting jobs to people. It aims to optimize the relationship between workers and their jobs by developing workplaces and tools that minimize physical and mental strain. The objectives of ergonomics include improving productivity and accuracy by optimizing human-machine integration, developing workplaces tailored to workers' needs, and arranging tools to reduce fatigue and injury risks. Advantages of ergonomics include higher productivity, increased safety, reduced employee turnover, and better employee satisfaction through making work easier and more comfortable.
The document discusses ergonomics and its importance in workplace design. It defines ergonomics as the scientific discipline concerned with understanding interactions between humans and other elements of a system to optimize human well-being and performance. Ergonomics aims to design products, workplaces and systems to suit people rather than forcing people to adapt. Applying ergonomic principles can help reduce injuries, improve productivity, quality and employee engagement while lowering costs. The Alexander Technique is highlighted as a training method that helps people develop skills to apply ergonomic principles by improving awareness of their posture and movement.
Jane Sleeth & her firm OPC Inc have been working with interior designers & architects toward combining form and function in offic design. This PP presentation was presented to ARIDO in 2009 at the Design Exchange in Toronto.
This document summarizes research on improving workplace ergonomics in modern organizations. It discusses how industrial work environments are becoming more complex, integrating new technologies and supporting diverse work styles. This poses challenges for maintaining employee health and performance. The document reviews literature on ergonomic injuries like musculoskeletal disorders and their relationship to seating, posture and workstation design. It then evaluates different tools for assessing ergonomic risks in the workplace, prioritizing issues, and applying ergonomic guidelines to modify equipment and work areas. Finally, it discusses innovative approaches organizations are taking to workplace ergonomics, such as engaging employees, integrating ergonomics into design processes, and addressing unique challenges of office environments.
Engineering psychology emerged to address issues caused by poor human-machine integration. Prior to WWII, machines were designed without considering human factors, resulting in accidents from inconsistent controls. After WWII, human factors research led to safer designs for vehicles, equipment and workplaces by accounting for human abilities and limitations. Today, ergonomics draws from multiple disciplines to optimize human performance and prevent injuries by designing interfaces, tools and work environments suited to human anthropometry, cognition and physical capabilities. Proper ergonomic design can increase productivity while reducing musculoskeletal disorders and improving worker satisfaction.
The document discusses ergonomics in sewing rooms. It notes that work environments must be adapted to individuals to allow successful work without excessive fatigue. Proper ergonomic design of workplaces, including posture and arrangement, can increase efficiency while reducing physical and psychological workload. However, sewing tasks often involve repetitive motions and static positioning that can cause musculoskeletal disorders over time like shoulder, neck, back, wrist and hand pain for many operators. The document emphasizes rational usage of worker capacity from both humane and economic perspectives.
The document discusses ergonomics in industrial engineering. It defines ergonomics as applying various sciences to understand interactions between humans and their working environments. The main goals of ergonomics are to design tasks, equipment, information and environments suited to each worker, which increases productivity by reducing fatigue, accidents, absenteeism and turnover. It then discusses factors that affect ergonomics like age, materials handling, stress, and load. It also covers areas of ergonomic intervention like human-machine interfaces, environment, hardware, and work postures.
Ergonomics is a technique that applies various disciplines to solve problems in the workplace. It aims to reduce ergonomic hazards like improper equipment, lifting loads, repetitive motions, and awkward postures which can cause musculoskeletal disorders and reduce productivity. Musculoskeletal disorders affect muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and can result from risk factors like heavy lifting, bending, overhead reaching, pushing/pulling loads, and performing repetitive tasks. Ergonomic hazards can be identified through investigating tasks that cause injuries, reviewing injury patterns, workplace inspections, and worker reports. The key aspects of ergonomics are fitting the job to the person, the workstation to the worker, the tools to the worker, and the workplace design to the needs
Design of Manual Material Handling System through Computer Aided ErgonomicsBirhanu Dagnew Sendek
The document discusses the design of a manual material handling system for transporting materials at a textile factory through computer-aided ergonomics. It analyzes the existing system using 3D modeling software and finds high risks of musculoskeletal injury. It then improves the design by changing cart rollers to reduce pushing/pulling forces from over 900 Newtons to 194 Newtons. This lowers injury risks and saves the company over $1800 per month.
Design review of any product/system for Aethetic and ergonomic considerationsshrikant jadhav
This document discusses the design review of a juicer considering aesthetic and ergonomic factors. It outlines the importance of aesthetics in product design, including appearance, quality perception, and user comfort. Ergonomic considerations for the juicer design are also reviewed, such as ensuring user posture causes minimal discomfort during operation and that loading/unloading of fruits and juice is easy. The conclusion states that aesthetics and ergonomics must be balanced to create a product that is both attractive and user-friendly.
Multi-Response Research Methodology for Ergonomic Design of Human-CNC Machine...IJERA Editor
This work is aimed at enriching a research theme, focused on exploiting the performance in a human-CNC
machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this research effort is focused on adopting the
concept of load cell for the system of human-performance measurement. The developed novel system is capable
of measuring cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system
designed for this work may be replicated for other fields where systems are operated through control panels and
also where responses of mentally retarded human-beings (or the human beings with the symptoms of Alzheimer
disease) are to be observed and evaluated.
Research relevance: The research methodology designed in this work can be directly applied to the practical
field to evaluate the performance in various human- panel operated system interface environments. This work
suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of CNC-machines workstations would have to
redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal and other related problems are concerned. The
present work can be quite useful for the system designers of tomorrow.
DESIGN MACRO & MICRO ASSEMBLY AND PACK-OUT AT TOY INDUSTRYMarina Muhamad
This document discusses ergonomic issues in the assembly and packaging processes at a toy manufacturing industry and proposes recommendations. It identifies that current work processes have macro and micro ergonomic problems like reaching for parts outside of the ergonomic zone, limited space, and high cycle times that cause musculoskeletal disorders. It analyzes the workflow and identifies specific issues like twisting of the body and frequent awkward movements. Recommendations include automating parts feeding, implementing job rotation programs, adjusting work shifts to reduce hours, and educating workers on safety and injury reporting. The proposed changes aim to improve worker health, safety, and satisfaction without impacting production quality.
This document proposes a new encryption scheme called compact summation key encryption for secure data sharing in hybrid cloud storage. It aims to address limitations of existing approaches like predefined hierarchical schemes, attribute-based encryption, and identity-based encryption which cannot provide security to individual files or have non-constant size keys. The new scheme uses five algorithms: setup, key generation, encryption, extraction and decryption. It generates constant size public and master secret keys. Encryption uses file indexes and bilinear groups to create ciphertexts. Extraction combines decryption keys into a single compact summation key using bilinear pairing operations. This key can then decrypt ciphertexts for multiple file indexes, improving flexibility and efficiency of secure data sharing in cloud storage.
Comparison of 60GHz CSRRs Ground Shield and Patterned Ground Shield On-chip B...IOSR Journals
This document compares two 60GHz on-chip bandpass filters designed using a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The first filter uses complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) as the ground shield, while the second uses a patterned ground shield. Simulation results show that the CSRR ground shield filter has slightly lower insertion loss of -2.682dB, a narrower 3dB bandwidth of 10.8GHz, and a smaller chip size of 0.651mm^2. The patterned ground shield filter has a higher insertion loss of -2.77dB but a wider 3dB bandwidth of 14GHz and slightly smaller chip size of 0.527mm^2. Both filters demonstrate good return loss and
A novel approach for Multi-Tier security for XML based documentsIOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel multi-tier security approach for XML-based documents. It discusses applying both digital signatures and encryption at the XML node level to provide integrity, non-repudiation, and role-based access control. Overlapping and sequential digital signatures can authorize a document signed by multiple parties. Encryption of specific XML nodes means different users only see allowed document sections. This approach aims to improve security for electronic documents beyond current proprietary formats.
This document discusses the role of project management consultancy (PMC) in infrastructure projects. It outlines the various roles of a PMC at different stages of a road construction project, including pre-tendering, tendering, and post-tendering stages. In the pre-tendering stage, the PMC is involved in activities like conceptual planning, cost estimation, feasibility studies, surveys, and design. In the tendering stage, the PMC assists with drafting tender documents, managing the bidding process, and contract award. In the post-tendering stage, the PMC's roles include supervision, quality control, progress monitoring, documentation, and handling issues during project execution and operation. Overall, the PMC aims to
Evaluation of the Impact of Engineering Ergonomic Interventions on Musculoske...CSCJournals
Improper work-system designs and physical demands lead to awkward postures in packaging workers in food factories, particularly with tasks that require a high instance of repetitive motions (e.g., assembly), which causes musculoskeletal disorders and affects psychosocial factors in the workplace. This study aimed to determine the effect of ergonomic engineering interventions on musculoskeletal risks and psychosocial factors among packaging workers in a food factory in Saudi Arabia. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) were used to examine musculoskeletal risks and psychosocial aspects, respectively among 52 male workers which were divided into intervention group control group. Two evaluation periods were used after implemented the interventions (3 months and 6 months post-intervention). The results showed that the engineering ergonomic interventions significantly decreased the musculoskeletal risks at neck, shoulders, upper back and lower back of workers in both evaluation periods at 3 months and 6 months post-intervention. The intervention improved only three aspects in JCQ: decision latitude, physical job demand and psychological job demands before and post-intervention.
Ergonomic risk assessment using postural analysis tools in a bus body buildin...Alexander Decker
This study assessed ergonomic risks for workers in a bus body manufacturing company using three assessment tools: RULA, REBA, and QEC. Video and photos were taken of 38 workers in different processes to analyze their postures. RULA found 31.57% of workers at high risk, 28.95% at medium risk, and 28.95% at lower risk. REBA found 26.32% at very high risk, 23.68% at high risk, and 42.10% at medium risk. QEC found 10.53% needing no changes, 31.58% needing further investigation, and 34.21% at high risk requiring immediate changes. The results show many workers are at
This document provides a literature review on ergonomics risk aspects associated with the power loom industry. It begins with definitions of ergonomics from various sources and notes that ergonomics aims to fit the task to the human. The literature review then discusses common ergonomic risk factors like awkward postures, forceful exertions, repetition, vibration and noise. It also mentions other risk factors like static postures, contact stress and extreme temperatures. Prolonged exposure to these risk factors can increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The review examines various ergonomic hazards and disorders associated with repetitive strain injuries. It concludes that constrained postures are a major risk factor for occupational musculoskeletal problems.
This document provides an introduction to ergonomics. The objectives are to understand the influences of the work environment on physical and psychosocial demands, the connection between work activities and repetitive strain disorders, methods to identify work hazards, and involve workers in addressing hazards. The history and definitions of ergonomics are discussed. Common injuries related to ergonomic risks like posture and repetition are also summarized. The document outlines the ergonomic evaluation process and provides examples of analyzing risks like lifting. Overall, the document introduces the topic of ergonomics and adapting the work environment for safety and efficiency.
This study analyzed work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in saw mills in northern Karnataka, India. Most work is done manually without machinery. Questionnaires found that 80% of workers experienced thigh, leg, and back pain, while 50% experienced arm and shoulder pain. Direct observation revealed workers frequently lifting and moving heavy logs manually into positions requiring twisted trunks and arms. Postural analysis tools REBA and RULA found most tasks scored above safe limits. Workers were also exposed to noise above OSHA limits from saws. The study identified high risk of musculoskeletal disorders from manual material handling, prolonged awkward postures, forceful exertions, and noise exposure. Immediate ergonomic interventions were recommended to reduce musculoskeletal disorder risks
Ergonomics is defined as the science of fitting jobs to people. It aims to optimize the relationship between workers and their jobs by developing workplaces and tools that minimize physical and mental strain. The objectives of ergonomics include improving productivity and accuracy by optimizing human-machine integration, developing workplaces tailored to workers' needs, and arranging tools to reduce fatigue and injury risks. Advantages of ergonomics include higher productivity, increased safety, reduced employee turnover, and better employee satisfaction through making work easier and more comfortable.
The document discusses ergonomics and its importance in workplace design. It defines ergonomics as the scientific discipline concerned with understanding interactions between humans and other elements of a system to optimize human well-being and performance. Ergonomics aims to design products, workplaces and systems to suit people rather than forcing people to adapt. Applying ergonomic principles can help reduce injuries, improve productivity, quality and employee engagement while lowering costs. The Alexander Technique is highlighted as a training method that helps people develop skills to apply ergonomic principles by improving awareness of their posture and movement.
Jane Sleeth & her firm OPC Inc have been working with interior designers & architects toward combining form and function in offic design. This PP presentation was presented to ARIDO in 2009 at the Design Exchange in Toronto.
This document summarizes research on improving workplace ergonomics in modern organizations. It discusses how industrial work environments are becoming more complex, integrating new technologies and supporting diverse work styles. This poses challenges for maintaining employee health and performance. The document reviews literature on ergonomic injuries like musculoskeletal disorders and their relationship to seating, posture and workstation design. It then evaluates different tools for assessing ergonomic risks in the workplace, prioritizing issues, and applying ergonomic guidelines to modify equipment and work areas. Finally, it discusses innovative approaches organizations are taking to workplace ergonomics, such as engaging employees, integrating ergonomics into design processes, and addressing unique challenges of office environments.
Engineering psychology emerged to address issues caused by poor human-machine integration. Prior to WWII, machines were designed without considering human factors, resulting in accidents from inconsistent controls. After WWII, human factors research led to safer designs for vehicles, equipment and workplaces by accounting for human abilities and limitations. Today, ergonomics draws from multiple disciplines to optimize human performance and prevent injuries by designing interfaces, tools and work environments suited to human anthropometry, cognition and physical capabilities. Proper ergonomic design can increase productivity while reducing musculoskeletal disorders and improving worker satisfaction.
The document discusses ergonomics in sewing rooms. It notes that work environments must be adapted to individuals to allow successful work without excessive fatigue. Proper ergonomic design of workplaces, including posture and arrangement, can increase efficiency while reducing physical and psychological workload. However, sewing tasks often involve repetitive motions and static positioning that can cause musculoskeletal disorders over time like shoulder, neck, back, wrist and hand pain for many operators. The document emphasizes rational usage of worker capacity from both humane and economic perspectives.
The document discusses ergonomics in industrial engineering. It defines ergonomics as applying various sciences to understand interactions between humans and their working environments. The main goals of ergonomics are to design tasks, equipment, information and environments suited to each worker, which increases productivity by reducing fatigue, accidents, absenteeism and turnover. It then discusses factors that affect ergonomics like age, materials handling, stress, and load. It also covers areas of ergonomic intervention like human-machine interfaces, environment, hardware, and work postures.
Ergonomics is a technique that applies various disciplines to solve problems in the workplace. It aims to reduce ergonomic hazards like improper equipment, lifting loads, repetitive motions, and awkward postures which can cause musculoskeletal disorders and reduce productivity. Musculoskeletal disorders affect muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and can result from risk factors like heavy lifting, bending, overhead reaching, pushing/pulling loads, and performing repetitive tasks. Ergonomic hazards can be identified through investigating tasks that cause injuries, reviewing injury patterns, workplace inspections, and worker reports. The key aspects of ergonomics are fitting the job to the person, the workstation to the worker, the tools to the worker, and the workplace design to the needs
Design of Manual Material Handling System through Computer Aided ErgonomicsBirhanu Dagnew Sendek
The document discusses the design of a manual material handling system for transporting materials at a textile factory through computer-aided ergonomics. It analyzes the existing system using 3D modeling software and finds high risks of musculoskeletal injury. It then improves the design by changing cart rollers to reduce pushing/pulling forces from over 900 Newtons to 194 Newtons. This lowers injury risks and saves the company over $1800 per month.
Design review of any product/system for Aethetic and ergonomic considerationsshrikant jadhav
This document discusses the design review of a juicer considering aesthetic and ergonomic factors. It outlines the importance of aesthetics in product design, including appearance, quality perception, and user comfort. Ergonomic considerations for the juicer design are also reviewed, such as ensuring user posture causes minimal discomfort during operation and that loading/unloading of fruits and juice is easy. The conclusion states that aesthetics and ergonomics must be balanced to create a product that is both attractive and user-friendly.
Multi-Response Research Methodology for Ergonomic Design of Human-CNC Machine...IJERA Editor
This work is aimed at enriching a research theme, focused on exploiting the performance in a human-CNC
machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this research effort is focused on adopting the
concept of load cell for the system of human-performance measurement. The developed novel system is capable
of measuring cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system
designed for this work may be replicated for other fields where systems are operated through control panels and
also where responses of mentally retarded human-beings (or the human beings with the symptoms of Alzheimer
disease) are to be observed and evaluated.
Research relevance: The research methodology designed in this work can be directly applied to the practical
field to evaluate the performance in various human- panel operated system interface environments. This work
suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of CNC-machines workstations would have to
redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal and other related problems are concerned. The
present work can be quite useful for the system designers of tomorrow.
DESIGN MACRO & MICRO ASSEMBLY AND PACK-OUT AT TOY INDUSTRYMarina Muhamad
This document discusses ergonomic issues in the assembly and packaging processes at a toy manufacturing industry and proposes recommendations. It identifies that current work processes have macro and micro ergonomic problems like reaching for parts outside of the ergonomic zone, limited space, and high cycle times that cause musculoskeletal disorders. It analyzes the workflow and identifies specific issues like twisting of the body and frequent awkward movements. Recommendations include automating parts feeding, implementing job rotation programs, adjusting work shifts to reduce hours, and educating workers on safety and injury reporting. The proposed changes aim to improve worker health, safety, and satisfaction without impacting production quality.
This document proposes a new encryption scheme called compact summation key encryption for secure data sharing in hybrid cloud storage. It aims to address limitations of existing approaches like predefined hierarchical schemes, attribute-based encryption, and identity-based encryption which cannot provide security to individual files or have non-constant size keys. The new scheme uses five algorithms: setup, key generation, encryption, extraction and decryption. It generates constant size public and master secret keys. Encryption uses file indexes and bilinear groups to create ciphertexts. Extraction combines decryption keys into a single compact summation key using bilinear pairing operations. This key can then decrypt ciphertexts for multiple file indexes, improving flexibility and efficiency of secure data sharing in cloud storage.
Comparison of 60GHz CSRRs Ground Shield and Patterned Ground Shield On-chip B...IOSR Journals
This document compares two 60GHz on-chip bandpass filters designed using a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The first filter uses complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) as the ground shield, while the second uses a patterned ground shield. Simulation results show that the CSRR ground shield filter has slightly lower insertion loss of -2.682dB, a narrower 3dB bandwidth of 10.8GHz, and a smaller chip size of 0.651mm^2. The patterned ground shield filter has a higher insertion loss of -2.77dB but a wider 3dB bandwidth of 14GHz and slightly smaller chip size of 0.527mm^2. Both filters demonstrate good return loss and
A novel approach for Multi-Tier security for XML based documentsIOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel multi-tier security approach for XML-based documents. It discusses applying both digital signatures and encryption at the XML node level to provide integrity, non-repudiation, and role-based access control. Overlapping and sequential digital signatures can authorize a document signed by multiple parties. Encryption of specific XML nodes means different users only see allowed document sections. This approach aims to improve security for electronic documents beyond current proprietary formats.
This document discusses the role of project management consultancy (PMC) in infrastructure projects. It outlines the various roles of a PMC at different stages of a road construction project, including pre-tendering, tendering, and post-tendering stages. In the pre-tendering stage, the PMC is involved in activities like conceptual planning, cost estimation, feasibility studies, surveys, and design. In the tendering stage, the PMC assists with drafting tender documents, managing the bidding process, and contract award. In the post-tendering stage, the PMC's roles include supervision, quality control, progress monitoring, documentation, and handling issues during project execution and operation. Overall, the PMC aims to
This document describes the development of an algorithm for a 16-bit Wallace tree multiplier (WTM). It begins with background on binary multipliers and discusses methods like ripple carry array and Wallace trees. The Wallace tree approach is analyzed in more detail, outlining its three main steps: partial product generation, reduction stages using adders, and final addition. The document then proposes improvements to the partial product generation step to reduce complexity from O(n2) to O(n). It also presents a scheme for clearly representing signals in the different reduction stages. Finally, the design is synthesized for an FPGA and simulation results are shown comparing the WTM to other multipliers in terms of delay, area, power-delay product,
This document summarizes research on elevated temperature wire drawing using Azadirachta indica and Jatropha curcas seed oils as lubricants. Experiments were conducted drawing mild steel and medium carbon steel wire at temperatures ranging from ambient to 850°C. The maximum reduction in cross-sectional area achieved was 40-48%. Both lubricants proved effective across all temperatures. Tungsten carbide dies performed best. Drawing forces decreased with increasing temperature due to lower flow stresses. However, friction also increased, balancing the effects. The lubricants effectively addressed tribology issues at higher temperatures. In conclusion, wire can be successfully drawn at elevated temperatures using these natural oil lubricants.
The document discusses the utilization of foundry waste sand in the preparation of concrete. It presents the results of experiments conducted to study the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of M20 and M25 grade concrete containing 0%, 10%, and 100% replacement of foundry waste sand in place of fine aggregate. The tests were conducted at curing periods of 7, 28, and 56 days. The results showed that 100% replacement of foundry waste sand can be used for M20 and M25 grade concrete based on the compressive strengths achieved at different curing periods being comparable to control mixes. Flexural and split tensile strengths were also found to be comparable between control mixes and mixes with foundry
This study reviewed 50 inflammatory soft tissue lesions surgically removed and diagnosed histologically over a 30-year period from 1978-2007 at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Onchocerciasis accounted for 60% of the lesions, followed by histoplasmosis at 20%. Other identified conditions included mycetoma, molluscum contagiosum, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, rhinoscleroma, and blastomycosis. The lesions presented most commonly in children and young adults aged 5-15 years. Onchocercal nodules were widely distributed but predominantly in the chest wall. Histoplasmosis lesions were found in the clavicle, shoulder, ankle,
This document proposes an autonomous self-assessment application that can intelligently determine the running time of processes based on the processor state and process priority. It uses several scheduling algorithms like shortest job first, first come first serve, priority, round robin, and multilevel queue scheduling. The application divides work into predicting process running times and scheduling a series of processes to optimize results. It calculates process weights, stores running time data, and uses that historical data to predict future running times. It then schedules processes using a priority-based approach and adjusts priorities if smaller processes are waiting too long. The results show the application can determine expected running times for given processes using this approach.
This document describes a proposed cloudburst prediction system using an Arduino board connected to a rain gauge to calculate rainfall intensity in real-time. A float switch and submersible pump in the rain gauge monitor water levels. The Arduino records rainfall data and triggers alarms at different intensity thresholds, with the highest threshold signaling evacuation. Nearby residents would receive alert messages via a module that broadcasts to cell phones. The system aims to provide low-cost, real-time cloudburst prediction compared to existing weather forecasting and satellite-based methods.
1) The document analyzes the performance of a domestic refrigerator using nanofluids made of PAG oil and different mass fractions of Al2O3 nanoparticles, with R134a as the refrigerant.
2) Experiments show that using nanofluids reduces energy consumption by up to 26.6% and increases the freezing capacity of the refrigerator, compared to using PAG oil alone.
3) The coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigerator is improved by up to 39.46% when using a 1.42% mass fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the PAG oil. Higher nanoparticle concentrations lead to better thermal conductivity and heat transfer, enhancing refrigerator performance.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and evaluates two multi-agent learning algorithms, strategy sharing and joint rewards, to improve decision making. It first provides background on multi-agent learning and reinforcement learning. It then describes a multi-agent model and the two proposed algorithms - strategy sharing averages Q-tables across agents, while joint rewards combines Q-learning with shared rewards. The paper presents results showing the performance of the two algorithms and concludes that multi-agent learning can enhance decision making.
This document presents an optimized framework for online admission systems with reference to professional programs in Maharashtra, India. It summarizes the key steps:
1) The framework is derived from studying the admission processes of 46 organizations offering various professional programs like engineering, management, health sciences, etc.
2) Common steps in the admission processes are identified through data mining and grouped into 5 main admission processes.
3) Generic process diagrams are presented for each major professional program by combining the steps from the different organizations.
4) The framework is proposed to standardize, evaluate and optimize the online admission processes for professional programs in Maharashtra.
This document describes an improved Max-Min scheduling algorithm that considers additional constraints beyond just completion time. The improved algorithm calculates a proportional fairness score for each job/task based on its size, completion time, payload storage rate, and RAM requirements. It then sorts the jobs based on these scores to prioritize jobs with the highest scores, addressing limitations of the traditional Max-Min algorithm that only considers completion time. The algorithm is evaluated using a simulator with scientific workflows and workloads. Results show the improved algorithm efficiently schedules jobs while accounting for multiple constraints.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP) method for dual sentiment analysis to model groups of text data based on mixture components. Specifically, it introduces a nested method to group original and reversed reviews. The results show this HDP method achieves better text classification for sentiment analysis compared to conventional methods like Dual Sentiment Analysis that uses logistic regression. It also extends the HDP framework to classify sentiments into positive, negative and neutral categories.
Efficient design of feedforward network for pattern classificationIOSR Journals
This document compares the performance of radial basis function (RBF) networks and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) networks for pattern classification tasks. It analyzes the training time of RBF and MLP networks on two datasets: a below poverty line (BPL) dataset with 293 samples and 13 features, and a breast cancer dataset with 699 samples and 9 features. For both datasets, RBF networks trained significantly faster than MLP networks using the same number of hidden neurons, without affecting classification performance. The document concludes that RBF networks perform training faster than MLP networks for these pattern classification problems.
This document describes an "EasyQ" system that aims to remotely handle queues at filling stations. The system consists of three main components: 1) an EasyQ mobile application that allows users to submit their location and vehicle information and receive queue allocation details, 2) an EasyQ central system that allocates users to the closest filling station queue using a special algorithm, and 3) an EasyQ system at each filling station that authenticates users and manages queue status using RFID technology. The system is described as helping to reduce traffic, stress, and fuel usage by segmenting long queues into smaller temporal queues. Details are provided on the functions and interactions of the mobile app, central system, and station systems. The document concludes by discussing
This document describes using the Taguchi method to optimize process parameters for an extrusion blown film machinery that produces high-density polyethylene (HDPE) films. Four process parameters were considered: extrusion pressure, melting temperature, winding speed, and extruder speed. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array. The tensile strength results showed that melting temperature has the most significant effect on tensile strength, followed by extruder speed, extrusion pressure, and winding speed. The optimal parameter settings found were an extrusion pressure of 180 MPa, melting temperature of 200°C, winding speed of 40 rpm, and extruder speed of 75 rpm.
This document describes a system for extracting named entities and their relationships from unstructured text data using n-gram features. It uses a hidden Markov model to extract and classify entities into types like person, location, organization. It then uses a conditional random field with kernel approach to detect relationships between the extracted entities. The system takes unstructured text as input, performs preprocessing like tokenization and stop word removal, extracts n-gram, part-of-speech and lexicon features which are then combined and used to train the HMM model to classify entities and CRF model to detect relationships between entities.
Ergonomics is defined as the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system. The document discusses the definition, objectives, and advantages of ergonomics. Ergonomics aims to improve workspaces and environments to minimize risk of injury or harm. The objectives of ergonomics include optimizing human and machine integration to increase productivity safely and efficiently. Advantages include improved health, mental insight, productivity, decreased pain, higher quality work, eliminated hazards, increased employee engagement, encouragement of safety, and happier employees and management.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of human interactions with elements of a work system to optimize human well-being and system performance. Poor ergonomics in offices can cause repetitive strain injuries from tasks like computer use. Common risk factors are repetition, sustained postures, awkward postures, and contact stress. Improving ergonomics reduces injuries and improves productivity. Recommendations include adjustable seating and workstations, taking breaks, avoiding strain, and controlling lighting, temperature, humidity, and noise.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. The document discusses ergonomics in the context of work and defines it as the laws to be observed at work to ensure human factors are considered. It provides examples of how ergonomics principles apply to issues like workplace and equipment design, lighting, noise levels, and more. The overall goal of ergonomics is to optimize efficiency, health, safety, comfort and performance for humans.
Ergonomics is the application of psychological and physiological principles to product, process, and system design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. The goals of ergonomics are to reduce human error, increase productivity and enhance safety and comfort. It involves understanding the interaction between humans and other elements of a system. Ergonomics principles are relevant to the design of equipment, tools, furniture and the optimization of the work environment.
The document discusses new trends in industrial engineering, focusing on ergonomics. It covers various aspects of ergonomics including human-machine relationships, office ergonomics, the Alexander technique, psychosocial factors, ergonomic injuries, and standards. Key areas of ergonomics discussed include cognitive ergonomics, participatory ergonomics, and innovations in computer-aided ergonomic modeling and sports equipment design to improve human factors. Overall, the document outlines new approaches in managing workplace ergonomics programs with a focus on proactive, integrated processes that engage employees in assessing and improving work conditions.
Ergonomics is a field dealing with adjusting work environments to fit workers. Key areas discussed include human-machine relationships, office ergonomics using adjustable equipment, and the Alexander technique for improving posture. Risk factors like repetitive motions and psychosocial stressors can cause injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome. Effective ergonomics programs use a proactive approach, integrate the process into continuous improvement, and engage employees in assessing and adjusting their own workstations. New standards provide guidance on ergonomic principles, while innovations aim to apply ergonomics upstream in design and use computer modeling to evaluate different scenarios.
Ergonomics is the study of optimizing the interface between human beings and designed objects and environments. It aims to improve work performance by removing sources of stress and fatigue through factors like easy-to-view data presentation, comfortable furniture, and a pleasant work environment. Ergonomics applies scientific principles to optimize human well-being and system performance in areas like physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. Implementing ergonomics principles in design leads to benefits like increased safety, reduced human error, improved usability, and lower costs.
1) Ergonomics is the scientific study of interactions between humans and other elements of systems. It aims to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
2) Ergonomists contribute to design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments, and systems to make them compatible with human abilities and limitations.
3) The document discusses various domains of ergonomics including physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics and provides examples of ergonomic applications in workstation, furniture, and product design as well as risk analysis.
This document presents information about ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as the scientific discipline concerned with understanding interactions between humans and other system elements to optimize human well-being and performance. There are three main types of ergonomics: physical, cognitive, and organizational. The document discusses applications of ergonomics in engineering psychology, macroergonomics, seating design, and experiments. Benefits of ergonomics include decreased injury risk and increased productivity, efficiency, and morale.
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with optimizing human well-being and system performance through understanding interactions between humans and other elements. It draws on disciplines like anthropometry, biomechanics, and psychology. There are three domains: physical ergonomics focuses on human physical characteristics as they relate to activity; cognitive ergonomics involves mental processes and human-system interactions; and organizational ergonomics optimizes socio-technical systems through structures, policies and processes. Implementing ergonomics through risk assessment, improvement planning, measurement and scaling solutions can lower costs, boost productivity and quality, and improve safety and engagement.
An ergonomics program aims to design the work environment to fit the physical needs of workers in order to prevent injuries and increase productivity. Implementing ergonomic assessments and plans can identify and mitigate risks to worker health. Proper ergonomic design of office workstations considers factors like adjustable furniture, adequate lighting and noise levels, and layout of workspaces. A successful ergonomics program provides benefits like reduced injuries, absences, and insurance costs while improving productivity and cost-effectiveness for businesses.
The document outlines the process and considerations for vehicle occupant packaging and ergonomic evaluations. It begins with establishing assumptions about the vehicle type and intended users. Exterior dimensions, seating position, controls layout, and visibility are then evaluated in detail. Tests are conducted to evaluate entry/exit, comfort, reach, visibility and more. The goal is to apply ergonomic principles to optimize the design for human use and performance.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and work environments to fit human abilities and limitations. It aims to optimize health, safety, and productivity. When applied to sewing environments, ergonomics considers factors like chair design, table heights, lighting, and material handling to prevent injuries from repetitive motions or awkward postures over time. Proper ergonomic setup is important for sewing areas to reduce fatigue, pain, and risks of long-term musculoskeletal issues through adjustable, ergonomic equipment choices and consideration of human factors in task and workplace designs.
Work study involves method study and work measurement to systematically examine work methods and set performance standards. [1] Method study analyzes work processes to find more efficient methods, considering factors like tools, motions, and layout. [2] Work measurement sets time standards by studying human work efforts. [3] Ergonomics applies knowledge of human capabilities to promote worker comfort, productivity and efficiency through workplace and equipment design.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of interactions between humans and elements of a system to optimize human well-being and system performance. It aims to design workplaces, machinery, controls and environments to minimize physical and mental strain on workers. Implementing ergonomic solutions can increase employee comfort, productivity and safety while reducing risks of injury. Ergonomics takes a holistic approach considering the person, task, equipment and environment to improve the overall work system. Its benefits include improved health, productivity, quality of work and safety.
Ergonomics & its importance in furniture design pt 1SurashmieKalmegh
Etrgonomics is important for human comfort , also known as human factors how important it is in furniture design is the first part of this lecture. Intended for anyone interested in the subject.
Ergonomics & its importance in furniture design pt 1Surashmie Kaalmegh
ergonomics , also known as human factors is very important in many design fields where system-human interface is unavoidable. it is also important for furniture design system as no one size fits all.
Productivity improvement at assembly station using work study techniqueseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on improving productivity at an assembly station through work study techniques. The study involved observing the existing assembly process, identifying non-value added activities like transportation and delays, and proposing a new layout and process flow. Data was collected through manual time studies and video work studies. Analysis using Work Pro software showed the proposed method reduced cycle time from 45.49 to 30.94 minutes, improving productivity from 20 to 30 units per day. Ergonomic evaluation tools RULA and REBA also showed reduced risk of injury with the proposed method. The changes resulted in increased productivity while improving workplace ergonomics and safety.
Ergonomics is concerned with ensuring a fit between jobs and people by scientifically studying how people interact with physical and environmental aspects of their workplace. It considers anthropometric data to design tasks based on human physical abilities and uses data on factors like temperature, lighting, noise levels to understand their impact on performance, fatigue, and injury. The goal is to optimize the interface between workers, equipment, and environments.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
G012633760
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver.III (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 37-60
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering
Issues Ergonomically.
Pavan Chandra P V, G Ananth Ram, B Vinod Kumar, PVS Gowtham.
Abstract: Ergonomics is concerned with making the workplace as efficient, safe and comfortable as possible.
Effective application of Ergonomics in work system design can achieve a balance between worker
characteristics and task demands. This can enhance operator productivity, provide worker safety and physical
and mental well being and job satisfaction. This thesis describes the results of an experiment study and analysis
conducted to investigate the effects of assembly and disassembly of a product on operator performance.
Although, many thesis exist conducting the experiment for ideal conditions assuming a smart
workstation and power screw drivers etc…the result and conclusions also remain ideal. In the real life
situations, considering an industry or an office or a college class room, people need to deal with all elements
which are not ergonomically designed. The effects of such non ergonomic components on the production rate of
a simple component by two equally knowledgeable students with same training and theoretical knowledge are
analyzed using Minitab 17 Statistical
Software in this particular case. Students most often work with chairs and tables of different heights in
labs, classrooms, drawing hall etc… the main objective of this thesis is to analyze the performance of students
working on different chairs and tables. The non-ergonomic components are considered as a combination of five
tables and five chairs of different heights with successive and cumulative variation in a range of 7cm to 2cm
periodically. Two college students each with a different height (S1: 172 cm and S2: 180 cm) are assigned to
conduct the experiment on five different tables with a rotation of five chairs on each table. The task is given to
assemble and dis-assemble a small car (toy) unit containing 6 parts and time taken for the operation to
complete is observed. The observed values which are in sec/unit are converted to units/hour (production rate).
In this way the rate of production is analyzed graphically and compared. A conclusion is drawn estimating the
comfort, efficiency, and consistence of the students with different heights for this particular combination of
tables. The results show that a student with greater height is more comfortable and efficient for this particular
combination of tables and chairs.
I. Introduction To Ergonomics
1.1 Introduction
The word ergonomics has its origin in two Greek words ERGON meaning work and NOMOS
meaning laws. So it is the study of the man in relation to his work. The word ergonomics is used commonly in
Europe. In USA and other countries it is called by the name “human engineering or it is also called human
factors engineering”. ILO defines human engineering as- “The application of human biological sciences among
with engineering sciences to achieve optimum mutual adjustment of men and his work the benefits being
measured in terms of human efficiency and well being.” The human factors or human engineering are concerned
with man machine system. Thus another definition which highlights the man- machine system is: “ The design
of human tasks, man machine system, and effective accomplishment of the job, including displays for
presenting information to human sensors, controls for human operations and complex man –machine systems.”
1.1.1 Objectives of Human Engineering
Human engineering (ergonomics) has two broader objectives:
To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness with which the activities (work) is carried out so as to
increase the convenience of use, reduced errors and increase in productivity.
To enhance certain desirable human values including safety, reduced stress and fatigue and improved
quality life.
Thus in general the scope and objective of ergonomics is “designing for human use and optimising
working and living conditions”.Thus human factors discovers and applies information about human behaviour,
abilities and limitations and other characteristic to design of tools ,machines , systems, tasks, jobs and
environment for productive, safe, comfortable and effective human use.
2. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
1.1.2 Ergonomics In Multidisciplinary
The various disciplines that are going to have influence on human factors are:
Engineering: Design of work system suitable to worker.
Physiology: Study of man and his working environment.
Anatomy: Study of body dimensions and relations for work design.
Psychology: Study of adaptive behaviour and skills of people
Industrial hygiene: Occupational hazards and workers health.
Figure 1.1: Aims in ergonomics
1.1.3 Study of Human Engineering Areas
Anthropometry and bio mechanics
Control of physical work environment
Design of man machine system
Design of controls and display
Accidents fatigue and safety
Work place design
1.1.4the Functions Performed By Man and Machines
It is very essential to know as o which functions are performed by man and which functions does a
machine better perform.
Man is unique or better.
At discriminating relevant from irrelevant signals.
At innovation and creative in problem solving.
In reasoning.
Ability to select his own outputs
In improving, adopting flexible procedures, exercising judgement based on minimal information.
Sensitive to wide variety of stimuli.
In selective recall of old information
Machines are unique and better.
Routine processing and storage of large amounts of facts and details.
For repetitive and monotonous operation.
For monitoring men and machines.
In operating under conditions that are stressful.
Rapid response to signals.
For rapid and complex situations.
For concurrent operations.
In sensing stimuli beyond the range of human sensitivity.
3. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Ergonomics is concerned with making the workplace as efficient, safe and comfortable as possible.
Effective application of ergonomics in work system design can achieve a balance between worker
characteristics and task demands. This can enhance operator productivity, provide worker safety and physical
and mental well-being and job satisfaction. Many research studies have shown positive effects of applying
ergonomic principles in workplace design, machine and tool design, environment and facilities
design.Research studies in ergonomics have also producedData and guidelines for industrial applications. The
features of ergonomic design of machines, workstations, and facilities are well known. However, there is still a
low level of acceptance and limited application in industries, especially in developing countries. The main
concern of work system design is usually the improvement of machines and tools. Inadequate or no
consideration is given to the work system design as a whole. Therefore, poorly designed work systems are a
common place in industry .Neglect of ergonomic principles brings inefficiency and pain to the workforce. An
ergonomically deficient workplace can cause physical and emotional stress, low productivity and poor quality of
work. Workstation should be laid out such that it minimizes the working area so that while carrying out the
operations the worker could use shorter motions and expend less energy and thus reduce fatigue. Das and Grady
reviewed the concept of workspace design and the application of anthropometric data. Itindicated that an
adjustable chair and a workbench of standard size were highly desirable at the workplace. However, the
standard height of the workbench could not be defined without the anthropometric data of the user population.
Many of the user population do not have anthropometric data. It is therefore, desirable also to have the
worktable adjustable. A study by Yeow concentrated on improving productivity as well as health and safety of
workers ina printed circuit assembly (PCA) factory. The improvement involved the use of an
ergonomicallydesignedworkstation with other ergonomic intervention such as clear segregation of tested and
untested boards to prevent mix-up and retraining of operators by more qualified trainers. This had resulted in an
improvement in quality and productivity of the workers, reduction in
Rejectionrate as well as an increase in the revenue. The use of an ergonomically designed workstation and better
structured processes along with other features, such as improved lighting, shelves and containers for parts and
display boards, had helped and solved the problems of assembly processes at a German company. The objective
of this research was to study the productivity of operator by assembly a product on the smart workstation for a
repetitive industrial assembly task taken into consideration table, chair adjustable and type of
gender.Ergonomics is a science focused on the study of human fit, and decreased fatigue and discomfort
through product design. Ergonomics applied to office furniture design requires that we take into consideration
how the products we design fit the people that are using them. At work, at school, or at home, when products fit
the user, the result can be more comfort, higher productivity, and less stress.
Ergonomics can be an integral part of design, manufacturing, and use. Knowing how the study of
anthropometry, posture, repetitive motion, and workspace design affects the user is critical to a better
understanding of ergonomics as they relate to end-user needs. This reference will explain some of the human
factors that can be observed and should be applied to ergonomic product design.
Figure 1.2: Introduction to ergonomics
4. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
“Ergonomics is a way of designing work stations, work practices, and work flow to accommodate the
capabilities of workers. Ergonomic design reduces risk factors known to contribute to occupational ergonomic
injuries, such as sprains and strains and cumulative trauma disorders (CTDS).”
1.2Risk Factor
1.2.1 Ergonomic Studies the Interaction among Three Risk Factor Areas
Ergonomics studies the various risk factors brought to a job. Listed below are the three areas within
which Ergonomic Risk Factors exist.
Risk Factors inherent in the worker.
Risk factors inherent in task.
Risk factors inherent in the environment.
Workers come in all shapes and sizes, each with unique attributes that present certain Ergonomic risk
factors to a job. The task of the job itself can present risk factors that increase the likelihood of an injury.
Finally, the work place environment, within which the worker and the job exist, may also contain exposures to
risk factors.
Figure 1.3: Disorders due to non-ergonomic workstation
1.2.2 Who Is At Risk?
Risk for developing MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDs) increases for the workers who must:
Repeat the same motion throughout their work day
Do their work in an awkward position
Use a great of force to perform their jobs
Repeatedly lift heavy objects
Face a combination of these risk factors
The level of risk depends on how long a worker is exposed to these conditions, how often they are exposed, and
the level of exposure.
1.3 Musculoskeletal Disorders (Msd’s)
MSD’s include a group of conditions that involve the nerves, tendons, muscles and supporting
structures such as inter vertebral disks. They represent a wide range of disorders, which can differ in severity
from mild periodic symptoms to severe chronic and debilitating conditions. Below is a list of examples.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tenosynovitis
Tension neck syndrome
Low back pain
5. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
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MSDs are often confused with Ergonomics. Ergonomics is the science of fitting workplace conditions
and job demands to capabilities of works. In other words, MSDs are the problem and Ergonomics is the
solution.
Contributing factors are aspects of work tasks that can lead to fatigue, MSD symptoms and injuries, or
other types of problems. These factors may be present in one or more of the tasks employees must perform to
accomplish their jobs. The contributing factors the employees should be aware of include:
Awkward postures
Repetitive motions
Forceful exertions
Pressure points
Vibrations
There are also environmental factors associated with the work space that can cause problems
Extreme high temperatures can increase the rate at which the body will fatigue. Exposure of the hands and feet
to the cold temperatures can decrease the blood flow, muscle strength, and the manual dexterity. These
conditions can also cause excessive grip force to be applied to tool handles or objects. Another problem may be
caused by tools or equipment that exhausts cold or hot air directly onto the operator.
Figure 1.3: MSD's analysis
1.3.1 Proactive Approach
A proactive approach to Ergonomics will ensure that:
• Designers will receive training in ergonomics and have appropriate information and guidelines regarding risk
reduction
• Decision-makers planning new work processes should have knowledge of Ergonomics principles that
contribute to the reduction or elimination of risk.
• Design strategies emphasise fitting job demands to the capabilities and limitations of workers. For example,
for tasks requiring heavy materials handling, use of mechanical assist devices to reduce the need for manual
handling would be designed into the process
• Other aspects of design should be considered including load design, layout of the workplace to allow for ease
of access when using mechanical aids and eliminating unnecessary lifting activities
1.3.2 Ergonomic Principles That Contribute To Good Work Place Design
The goal for the design of workplaces is to design for as many people as possible and to have an
understanding of the Ergonomic principles of posture and movement which play a central role in the provision
of a safe, healthy and comfortable work environment. Posture and movement at work will be dictated by the
task and the workplace, the body’s muscles, ligaments and joints are involved in adopting posture, carrying out
a movement and applying a force. The muscles provide the force necessary to adopt a posture or make a
movement. Poor posture and movement can contribute to local mechanical stress on the muscles, ligaments and
joints, resulting in complaints of the neck, back, shoulder, wrist and other parts of the musculoskeletal system.
6. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
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Figure 1.4: Ergonomic Work Station
1.3.3 Risk Factors Inherent Inthe Worker
The worker brings certain ergonomic risk factors to the job.
It’s important to understand that each workers ability to respond to external factors, such as high force demands,
is different and unique. The level, duration, andfrequency of the loadsimposed on tissues, as well as adequacy of
recovery time, are critical components in whether increased tolerance or reduced physical capacity occurs.
Reduced physical capacity can lead to cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) as well as other musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs).
1.4 Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system is made up of the soft tissues and bones in the body. Below are the basic
parts of the musculoskeletal system.
Bones:the load bearing structure of the body.
Muscles:tissues that contract to create movement.
Tendons:tissues that connects muscles to bones.
Ligaments:tissues that connect bones to bones.
Cartilage:tissues that provide cushioning and reduce friction between bones.
Nerves:the communication system that links tendons, and other tissue with the brain.
Blood vessels:tubes that circulate nutrients throughout the body.
The following personal risk factors may be generalized across populations. Its important to understand
that when designing a workstation or procedure it should be designed for the specific individual working at the
workstation. Below are the criteria that should be considered.
1.4.1AGE
The prevalence of CTDs increase as people enter their working years (ages 25 to 65). By the age the
35, most people have had their first episode of back pain. Once in their working years, the prevalence is
relatively consistent. Musculoskeletal impairments are among the most prevalent and symptomatic health
problems of middle and oldage.
Nonetheless, age groups with the highest rates of compensable back pain and strains are the 20-24 age
group for men and 30-34 age group for women. In addition to decrease in musculoskeletal function due to the
development of age related degenerative disorders, loss of tissue strength with age may increase the probability
or severity of soft tissue damage from the given injury.
Another problem is that advancing age and increased number of years on the job are usually high
correlated. Older workers have been found to have less strength than younger workers, although hand strength
does not appear to decline with aging. In one study, average hand pinch and grip scores remained relatively
stable in their population with a range of 29 to 59 years. Other studies have reported a lack of increase risk
associated with aging.
7. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
1.4.2GENDER
Whether the gender differences seen with some MSDs in some studies are due to physiological
differences or differences in exposure is unclear. One 1991 study found no gender difference in workers
compensation claims for CTS. Another study found no gender difference in reporting of neck or upper extremity
MSD symptoms among newspaper employees using video display terminals.
In contrast, other studies have reported that neck and shoulder muscular pain is more common among females
than males, both in the general population and among industrial workers.
Any important study noted that significant gender differences I work poster are related stature and
concluded that the lack workplace accommodation to the range worker’s. Height and reach may, in part, account
for the apparent gender differences. Also, the fact that more women are in hand intensive jobs and industries
may account for the greater number of imported work related MSDs among women. Another study reported that
men were more likely to develop deep dequervain’s disease.
1.5 Anthropometry
1.5.1 Introduction
Anthropometry is the science that measures the range of body sizes in a population. When designing
products it is important to remember that people come in many sizes and shapes. Anthropometric data varies
considerably between regional populations. For example, Scandinavian populations tend to be taller, while
Asian and Italian populations tend to be shorter.
Anthropometry is the study of the measurement of the human body in terms of the dimensions of bone,
muscle, and adipose (fat) tissue. Measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue are important because individuals
with large values are reported to be at increased risks for hypertension, adult-onset diabetes mellitus,
cardiovascular disease, gallstones, arthritis, and other disease, and forms of cancer. Combined with the dietary
and related questionnaire data, and the biochemical determinations, anthropometry is essential and critical
information needed to assist in describing the data collected from persons in the NHANES III sample.
Some studies have reported that people back pain are usually taller than those without it. A Finnish population
study found that height was a significant predictor of herniated lumbar disc in both sexes, but moderately
increased BMI was predictive only in men.
1.5.2 Purpose of Anthropometry
Actual stature, weight, and body measurements including skinfolds, girths, and breadths will be
collected in the MEC for purposes of assessing growth, body fat distribution, and for provision of reference
data. Measurements of stature and weight will allow for a revision of the child growth charts which are based in
part on data collected in NHES cycles II and III and data from the Fels Longitudinal Study. Anthropometric
measurements such as skinfolds and circumferences and bioelectrical impedance (a method used to estimate the
amount of lean tissue) will allow cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between obesity and risk of disease.
Therefore, many of the measurements included in NHANES III will repeat ones made in previous NHANES
and HHANES so that trend analyses can be conducted. Some measures have been added to provide further
information on body frame size and fat distribution, while others have been dropped because new data have
determined that other measures are more informative.
1.5.3 Principles in Application of Anthropometric Data
Design for extreme individuals: designing for maximum population value is the recommended strategy
if a given maximum value of some design feature should accommodate of doors.
Designing for adjustable range: in the design features for equipment or facilities the provision for
adjustment should be there for the individual who use them.
Designing for average: there is average individual and a person may be average on one or two
dimensions. Designers often design for average as a compromise as they do not have to deal with
anthropometric data.
1.5.4 Anthropometric Database
Anthropometric datasets compare people of different ages and occupations. Data in anthropometric
databases may represent static dimensions, such as “lower leg length” or functional dimensions such as “reach.”.
8. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Figure1.5: Anthropometric measurement
Table 1.2 Anthropometric Database
1.5.5 Posture
Correct seated posture is a continual debate with ergonomic professionals. Some say that users need to
have a 90-90-90 degree placement for the elbow, hip, and knee joints, respectively. Others feel that a variation
in this placement is better, as long as it does not lead to slouching or hunching over. A good seated posture is
one that is comfortable and does not put a lot of stress or strain on the user’s buttocks, back, or arm muscles, and
allows the user’s feet to be on the floor.
9. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
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Table 1.2 Anthropometric Database
1.5.6 Moving
Users will move around in their environment to file papers, answer a phone, or stretch. An occasional
break from sitting is encouraged because it helps to stimulate muscles, and increases blood flow, which
decreases fatigue. The space in a cubicle or desk area should allow the chair to move around easily. Also, a
wheelchair may need to turn around or move in the office space, requiring a 60" diameter turning radius and at
least 36" of passage width (refer to Figure 6). Please see Design for Universal Consideration section for more
specific information on wheelchairs and other Universal Design topics. Chairs and other devices in the
workspace can allow the user to easily get up and move around without having to move armrests, adjust other
chair settings, or put undue stress on the body.
1.6 Common Workplace Motions
Ultimately, the workplace should be comfortable for users and adapt to their needs as much as possible.
Workplace products designed with this in mind can lead to higher worker productivity and lower risk of injury
and illnesses. The human body has a natural range of motion (ROM). Movement within the proper ROM
promotes blood circulation and flexibility which could lead to more comfort and higher productivity. Despite
the need to promote motion, users should try to avoid repetitive movements and certain extremes in their ROM
over long periods of time. By considering both ROM and repetitive motion, products can be designed to operate
within the optimal ranges to help reduce the occurrence of fatigue and muscle disorders.
1.6.1 Good and Bad Zones
There are 4 different zones that a user might encounter while sitting or standing: • Zone 0 (Green Zone)
Preferred zone for most movements. Puts minimal stress on muscles and joints. • Zone 1 (Yellow Zone)
Preferred zone for most movements. Puts minimal stress on muscles and joints. • Zone 2 (Red Zone) More
extreme position for limbs, puts greater strain on muscles and joints. • Zone 3 (Beyond Red Zone) Most extreme
positions for limbs, should be avoided if possible, especially with heavy lifting or repetitive tasks. These zones
are ranges where body limbs can move freely. Zones 0 and 1 include smaller joint movements, while Zones 2
and 3 represent more extreme positions.
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Zone 0 and Zone 1 are preferred for most movements to occur. Zones 2 and 3 should be avoided when
possible, especially for repetitive and heavy tasks. Motion in these ranges puts more strain on muscles and
tendons and could lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders.
1.7 Organisationofthesis
Discussion about Ergonomics, its Definition, Importance and Application. Explanation of the types of
Risk Factors involved leading to Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), Principles of good Work Place
Design and Introduction to the Anthropometric data and its application.
The Literature Review of the topic Ergonomics and previous research work regarding the study of
Ergonomics and analysis of any work place using graphical analysis software such as Minitab17
Statistical software.
The history, general procedure and applications of Minitab17 Statistical software is discussed in the 3rd
chapter. It also gives a brief idea about the software working procedure and generation of graphical
analysis of any Ergonomic work place.
In the 4th
chapter, the problem description and the method of solving the problem related to Ergonomic
work place or the way of approachto analyse the problem using Minitab Statistical software is
explained. The various plots like the mean and interaction plots are also obtained using the software.
The results and conclusions of the experimental study on assembly and dis-assembly work station
considering the ergonomically issues are produced.
II. Minitab Statistical Software
2.1 Overview
Most statistical analyses require a series of steps, often directed by background knowledge or by the
Subject area that weinvestigate. So the basic need for Minitab software is as follows:-
• Explore data with graphs.
• Conduct statistical analyses.
• Assess quality.
• Design an experiment.
• Generate a report.
Minitab software provides a comprehensive collection of statistics andgraphs andincludes a user-
friendly designthat allows to master quickly statistical concepts.Before the widespread availability of powerful
computers and pre-packaged statistical software,tedious manual computations were routine in statistics courses.
Today, computers have revolutionized data analysis, which is a fundamental task of statistics. Packages such as
Minitab allow the computer to automate calculations and graphs. Minitab can perform a wide variety of tasks,
from the construction of graphical and numerical summaries for a set of data to the more complicated statistical
procedures.
Figure 1.7 :Ergonomic cycle
11. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
2.2 The Minitab User Interface
From the Windows taskbar, choose
Start >All Programs >Minitab >Minitab Statistical Software.
By default, Minitab opens with two windows visible and one window minimized.The Session window
displays the results of your analyses in text format. Also, in this window, you can enter sessioncommands
instead of using Minitab’s menus.
2.2.1worksheet
Figure 3.1:Worksheet in Minitab
The Minitab worksheet is arranged by rows and columns. The columns, C1, C2, C3, and so on,
correspond to the variables in your data, the rows to observations. The columns can be viewed in the Data
window. In addition, the worksheet may also include stored constants, K1, K2, K3, and so on. Most of the
Minitab commands address the columns. In general, a column contains data for one variable, and each row
contains all the data for a subject or observation. Columns can be referred to by number (C1, C2, C3, and so on.)
or by name such as “height” or “weight.”
In the Minitab worksheet, constants are referenced by the letter K and a number (K1, K2,K3, and so
on). Unlike columns, constants are single values and do not show up in the datawindow. Storing a constant tells
Minitab to remember this value; it will be needed later. Constantsare analogous to the memory functions on
most calculators. For instance, Minitab allowsyou to quickly find the average of a column of numbe
III. Ergonomic Analysis Using Minitab
3.1 Methodology
The experimental study was conducted in the Ergonomics Lab of the Department following a
soundmethodology. Details of the study elements are described in the following sections.
3.1.1 The Task
The selected task was an assembly task of a toy car which consists of 6 parts. Usually, simulated tasks
are chosen for research purposes that do not represent real life industrial tasks.The selected task was a highly
repetitive task and it was performed on workstations that were not designed ergonomically.Also, the task
method was not designed following ergonomic principles. The assembly task involves in picking up different
parts of car such as wheels, chassisscrews and tightening with a screw driver. The steps of the assembly task
were modified in the new design considering motion study and ergonomic principles.
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3.1.2 Participants
Two college students were participated in the experimental study on a voluntary basis. The average age
of the participants was 21.5 yrs with a standard deviation of 1.11 yrs. Mean stature was 1850 mm with a
standard deviation of 101 mm. This indicated a significant size difference among the participants. The
participants had no prior experience on the assembly task. They were given instructions on the assembly
workstations and task and trained for 15 minutes on the task, as required based on their experimental conditions.
Fifteen minutes training was considered adequate as the assembly task was not a complex task according to the
learning rate. Environmental condition (light, temperature, humidity and noise) was comfortable and kept
constant. The participants wore light and comfortable clothes.
3.1.3 An Ideal Experimental Study
Experiments were conducted using an ergonomically designed smart assembly workstation. Details of
the ergonomically designed smart assembly workstation were reported.
3.1.4 The Smart Assembly Workstation
The smart assembly workstation was designed and developed considering ergonomics in all aspects of
design and layout with full adjustability. The size of the tabletop (work surface) was calculated based on the
mean reach of the user population with anallowance. A special table frame was designed for the vertical and
angular movements of the tabletop using small motors. The frame mechanism was designed for precise
movements of the tabletop. Push-button switches were provided for the control of these movements. Operators
could adjust the tabletop to their most preferred work heights. The table could be used for sit, stand, and sit-
stand assembly workstations. Attachments were provided to the frame for bins and tools holders for
adjustments. A fully adjustable ergonomic chair was provided to the operators. Major features of the ergonomic
adjustablechair were: adjustable seat height by gas suction,adjustable and titled back support, tilted seat pan
covered with porous and breath-able material, removable and adjustable arm rests, footrest and a foot ring. An
adjustable hydraulic footrest was provided for the operators. The existing hand tools were replaced with a power
screwdriver that was supported by a balancer in front of the operator. The workplace layout was made according
to the calculated normal and maximum work areas. Squire’s method was adopted in the calculation. The bins
were laid out based on this calculation and in a logical work sequence and a systematic method. Figures (1 -2)
show the isometric view and the schematic layout of the ergonomically designed smart assembly workstation,
respectively. An improved work method following the assembly of parts sequence was developed for the task
performance on this workstation. A jig was designed for ease of holding the base of the switch.
Figure 4.1: Smart work station
13. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
3.2 Experimental Setup
The experimental setup mainly consists of different chairs and tables which are not ergonomically
designed. The car which should be assembled consists of six parts and a power screw driver for tightening
screws. The experiment is conducted for both the students in different weeks. The heights of the tables are
measured by taking ground floor as reference point. Heights of the tables are as follows (83cm, 76cm, 70cm,
66cm, and 61cm) and also heights of different chairs are (60cm, 53.5cm, 46cm, 44.5cm, and 42.5cm).
Participants were given a demonstration and then trained for 15 minutes the smart workstations and
methods before starting the experimental sessions. Each experiment was conducted 5 times and the average
value is taken into the final readings. The operator performance is recorded in terms of (units/hour).
3.2.1 Description of Assembly Parts
These are the different parts used for assembly and disassembly for the car.
PART 1 ------------------------CHASIS
PART 2 ------------------------ FRAME
PART 3 ------------------------ AXLE AND WHEEL
PART 4 ------------------------ ATTACHMENT
PART 5 ------------------------ SCREW DRIVER
PART 6 ------------------------ SCREWS
3.2.2 DESCRIPTION OF RESPONSIVE FACTORS
There are five different tables and five different chairs of variable heights on which the experimental study of
assembly and disassembly workstation considering agronomical issues are conducted by two students of
successive heights.
Figure 4.2: Ergonomic views
14. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
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Figure 4.3: Assembly parts of experiment
FIG 4.4: TABLE
Figure 2: Sitting position on chair
Measurin
g height
of the
table
Figure 4.15: chair-5 (height 42.5)
15. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
These are the different tables and chairs used for the assembly and disassembly of car at work stations
related to agronomical issues by two students of different heights.
4.1 Analyzing Data
For the first student of height 172cm the following table is obtained. The experiment is conducted in
such a way that the student performs the assembly of car by considering each table as workstation and
exchanging five different chairs for the same table , and collects the data for the time taken to assemble the car.
Later on the data is converted into production rate in terms of (units /hour) from (sec/unit).
The same procedure is repeated for disassembly of the car by exchanging chairs of different height for
a fixed table and the data is collected.
After the completion of first set of data the experiment is continued by replacing other tables and by
exchanging five different chairs on each table. The data which is collected is used for producing the maximum
production rate among the collected data by analysing using a Minitab statistical software.
Different plots are obtained for each table and chair. For estimating maximum production rate, the
mean plot curve and the interaction curve plays a crucial role.
For the second student of height 180cm the same procedure is followed for the collection of data
relating to the assembly and disassembly of the car with respect to five different tables and chairs.
Given below are the experimental values of both the students after taking the mean of five different
readings on one table and one chair. For one table and one chair readings, five different iterations of values have
to be taken and their mean is considered as the final value of that particular table and chair. All the observations
for five different trials on each table for each chair is clearly mentioned in appendix. The related graphs are also
posed in the appendix.
The main observation considering the mean of all the trials on each table for corresponding chair is
given below in the tables and graphs.
SUBJECT (S1)=172cm=HEIGHT OF STUDENT 1
SUBJECT (S2)=180cm=HEIGHT OF STUDENT 2
4.2 Observations and Graphs
Table 4.1 Production rate of students of different heights for assembly and disassembly
S1 TABLE-1 TABLE-2 TABLE-3 TABLE-4 TABLE-5
A
CHAIR-1
D
30
44
43
56
54
55
51
75
40
64
A
CHAIR-2
D
45
74
47
67
47
65
48
75
40
55
A
CHAIR-3
D
44
87
43
66
43
66
43
63
40
62
A
CHAIR-4
D
46
69
43
74
41
69
45
84
36
62
A
CHAIR-5
D
47
70
36
52
43
52
42
94
42
55
S2 TABLE
1
TABLE
2
TABLE
3
TABLE
4
TABLE
5
A
CHAIR-1
D
55
85
40
114
51
99
39
99
55
106
A
CHAIR-2
D
58
139
50
100
42
91
39
92
60
107
A
CHAIR-3
D
53
111
47
99
48
99
49
91
60
121
A
CHAIR-4
D
44
95
52
90
57
91
57
124
36
118
A
CHAIR-5
D
36
86
47
88
66
99
65
80
51
95
16. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
The MAIN EFFECT PLOTS for production rate of student with height S1 are derived from the below
mean of observations which are plotted between number of tables and table mean and correspondingly number
of chairs and chair mean.
Table 4.2 Mean Production Rate of subject 1 for different tables and chairs.
s1 TABLE-1 TABLE-2 TABLE-3 TABLE-4 TABLE-5 CHAIR
MEAN
CHAIR-1 37 50 55 63 52 51
CHAIR-2 60 57 56 62 48 45
CHAIR-3 66 55 54 53 51 56
CHAIR-4 58 59 55 65 49 57
CHAIR-5 59 44 48 68 49 54
TABLE
MEAN 56 53 54 62 50
Figure 4.16: MAIN EFFECTS PLOT FOR PRODUCTION RATE OF S1 (CHAIRS)
17. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
Figure 4.17: Main Effects Plot For Production Rate Of S2 (Tables)
The plots above show the production rate for H1 among tables.
Figure 4.18: Interaction Plots For Production Rate Of S1
Table 4.3 Mean Production Rate of subject 2 for different tables and chairs
S2 TABLE
1
TABLE
2
TABLE
3
TABLE
4
TABLE
5
CHAIR
MEAN
CHAIR-1 71 77 50 67 81 75
CHAIR-2 99 75 65 66 83 78
CHAIR-3 83 63 42 70 91 78
CHAIR-4 70 69 43 87 78 77
CHAIR-5 61 68 49 64 73 72
TABLE
MEAN 76 73 75 74 80
18. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
Figure 4.19 Main effects plot for production rate of S2
Figure 4.20: Main Effects Plot On Production Rate Of S2 (Chairs)
The above plots give the rate of production of height S2 student among the combination of five
different chairs. The interaction plot gives the level of dependency of factor on each other.
Figure 4.21: Interaction Plots On Production Rate Of S2
19. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
The below graph describes the maximum production rate compared to the heights of the two students.
Figure 3.22: Main Effects Plot For Production Rate Of Different Heights
The graph shows the relationship between the production rate of the students with height S1 and height
S2. The plots mention that the student with height S2 is more comfortable and more efficient compared to the
student with height S1 with respect to this particular experiment and workstation.
Therefore, from these plots there can be some results drawn base upon the operator efficiency,
consistency and rate of maximum production within this particular workstation and table and chair combination
and cannot be declared in general.
IV. Results and Discussions
This thesis describes the results of an experimental study and analysis conducted to investigate the
effects of assembly of a product and disassembly of a product on operator performance. Although, many thesis
exist conducting the experiment for ideal conditions assuming a smart workstation and power screw drivers
etc…the result and conclusions also remain ideal. In the real life situations, considering an industry or an office
or a college class room, the people need to deal with all elements which are not ergonomically designed. The
effects of such non ergonomic components on the production rate of a simple component by two equally
knowledgeable students with same training and theoretical knowledge are analysed using Minitab 17 Statistical
Software in this particular case.
Therefore, below are the results obtained from the experiment conducted between two students of
different heights to assemble and disassemble a car using response factors.
For Subject 1:
For chairs
The Sample Mean table shows the rate of production for the combination of different chairs and
heights.
In this table, the results show that,the maximum production rate for chair 1 is obtained with table 4 as
63 units/hour.
The maximum production rate for chair2 is obtained with table 4 as 62 units/hour
Chair 3 obtains maximum production rate with table 1 as 66units/hour.
Chair 4 also exhibits maximum production rate withy table 4 as 65units/hour
The maximum production rate for chair 5 is obtained with table 4 as 68 units/hour
For tables
The sample mean shows that the maximum rate of production for table 1 is obtained with the
combination of chair 2 as 66units/hour
Table 2 exhibits maximum production rate with chair 2 as 59units/hour
Table 3 also exhibits maximum production rate with chair 2 as 60 units/hour
Table 4 varies with other tables results by exhibiting maximum production rate with chair 5 as
68units/hour
Table 5 exhibits maximum production rate with chair 1as 52units/hour
20. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
The maximum production rate of the assembly and disassembly of the car in subject 1 is clearly obtained
at table 4 with a combination of chair 5.
For Subject 2:
For chairs
The sample mean observation clearly shows the maximum production rate for subject 2.
In this result, chair 1 exhibits maximum production rate with tabe 5 as 81units/hour.
Chair 2 exhibits maximum production rate with table 1 as 99units/hour
Chair 3 gives maximum production rate with table5 as 91 units/hour
Whereas chair 4 obtains maximum production rate with table 4 as 87units/hour
Chair 5 gives maximum production rate with table 5 as 73units/hour
For tables
Table1 gives maximum production rate with a combination of chair2 as 99units/hour
Table 2 exhibits maximum rate with chair 1 as 77unitshour
Table 3 also gives maximum production rate chair 2 as 65units/hour
Table 4 exhibits maximum production rate with chair 4 as 87units/hour
Table 5 gives maximum production rate with chair 3 as 91unitshour
The maximum production rate for the assembly and disassembly of the car with subject 2 is obtained at
chair2 at table1.
From the above results, it is stated that the student of height S2 is more comfortable and efficient with
respect to given tables and chairs as when compared to the other student with height S2.
V. Conclusions
The following conclusions were drawn from this experimental study:
1. Operators’ performance with regard to productivity with the ergonomically smart assembly workstation
condition is studied and investigated.
2. The fully adjustable ergonomically designed smart assembly workstation was preferred by the operators and
they adjusted and organized the workstation to their comfort.
3. Workstations for assembly tasks should be designed so that any operator can adjust to his/her comfort to
relieve stress and improve performance. The ergonomically designed smart assembly workstation is a solution
to ergonomic and productivity problems in the workplace.
4. The students with greater heights are more efficient and consistent than those compared to shorter heights.
5. Creating a regression model representing operator performance (productivity) was built based on the
experimental work.
The main contribution of this work is how to measure the production rate of manual assembly lines based on
design ergonomically assembly workstation. The author plans to conduct the future research in real life case
studies through validation this research in different sectors of industries (manufacturing parts, food industry and
so on) and presented a new performance measure for each specified operator in these sector
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to our parents and the faculty who always supported us with great love and
responsibility. We are indebted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University, for all the
technical and infrastructure support.
21. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
Table 1: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 1 for different chair heights
Table 1: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 2 for different chair heights
Table 2: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 3 for different chair heights
Table 3
S1 TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour)
TRAIL-
MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
58.25
52.63
57.47
53.42
55.50
49.56
50.47
56.28
46.25
57.63
53.58
53.91
A
CHAIR-2
D
45.28
64.28
46.85
65.50
49.42
62.67
42.28
63.61
49.28
67.72
46.66
64.76
A
CHAIR-3
D
47.61
73.72
49.91
64.48
35.48
69.91
41.72
60.15
42.47
61.42
43.33
65.6
A
CHAIR-4
D
46.15
70
37.67
71.49
40.50
72.85
39.31
64.73
40.85
65.67
40.8
68.9
A
CHAIR-5
D
41.72
52.38
42.57
54.46
47.42
49.47
43.15
53.80
42.49
47.48
43.4
51.5
TABLE 1
S1
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour)
TRAIL-MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
29.85
49.72
32.82
45.26
35.61
40.42
25.76
39.81
26.55
42.49
30.12
43.54
A
CHAIR-2
D
45.85
78.60
47.07
79.99
49.26
70.31
39.9
69.77
42.41
71.63
44.89
74.05
A
CHAIR-3
D
41.86
85.71
45.06
88.15
47.33
87.92
40.68
89.94
42.62
82.99
43.51
86.94
A
CHAIR-4
D
43.39
67.23
44.16
64.82
40.01
72.26
49.05
70.16
51.00
69.19
45.52
68.73
A
CHAIR-5
D
43.86
71.74
44.91
72.71
56.23
64.19
47.7
73.0
44.0
68.08
47.34
69.84
Table 2
S1
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour) TRAIL-MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
41.37
59.01
42.89
59.16
39.31
56.26
44.63
54.01
46.23
52.73
42.88
56.23
A
CHAIR-2
D
46.81
68.83
49.46
69.63
47.11
67.29
45.37
64.14
43.87
63.16
46.52
66.61
A
CHAIR-3
D
40.44
69.23
42.23
67.65
45.45
68.49
39.72
65.11
46.11
61.03
42.79
66.30
A
CHAIR-4
D
43.63
71.14
44.62
73.92
45.63
76.75
39.46
74.89
41.01
71.91
42.87
73.72
A
CHAIR-5
D
31.66
49.72
39.55
52.41
37.80
54.93
32.31
49
36.26
56.13
35.51
52.43
22. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
Table 3: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 4 for different chair heights
Table-4
S1
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour)
TRAIL-
MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
46.15
76.59
49.54
79.72
51.52
78.69
52.54
69.72
54.54
72.69
50.85
75.48
A
CHAIR-2
D
44.17
74.22
45.47
75.61
47.45
76.45
52.51
76.92
51.43
72.72
48.20
75.19
A
CHAIR-3
D
38.25
61.43
39.42
62.85
42.45
65.42
45.25
62.77
47.75
61.59
42.62
62.81
A
CHAIR-4
D
44.77
82.75
47.39
84.92
49.85
85.95
41.17
81.22
42.43
85.77
45.12
84.12
A
CHAIR-5
D
39.69
91.36
40.72
95.51
42.92
97.42
45.59
93.15
39.45
92.85
41.67
94.06
Table 4: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 1 for different chair heights
Table 5
S1
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour) TRAIL-MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
37.69
63.61
39.53
61.43
42.69
67.42
39.42
61.64
41.34
67.30
40.13
64.287
A
CHAIR-2
D
37.26
57.23
39.61
56.34
40.26
57.23
41.26
52.63
42.64
51.61
40.20
55.00
A
CHAIR-3
D
37.69
60.30
38.61
61.39
41.71
63.64
42.72
64.51
39.26
60.61
39.99
62.09
A
CHAIR-4
D
34.64
60.61
35.67
64.41
36.69
62.26
39.23
63.41
34.43
61.53
36.13
61.84
A
CHAIR-5
D
41.71
56.42
43.51
57.39
41.30
58.26
42.63
51.71
43.69
53.69
42.46
55.49
Table 5: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 1 for different chair heights
Table 6
S2
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour)
TRAIL-
MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
55.55
85.71
51.08
87.21
57.21
83.45
55.39
82.19
59.41
89.23
54.72
84.55
A
CHAIR-2
D
59.8
133.3
55.45
144.32
56.73
134.12
58.63
142
59.8
140.19
58.07
138.78
A
CHAIR-3
D
53.09
110.09
53.19
110.11
52.9
109.8
53.19
104.21
55.09
121.3
53.49
111.30
A
CHAIR-4
D
48
98.36
43.21
97.16
44.23
96.23
45.10
90.19
40.19
93.10
44.19
95
A
CHAIR-5
D
38.46
84.5
39.47
85.63.
37.53
87.23
32.13
89.23
33.29
84.13
36.17
86.14
23. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
Table 6: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 1 for different chair heights
TABLE-7
S2
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour)
TRAIL-
MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
34.2
116.0
43.6
113.2
38.21
111.23
41.23
121.34
40.31
107.51
39.51
113.85
A
CHAIR-2
D
44.1
89
54.5
113.2
50.31
114.2
55.12
89.23
47.21
95.12
50.24
100.13
A
CHAIR-3
D
45.8
85.6
46.8
95.2
52.33
105.19
40.13
95.19
43.93
110.15
46.79
99
A
CHAIR-4
D
50
85.9
45.8
95.2
55.18
90.38
49.34
91.92
59.17
86
51.89
89.88
A
CHAIR-5
D
43.4
95.2
49.5
64.5
47.83
97.26
45.21
93.37
50.30
89.48
47.24
87.96
Table 8: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 1 for different chair heights
TABLE-8
S2
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour) TRAIL-MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
43.3
74.5
46.36
72.5
48.12
83.46
65.26
79.01
50.33
85.69
50.67
98.66
A
CHAIR-2
D
41.8
96.7
36.8
84.5
45.39
85.46
49.54
93.93
40.57
92.89
42.8
90.69
A
CHAIR-3
D
42.8
93.6
52.1
96.4
51.7
100.92
44.87
90.66
46.97
112.60
47.56
98.83
A
CHAIR-4
D
47.61
88.2
50.46
89.39
71.74
87.63
60.89
99.50
54.50
92.25
57.04
91.39
A
CHAIR-5
D
60.54
82.1
65.6
94.01
76.61
87.74
62.21
90.09
65.05
99.28
66
90.62
Table 9: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 1 for different chair heights
TABLE 9
S2
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour)
TRAIL-
MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
36..31
96.7
40.97
97.44
42.09
92.63
37.62
105.22
39.19
101.04
39.19
98.61
A
CHAIR-2
D
36.36
92.3
39.26
96.60
40.14
89.77
41.19
92.84
38.23
86.92
39.03
91.68
A
CHAIR-3
D
49.5
90.90
48.16
89.24
46.46
94.07
514.98
86.76
50.02
92.89
49.22
90.77
A
CHAIR-4
D
58.7
125
50.24
129.62
52.26
120.91
62.64
119.34
59
123.19
56.56
123.59
A
CHAIR-5
D
60.84
79.76
71.45
89.61
63.96
75.07
66.74
72.49
64.08
81.32
65.36
79.65
24. Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomically.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12633760 www.iosrjournals.org 60 | Page
Table 10: Production rate of Subject 1 on table 1 for different chair heights
TABLE 10
S2
TRAIL-1
(units/hour)
TRAIL-2
(units/hour)
TRAIL-3
(units/hour)
TRAIL-4
(units/hour)
TRAIL-5
(units/hour)
TRAIL-
MEAN
A
CHAIR-1
D
51.7
100.8
55.23
108.23
61.34
119.06
54.36
110.19
50.29
91.14
54.58
105.88
A
CHAIR-2
D
60
105.2
63.56
109.01
55.67
112.76
57.11
111.84
63.02
97.11
59.87
107.18
A
CHAIR-3
D
59.8
127
62.12
117.23
57.37
10956
63.41
132.64
58.56
120.32
60.25
121.35
A
CHAIR-4
D
36.1
115.3
37.11
116.62
40.67
127.12
35.39
123.31
32.52
109.01
36.35
118.27
A
CHAIR-5
D
50.84
90.90
57.12
100.2
55.40
97.61
43.31
97.72
49.99
86.62
51.37
94.61
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