This document summarizes a study that used the GaBi5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) modeling tool to characterize the environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria. Waste composition data was collected from selected houses and dumping sites in the area. The LCA inventory and impact assessment evaluated a landfilling scenario using the TRACI and CML methods. Four environmental impact indices were analyzed: global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and ozone depletion potential. The results showed that biodegradable waste had the highest global warming potential, while different waste types had the highest impacts for the other indices. The study concluded the current waste management practices have detrimental environmental
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
Social and Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Caliandrea_diaz7
This case study evaluates the municipal solid waste management system in Cali, Colombia. It aims to assess the social and environmental impacts of the current system and alternative scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. Specifically, it applies social LCA (S-LCA) and environmental LCA (E-LCA) to measure impacts, identify hotspots, and evaluate four scenarios: 1) the current system of landfilling with no treatment, 2) landfilling with recycling, 3) sorting with composting, and 4) decentralized recycling with energy generation. Key challenges include developing S-LCA indicators and methods for this system and context, and determining the applicability and suitability of LCA approaches for measuring
Solid waste management in Shanghai faces several challenges. Shanghai generates over 7 million tons of municipal solid waste per year and over 24 million tons of industrial solid waste. It employs various methods to manage this waste, including landfills, incineration, and recycling. However, challenges remain due to rapid urbanization and population growth, which increase waste generation. Shanghai also struggles with inadequate waste infrastructure and a lack of incentives for residents to reduce waste. Officials are working to address these challenges and build Shanghai into a more sustainable city.
Study of Sustainable Sanitation System for Yadgir City using GIS and Remote S...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study of a sustainable sanitation system for Yadgir City in India using GIS and remote sensing. It aims to design a technically and financially self-sustainable sanitation infrastructure system. The study area is described, including population projections showing expected growth. Current sewage collection and treatment is evaluated. Proposed treatment involves stabilization ponds to treat sewage in an energy efficient and economical manner. Treated effluent would be used for agriculture. Maps show catchment areas and contours. Population growth rates are projected and estimated sewage generation is calculated. The tributary river is found to be 83% contaminated by sewage, demonstrating the need for improved sanitation infrastructure.
The document discusses integrated solid waste management (ISWM) and developing an optimization model using GAMS to determine the most cost effective solid waste management strategy for a community. The model considers different waste disposal options like recycling, composting, incineration and landfills to minimize costs while maximizing revenue from compost material sales. The goal is to identify the optimal sites and allocation of waste across these treatment facilities.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
Social and Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Caliandrea_diaz7
This case study evaluates the municipal solid waste management system in Cali, Colombia. It aims to assess the social and environmental impacts of the current system and alternative scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. Specifically, it applies social LCA (S-LCA) and environmental LCA (E-LCA) to measure impacts, identify hotspots, and evaluate four scenarios: 1) the current system of landfilling with no treatment, 2) landfilling with recycling, 3) sorting with composting, and 4) decentralized recycling with energy generation. Key challenges include developing S-LCA indicators and methods for this system and context, and determining the applicability and suitability of LCA approaches for measuring
Solid waste management in Shanghai faces several challenges. Shanghai generates over 7 million tons of municipal solid waste per year and over 24 million tons of industrial solid waste. It employs various methods to manage this waste, including landfills, incineration, and recycling. However, challenges remain due to rapid urbanization and population growth, which increase waste generation. Shanghai also struggles with inadequate waste infrastructure and a lack of incentives for residents to reduce waste. Officials are working to address these challenges and build Shanghai into a more sustainable city.
Study of Sustainable Sanitation System for Yadgir City using GIS and Remote S...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study of a sustainable sanitation system for Yadgir City in India using GIS and remote sensing. It aims to design a technically and financially self-sustainable sanitation infrastructure system. The study area is described, including population projections showing expected growth. Current sewage collection and treatment is evaluated. Proposed treatment involves stabilization ponds to treat sewage in an energy efficient and economical manner. Treated effluent would be used for agriculture. Maps show catchment areas and contours. Population growth rates are projected and estimated sewage generation is calculated. The tributary river is found to be 83% contaminated by sewage, demonstrating the need for improved sanitation infrastructure.
The document discusses integrated solid waste management (ISWM) and developing an optimization model using GAMS to determine the most cost effective solid waste management strategy for a community. The model considers different waste disposal options like recycling, composting, incineration and landfills to minimize costs while maximizing revenue from compost material sales. The goal is to identify the optimal sites and allocation of waste across these treatment facilities.
1. The study measured greenhouse gas emissions, including methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide, from two landfill sites in Chennai, India that receive municipal solid waste.
2. Emission fluxes ranged from 1.0 to 23.5 mg/m2/hr for methane, 6 to 460 μg/m2/hr for nitrous oxide, and 39 to 906 mg/m2/hr for carbon dioxide at one site, and 0.9 to 433 mg/m2/hr for methane, 2.7 to 1200 μg/m2/hr for nitrous oxide, and 12.3 to 964.4 mg/m2/hr for carbon dioxide at the other.
Economic of wastewater treatment and recyclingTst Thong
This document discusses research on the economics of wastewater treatment and recycling in Australia. It finds that treated wastewater recycling offers a potential solution to water scarcity issues, but that further research is needed. In particular, a benefit-cost analysis comparing different treatment levels and uses would help determine efficient allocation. Additional issues like community acceptance, cost distribution, and regional impacts also require consideration to develop effective wastewater recycling policies.
ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNAPrashant .
This document summarizes a study on municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Patna, India. It discusses what MSW is, current management practices, objectives of the study, methodology, results of interviews with residents, and recommendations. The key findings are that MSW collection and transportation in Patna is inefficient, no treatment currently occurs, and better coordination among stakeholders is needed to improve the system.
The document discusses waste management and the circular economy in Dorset, England. It analyzes the current waste streams in the region, including over 400,000 tons per year of biogenic waste. It identifies opportunities to increase the value of waste processing through more advanced analysis and new technologies, such as intercepting waste at source, segregation, conversion to industrial feedstocks, and maximizing benefits from anaerobic digestion. The document also discusses a potential furniture refurbishment program for the 90,000 tons per year of furniture and manufacturing waste in Dorset to provide affordable options. It notes that adding value to waste is hindered by a lack of data, clear business models, and need to synchronize infrastructure and markets.
IRJET- Evaluation of The Feasibility of using the Incineration of Urban S...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the feasibility of using urban solid waste incineration for electric power generation in Itacoatiara, Brazil. It finds that the amount of solid waste collected in the city, 18.06 GW per year, could generate electricity and provide a revenue of 26 million Brazilian reals per year. The document also reviews how urban solid waste is currently handled in Brazil and the environmental impacts of landfilling, highlighting incineration as an alternative that utilizes waste as a fuel for power plants.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis for Enhancing Solid Waste Management TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares solid waste management techniques used in five major cities in India that are experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization. It discusses the waste generation rates, current management methods like dumping and composting, and enhanced techniques being implemented. These include improved waste segregation, transportation to recycling plants, bioreactor landfills, bio-methanation, vermicomposting, and incineration. The analysis aims to identify best practices for sustainable solid waste management given the increasing waste volumes from population and economic growth.
This document discusses solid waste management in Bangladesh. It defines solid waste and describes the different types. It also provides statistics on urban population and waste generation from 1991 to 2025. The waste hierarchy and polluter pays principle are introduced. National strategies aim to increase waste reduction, reuse and recycling. Municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste are priorities. The document outlines various policies, rules, and strategies adopted from 1995 to 2010. It describes several solid waste management projects and concludes by discussing health risks from unscientific disposal and the importance of public involvement in management plans.
The New Paltz staff ran a successful pilot food waste composting program, receiving waste from local colleges and businesses. Over 900 tons of food waste was composted before the hauler opted to use another site. Brush drop-off increased after fees were waived, providing material for composting and mulch sales. A rigid plastics recycling program diverted an average of 1 ton per month from the waste stream. While landfill fees decreased with waste reduction initiatives, disposal costs also dropped and reuse center sales covered operating costs. Composting and permaculture workshops generated more interest than other programs. Over 150 compost bins were distributed to residents.
IRJET- Solid Waste Management Plan for an Academic Institution: A Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on developing a solid waste management plan for an academic institution in Gwalior, India. It discusses conducting a waste characterization study and survey at Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, which generates approximately 36 kilograms of solid waste per day from key areas like the main building, hostels, library and cafeterias. The waste was categorized and the quantities were measured. Based on the analysis, criteria will be developed for designing vermicompost units on campus to process the degradable organic waste through composting and vermicomposting.
This document discusses solid waste management. It begins with an overview, defining municipal solid waste and noting its increasing generation rates. It then covers the sources and characteristics of municipal solid waste in more detail. The bulk of the document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management in greater detail, including collection and transportation methods, use of transfer stations, resource recovery through recycling and other methods, and incineration for waste treatment and energy recovery. It provides information on each of these various aspects of the solid waste management system and process.
A study Report on Implementation of GIS in Solid Waste ManagementAM Publications
Increasing human population and economic development and urbanization has resulted in generation of huge quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW). It involves many activities like collection, transportation and disposal of wastes. There is tremendous amount of loss in terms of environment degradation, health hazards and economic descend, due to direct disposal of waste. It is better to segregate waste at initial stages where it is generated. Planners are thus forced to consider alternate and available means of disposal, especially by minimizing damage to the ecosystem and human population. GIS has proved to be boon to such planners by visualizing the real solid waste situations and facilitating route analysis through mapping. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.
Vadodara City generates approximately 750 metric tons of solid waste per day. The municipal corporation has implemented an innovative solid waste management system including door-to-door waste collection, transportation to a processing plant, and disposal in a landfill. However, issues remain around mixing of medical waste, open burning and dumping of waste, and lack of participation. The objectives of the management system are to improve waste segregation, collection, transportation, and processing to enhance environmental protection and public health.
This document provides an overview of waste management in Bangladesh. It discusses key concepts like the waste hierarchy and polluter pays principle. It also examines the relationship between waste generation, GDP, and population growth over time. The document outlines the major sources of waste in Bangladesh and the national 3R strategies for waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. It provides some examples of good waste management practices and discusses Eminence's recent project scope looking at management of slaughterhouse waste in Dhaka.
Credits of the paper are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This paper was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Strategic Solid Waste Management Plan for Municipalities: Chautara Municipality Saroj Upadhyay
SSWMP is a blueprint for reducing and
managing solid waste, and establishing a broad
policy framework for solid waste management
over short, medium & long-term planning
periods. The plan considers all aspects of waste
management and identifies current successes
as well as areas for improvement and growth.
The Strategic plan in this study is guided by the
principles of ISWM and was drafted via
situation analysis, participatory approach,
intense literature review, stakeholder analysis, field research and
expert inputs.
This document summarizes the solid waste management system in Bangladesh. It discusses the sources and types of solid waste, the current waste management practices, and impacts of waste disposal on the environment. The current system is inadequate, with unsegregated waste collection and dumping. The document suggests implementing integrated collection, selective segregation, and generating energy from waste to improve the system. It also recommends increasing waste sorting and management education in Bangladesh.
Daily solid waste production in Dhaka City is over 4000 metric tons, including 200 metric tons of hazardous medical waste. 15-20% of medical waste is highly dangerous when mixed with general waste in open dumps, posing health risks. Polyethylene bag use in Dhaka amounts to 600 million bags daily, clogging drainage. Proper management of waste, especially hazardous fractions, is needed to protect public health and environment.
The document discusses modernizing rice irrigation and drainage systems in Cuba using a case study of Yucayo Farm. It analyzes the current rice production methods and challenges. The objectives are to develop a methodology to study modernization scenarios and evaluate policies to improve rice farms. The study uses simulations and economic analysis to show that relatively simple modernization actions like changed water management, laser land leveling, and reuse systems can significantly increase rice yields in an economically viable way.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It discusses trends in waste generation, the impact of poor management, and the waste management hierarchy. It also covers integrated waste management and the transition to a circular economy. Specific topics include common waste streams, infrastructure, generation rates by region and income level, the costs of inaction, and major dumpsites. The waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle is presented. Case studies demonstrate community-based composting and participatory clean city programs. Moving from linear to circular models and regulations to stimulate recycling are also summarized.
This document discusses plans to start an online library called Make My Library that connects students to buy and sell textbooks. It will use an auction platform to allow students to sell textbooks and class materials at higher prices than local bookstores offer. The founders will focus on recruiting an experienced team, grassroots marketing, and innovative products and services. Initial funding will be used for marketing, website development, and operating expenses until revenues can sustain the business. The founders aim to expand offerings beyond textbooks over time.
Este documento describe las funciones de varios órganos del cuerpo humano como los pulmones, riñones, hígado y glándulas, que se encargan de eliminar desechos y sustancias tóxicas del cuerpo a través de la orina, el sudor y la respiración. También explica brevemente los componentes del sistema urinario, incluyendo los riñones, la vejiga y la uretra.
1. The study measured greenhouse gas emissions, including methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide, from two landfill sites in Chennai, India that receive municipal solid waste.
2. Emission fluxes ranged from 1.0 to 23.5 mg/m2/hr for methane, 6 to 460 μg/m2/hr for nitrous oxide, and 39 to 906 mg/m2/hr for carbon dioxide at one site, and 0.9 to 433 mg/m2/hr for methane, 2.7 to 1200 μg/m2/hr for nitrous oxide, and 12.3 to 964.4 mg/m2/hr for carbon dioxide at the other.
Economic of wastewater treatment and recyclingTst Thong
This document discusses research on the economics of wastewater treatment and recycling in Australia. It finds that treated wastewater recycling offers a potential solution to water scarcity issues, but that further research is needed. In particular, a benefit-cost analysis comparing different treatment levels and uses would help determine efficient allocation. Additional issues like community acceptance, cost distribution, and regional impacts also require consideration to develop effective wastewater recycling policies.
ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNAPrashant .
This document summarizes a study on municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Patna, India. It discusses what MSW is, current management practices, objectives of the study, methodology, results of interviews with residents, and recommendations. The key findings are that MSW collection and transportation in Patna is inefficient, no treatment currently occurs, and better coordination among stakeholders is needed to improve the system.
The document discusses waste management and the circular economy in Dorset, England. It analyzes the current waste streams in the region, including over 400,000 tons per year of biogenic waste. It identifies opportunities to increase the value of waste processing through more advanced analysis and new technologies, such as intercepting waste at source, segregation, conversion to industrial feedstocks, and maximizing benefits from anaerobic digestion. The document also discusses a potential furniture refurbishment program for the 90,000 tons per year of furniture and manufacturing waste in Dorset to provide affordable options. It notes that adding value to waste is hindered by a lack of data, clear business models, and need to synchronize infrastructure and markets.
IRJET- Evaluation of The Feasibility of using the Incineration of Urban S...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the feasibility of using urban solid waste incineration for electric power generation in Itacoatiara, Brazil. It finds that the amount of solid waste collected in the city, 18.06 GW per year, could generate electricity and provide a revenue of 26 million Brazilian reals per year. The document also reviews how urban solid waste is currently handled in Brazil and the environmental impacts of landfilling, highlighting incineration as an alternative that utilizes waste as a fuel for power plants.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis for Enhancing Solid Waste Management TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares solid waste management techniques used in five major cities in India that are experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization. It discusses the waste generation rates, current management methods like dumping and composting, and enhanced techniques being implemented. These include improved waste segregation, transportation to recycling plants, bioreactor landfills, bio-methanation, vermicomposting, and incineration. The analysis aims to identify best practices for sustainable solid waste management given the increasing waste volumes from population and economic growth.
This document discusses solid waste management in Bangladesh. It defines solid waste and describes the different types. It also provides statistics on urban population and waste generation from 1991 to 2025. The waste hierarchy and polluter pays principle are introduced. National strategies aim to increase waste reduction, reuse and recycling. Municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste are priorities. The document outlines various policies, rules, and strategies adopted from 1995 to 2010. It describes several solid waste management projects and concludes by discussing health risks from unscientific disposal and the importance of public involvement in management plans.
The New Paltz staff ran a successful pilot food waste composting program, receiving waste from local colleges and businesses. Over 900 tons of food waste was composted before the hauler opted to use another site. Brush drop-off increased after fees were waived, providing material for composting and mulch sales. A rigid plastics recycling program diverted an average of 1 ton per month from the waste stream. While landfill fees decreased with waste reduction initiatives, disposal costs also dropped and reuse center sales covered operating costs. Composting and permaculture workshops generated more interest than other programs. Over 150 compost bins were distributed to residents.
IRJET- Solid Waste Management Plan for an Academic Institution: A Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on developing a solid waste management plan for an academic institution in Gwalior, India. It discusses conducting a waste characterization study and survey at Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, which generates approximately 36 kilograms of solid waste per day from key areas like the main building, hostels, library and cafeterias. The waste was categorized and the quantities were measured. Based on the analysis, criteria will be developed for designing vermicompost units on campus to process the degradable organic waste through composting and vermicomposting.
This document discusses solid waste management. It begins with an overview, defining municipal solid waste and noting its increasing generation rates. It then covers the sources and characteristics of municipal solid waste in more detail. The bulk of the document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management in greater detail, including collection and transportation methods, use of transfer stations, resource recovery through recycling and other methods, and incineration for waste treatment and energy recovery. It provides information on each of these various aspects of the solid waste management system and process.
A study Report on Implementation of GIS in Solid Waste ManagementAM Publications
Increasing human population and economic development and urbanization has resulted in generation of huge quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW). It involves many activities like collection, transportation and disposal of wastes. There is tremendous amount of loss in terms of environment degradation, health hazards and economic descend, due to direct disposal of waste. It is better to segregate waste at initial stages where it is generated. Planners are thus forced to consider alternate and available means of disposal, especially by minimizing damage to the ecosystem and human population. GIS has proved to be boon to such planners by visualizing the real solid waste situations and facilitating route analysis through mapping. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.
Vadodara City generates approximately 750 metric tons of solid waste per day. The municipal corporation has implemented an innovative solid waste management system including door-to-door waste collection, transportation to a processing plant, and disposal in a landfill. However, issues remain around mixing of medical waste, open burning and dumping of waste, and lack of participation. The objectives of the management system are to improve waste segregation, collection, transportation, and processing to enhance environmental protection and public health.
This document provides an overview of waste management in Bangladesh. It discusses key concepts like the waste hierarchy and polluter pays principle. It also examines the relationship between waste generation, GDP, and population growth over time. The document outlines the major sources of waste in Bangladesh and the national 3R strategies for waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. It provides some examples of good waste management practices and discusses Eminence's recent project scope looking at management of slaughterhouse waste in Dhaka.
Credits of the paper are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This paper was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Strategic Solid Waste Management Plan for Municipalities: Chautara Municipality Saroj Upadhyay
SSWMP is a blueprint for reducing and
managing solid waste, and establishing a broad
policy framework for solid waste management
over short, medium & long-term planning
periods. The plan considers all aspects of waste
management and identifies current successes
as well as areas for improvement and growth.
The Strategic plan in this study is guided by the
principles of ISWM and was drafted via
situation analysis, participatory approach,
intense literature review, stakeholder analysis, field research and
expert inputs.
This document summarizes the solid waste management system in Bangladesh. It discusses the sources and types of solid waste, the current waste management practices, and impacts of waste disposal on the environment. The current system is inadequate, with unsegregated waste collection and dumping. The document suggests implementing integrated collection, selective segregation, and generating energy from waste to improve the system. It also recommends increasing waste sorting and management education in Bangladesh.
Daily solid waste production in Dhaka City is over 4000 metric tons, including 200 metric tons of hazardous medical waste. 15-20% of medical waste is highly dangerous when mixed with general waste in open dumps, posing health risks. Polyethylene bag use in Dhaka amounts to 600 million bags daily, clogging drainage. Proper management of waste, especially hazardous fractions, is needed to protect public health and environment.
The document discusses modernizing rice irrigation and drainage systems in Cuba using a case study of Yucayo Farm. It analyzes the current rice production methods and challenges. The objectives are to develop a methodology to study modernization scenarios and evaluate policies to improve rice farms. The study uses simulations and economic analysis to show that relatively simple modernization actions like changed water management, laser land leveling, and reuse systems can significantly increase rice yields in an economically viable way.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It discusses trends in waste generation, the impact of poor management, and the waste management hierarchy. It also covers integrated waste management and the transition to a circular economy. Specific topics include common waste streams, infrastructure, generation rates by region and income level, the costs of inaction, and major dumpsites. The waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle is presented. Case studies demonstrate community-based composting and participatory clean city programs. Moving from linear to circular models and regulations to stimulate recycling are also summarized.
This document discusses plans to start an online library called Make My Library that connects students to buy and sell textbooks. It will use an auction platform to allow students to sell textbooks and class materials at higher prices than local bookstores offer. The founders will focus on recruiting an experienced team, grassroots marketing, and innovative products and services. Initial funding will be used for marketing, website development, and operating expenses until revenues can sustain the business. The founders aim to expand offerings beyond textbooks over time.
Este documento describe las funciones de varios órganos del cuerpo humano como los pulmones, riñones, hígado y glándulas, que se encargan de eliminar desechos y sustancias tóxicas del cuerpo a través de la orina, el sudor y la respiración. También explica brevemente los componentes del sistema urinario, incluyendo los riñones, la vejiga y la uretra.
This document analyzes the dynamic behavior of sandwich composites with delaminations through analytical and finite element modeling. It presents:
1) An analytical formulation to model the free vibration of sandwich beams with single or multiple delaminations, representing the beam as segmented Euler beams joined at delamination boundaries.
2) Experimental validation showing delaminations reduce natural frequency and change mode shapes compared to intact beams.
3) Finite element analysis in ANSYS correlating with experiments.
4) Use of strain plots to identify delamination location and extent, improving on prior methods. The formulation is extended to multiple delaminations, providing insights into their complex effects on sandwich composite behavior.
This document summarizes a research paper on the design of a ring-oscillator-based injection-locked frequency divider with improved locking range and low power consumption using the Vernier method. Key points:
1) The design presents a ring-oscillator frequency divider that uses single-phase injection rather than multi-phase injection to achieve a wide locking range in a simple way.
2) Simulation results show that the divide-by-3 design has a locking range of 1.9 GHz and consumes 0.25 mW of power, while the divide-by-5 design has a locking range of 1.4 GHz and consumes 0.93 mW of power, both at a 1V
The document summarizes a research paper about protecting web applications from SQL injection attacks. It discusses how SQL injection is a common attack that allows hackers to steal or modify database information. The paper proposes applying a hybrid encryption method involving AES and Rabin cryptography to the login phase of a web application. This would encrypt username and password data before it is sent to the server to help prevent unauthorized access to the database in the case of an SQL injection attack. It also discusses related work on SQL injection prevention and provides an implementation example of the proposed hybrid encryption method using PHP and MySQL.
The document summarizes a research paper about developing a web-based healthcare information system with both spatial and non-spatial (aspatial) features. It describes creating interactive web maps, routing functions, an e-doctor question/answer system, and integrating these spatial and non-spatial elements into a single website. The system was developed and tested using open-source tools for a hospital in Chennai, India to provide patients and the public with healthcare information.
Abstract: Noise in an image is a serious problem In this
project, the various noise conditions are studied which are:
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), Bipolar fixedvalued impulse noise, also called salt and pepper noise
(SPN), Random-valued impulse noise (RVIN), Mixed noise
(MN). Digital images are often corrupted by impulse noise
during the acquisition or transmission through
communication channels the developed filters are meant for
online and real-time applications. In this paper, the
following activities are taken up to draw the results: Study
of various impulse noise types and their effect on digital
images; Study and implementation of various efficient
nonlinear digital image filters available in the literature
and their relative performance comparison;
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
1. The document discusses the process of making a film. It begins with students asking each other questions about films they like.
2. It then defines various filmmaking jobs like director, scriptwriter, actor, and crew. It also discusses the stages of filmmaking from writing the story to editing the final product.
3. The document teaches students about passive voice by providing examples of forming passive sentences in both the present and past tense. It uses examples related to filmmaking to practice passive voice.
This document provides information about developing apps for BlackBerry 10 devices. It describes the BlackBerry 10 devices, development frameworks including Cascades, HTML5, Android apps, Adobe Air, and best practices. It also outlines the process for getting an app certified as "Built for BlackBerry" which provides benefits for marketing and distribution through BlackBerry World.
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
BER Performance for Convalutional Code with Soft & Hard Viterbi DecodingIJMER
Viterbi decoding has a fixed decoding time. It is well suited to hardware decoder. Hear we proposed Viterbi algorithm with Decoding rate 1/3. Which dynamically improve performance of the channel
The document discusses Kosovo's energy strategy and its focus on increasing energy security, diversifying energy sources, and protecting the environment. It aims to stimulate efficient energy use and increase use of renewable resources. Currently, Kosovo's energy system relies heavily on thermal power generation from lignite, producing high emissions. The strategy proposes developing a new lignite power plant called "New Kosovo" to gradually replace aging facilities and meet future demand under two economic growth scenarios. It also discusses integrating Kosovo's energy sector with regional and European energy policies and markets.
This document discusses the effect of preform geometry on material behavior and densification during hot upset forging of sintered AISI 9840 steel powder metal parts. Powder blends were prepared with different compositions and compacted into preforms with varying initial aspect ratios between 0.45-0.92. The preforms were sintered and hot forged to different height strains. Results showed that lower aspect ratio preforms densified more rapidly than higher ratios. Densification curves followed a third order polynomial relationship with height strain. Preform geometry significantly affected the densification curves and Poisson's ratio with density.
An Overview of Clearance Optimization in Sheet Metal Blanking ProcessIJMER
Abstract: This document prescribes a model investigation the effect of potential parameters influencing the blanking
process and their interaction. The blanking process optimization carried out by using Design of Experiment (DOE), Finite
Element Method (FEM) with ANSYS Package, Simulation with ABAQUS-Explicit software, Blank soft Software and Neural
Network Simulation in order to achieve the intended model objectives.
Keywords: Blanking Process, DOE, FEM, Optimum Clearance and Simulation.
This document summarizes research on a series of siloxane-based side chain liquid crystal polymers where the length of the coupling chain between the mesogenic unit and polymer backbone was systematically varied. All polymers exhibited a smectic phase and the nematic-isotropic transition temperature increased with longer coupling chain length. Electro-optic measurements found that threshold voltage for reorientation decreased with increasing chain length due to changes in intrinsic curvature elasticity rather than orientational order. A model is presented where constraints from coupling the mesogenic units to the backbone influence the observed electric-optic properties as chain length varies.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE). Virgin HDPE was tested, as well as HDPE that was recycled up to three times. The recycling process involved crushing and blending the plastic. Tests measured density, tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation, impact strength, and creep recovery. Results showed that with increased recycling, density and elastic properties generally decreased while tensile strength increased. Mixing recycled and virgin HDPE found that properties remained stable with higher recycled content, except for a drop in impact strength and recovery ability. The study aims to better understand how mechanical properties are affected by repeated recycling and content of recycled plastic.
Optimization of Surface Impedance for Reducing Surface Waves between AntennasIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document analyzes capacity utilization at a cold forging organization in Bangalore, India. It examines machine data and utilization charts from February for various operations like annealing and phosphating. The data is analyzed on a weekly basis and inferences are made about factors affecting capacity like power cuts, maintenance issues, and labor shortages. Suggestions are provided like installing generators, improving labor scheduling, and expanding phosphating capacity. The document concludes there is scope for automating processes and conducting longer-term cost analyses to further optimize capacity utilization.
Similar to Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria with GaBi5 LCA modeling technique
Modeling the environmental impacts of landlfiling and incineration waste mana...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that modeled the environmental impacts of landfilling and incineration waste management scenarios in Odo-Oba, Nigeria using GaBi6 software. Wastes were characterized and sorted, and gas emissions from open burning at a dumpsite were measured. Two scenarios were modeled in GaBi6: landfilling and incineration. The landfill model showed that paper contributed most to global warming and eutrophication potential, while biodegradables and plastics dominated acidification and ozone depletion potential, respectively. The incineration model found that plastics contributed most to acidification, global warming and eutrophication potential. The study concluded that the landfill scenario posed a lesser environmental threat
IRJET- Solid Waste Management Efficiency in Kabul CityIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management efficiency in Kabul City, Afghanistan. The study used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods, including surveys of 380 households in District 7 and 375 households in District 10. The results showed that the majority of respondents felt the municipality's waste management was ineffective and services were insufficient. Over 72% noted a lack of public awareness programs. More than 56% said residents participate in waste management. The study concluded that improving efficiency requires reducing waste, increasing awareness, private sector involvement, and new technologies. It was suggested to develop a strategic plan with short and long-term goals to guide sustainable waste management.
Alternative end of-life waste management practicesSHERIN RAHMAN
This presentation gives you a quick glance of common solid waste management practices along with their pros and cons.The presentation discuss three US EPA software tools which aids in deciding the best waste management method.
Sequential Methodology for the Selection of Municipal Waste Treatment Alterna...AproximacionAlFuturo
Most municipalities in developing countries lack technical and economic resources to improve their municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. Therefore, tools are needed that enable the most appropriate solutions to be identified to put waste to better use.
Using person product moment correlation to explore the relationship between d...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored the relationships between different categories of municipal solid waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study found:
1) A positive correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable waste, indicating these categories increase together.
2) A negative correlation between food scrap and materials like paper, cardboard, rubber, metals, plastics and glass, showing these categories decrease as food scrap increases.
3) The results suggest a waste management strategy for the area should focus on managing biodegradable organic waste, and the amounts of certain wastes generated per household can help predict total waste amounts.
Greening of the solid waste management in batangas cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on improving solid waste management practices in Batangas City, Philippines. The study surveyed 204 residents across 69 barangays to assess current solid waste management implementation, effects on health and environment, and challenges. The results showed that practices like feeding leftovers to pets were fully implemented, while reducing waste, composting and recycling were only slightly implemented. Burning garbage was moderately common. Based on the findings, the study proposed a plan of action to enhance implementation and mitigate issues to better manage solid waste.
Waste Management in the GTA Final ThesisBrian Nogaro
This document provides an overview of municipal solid waste management in the Greater Toronto Area. It examines the current industry performance, waste diversion techniques, private sector organizations, and non-governmental organizations involved in the sector. The author analyzes the history and progression of waste management policies and strategies in Ontario from the 1970s to present day. Key topics discussed include the waste management hierarchy, definitions of waste, waste diversion rates over time, the role of various governing bodies and regulations, and the history of waste disposal facilities like the Keele Valley Landfill. The conclusion will synthesize ongoing problems and make recommendations to progress towards a more sustainable framework in both the short and long term.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a supply chain network model between Trivandrum and Tirunelveli in India to optimize waste management logistics. The model included 4 sites connected by both rail and road transportation. The objectives were to identify logistical factors related to waste flows, identify opportunities to improve efficient collection and transportation, and design an optimal cost reduction equation. Key aspects analyzed included transportation costs by rail versus road, loading/unloading costs, inventory holding costs, and an equation to calculate total expected annual logistics costs. The optimal network configuration and transportation methods were evaluated to minimize costs while meeting needs.
A Typical Case Study Solid Waste Management In Petroleum RefineriesJim Jimenez
This document discusses solid waste management in petroleum refineries. It begins by outlining the key processes in refineries, including fuel production, by-product processing, ancillary operations, and waste management. It then discusses the challenges of waste management and some mathematical models that have been developed to help optimize waste treatment and logistics. Specifically, it focuses on a case study of developing a multi-objective optimization model based on goal programming to manage solid waste from petroleum industries in Kuwait, taking into account both economic and environmental objectives.
United Nation's ambassidor's Presentation on World Environmental DayHammadAwan37
"Join us on World Environmental Day as we embark on a transformative journey towards a sustainable and green future. Our presentation, curated by the esteemed United Nations member, delves into the crucial realms of environmental protection, sustainability, and the promotion of lush greenery for a healthier planet.
This impactful presentation will shed light on the 3Rs method—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—as a cornerstone for responsible consumption and waste management. Discover innovative techniques and strategies to minimize our ecological footprint and foster a circular economy that ensures the longevity of our precious resources.
Together, let's explore actionable steps to safeguard our environment, mitigate climate change, and create a harmonious balance between human activities and the natural world. This World Environmental Day, be part of the global movement for a greener, more sustainable tomorrow."
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance, litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance,
litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to
assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
This document provides information about the course code BETCK105F/205F, which covers topics related to solid waste management. The course outcomes include applying concepts of solid waste management, understanding waste assessment and characteristics, applying waste processing and disposal technologies, designing waste to energy models, and managing hazardous waste. The document further provides details on solid waste classification, management systems, factors impacting management, and statistics on waste generation in India. It discusses key concepts like environmentally sound management, appropriate technologies, and the composition of solid waste in India.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between recycling, greenhouse gas emissions reductions, and recycling system costs in Ontario, Canada. The study uses a cost model to analyze how emissions reductions and costs change based on the types of materials included in the residential recycling program. The study finds that targeting specific materials could maximize both diversion and emissions offsets while reducing costs. It also finds that there is an optimal emissions reduction target of around 2.05 million tonnes, beyond which targeting non-core materials would drive up costs significantly per tonne of emissions reduced.
PERSPECTIVES OF PROJECT ENGINEERING IN THE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IN COLOMBI...Enrique Posada
An analysis is made of the importance of engineering and conceptual analysis for the study of waste treatment and management alternatives. A review of the history of waste disposal in the Valley of Aburrá region of Colombia, allows to discuss the and problems of application of the project engineering and the lessons learned. Proposals are made as a contribution to the potential use of waste to energy methods of waste managing for the region and the country as a sustainable and effective tool for the management of solid waste.
This document summarizes a research study on applying the industrial ecology concept to municipal solid waste management in Bandung City, Indonesia. The study found that implementing industrial ecology principles, such as reusing materials and energy from waste, reduced the amount of dumped waste from 18% to 6% of total waste and burned waste from 12% to 7%, while increasing composted waste from 4% to 21%. The research estimated this scenario could generate 370,852 GJ of net energy, equivalent to 103,097 MWh of electricity. It could also reduce global warming potential by 77% compared to conventional waste management practices. The research aims to develop a more sustainable and environmentally-sound waste management concept based on industrial ecology for cities to
This document discusses solid waste management. It covers topics like waste stream assessment, waste generation and composition, waste characteristics, and the health and environmental effects of improper waste management. Waste stream assessment involves determining waste quantities, composition, and sources through methods like waste sorting, vehicle weighing, and field visits. Waste generation and composition are important for planning waste management systems. The physical and chemical characteristics of waste, like density, moisture content, and heating values, influence management approaches. Poor management can spread diseases, pollute water and air, and endanger worker health.
The document discusses integrated solid waste management (ISWM). It defines ISWM as a strategic approach covering all aspects of sustainable waste management, including generation, segregation, transfer, sorting, treatment, recovery and disposal. The document outlines IETC's activities in supporting the development and implementation of ISWM plans in various cities through local capacity building and training. It discusses the benefits of ISWM and lessons learned from implementing ISWM projects globally.
Rotas tecnológicas para o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanosD-Waste
Esta é uma apresentação de José Henrique Penido Monteiro realizada no seminário da FADE-BNDES que aconteceu no Recife (Brasil) em Maio de 2012. A apresentação é sobre os aspetos sociais, económicos e ambientais do tratamento de resíduos de acordo com as conclusões da COMLURB (Autoridade Municipal para a Gestão de Resíduos do Rio de Janeiro
Similar to Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria with GaBi5 LCA modeling technique (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria with GaBi5 LCA modeling technique
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 41|
Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local Government Area, Nigeria with GaBi5 LCA modeling technique S. O. Ojoawo1, J. S. Bosu2, O. A. Oyekanmi3 1,2,3 Department of Civil Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso Nigeria
I. Introduction
Protecting the environmental and natural resources is increasingly becoming very important through environmental solid waste management programmes. It is necessary to follow the same part with the waste managers, a sustainable approach to waste and integrate strategies that will produce the best practicable option. This is very challenging task since it involves taking into account economic, technical, regulatory, and environmental issues. Solid waste management is a complex and multi-disciplinary problems that should be considered from basis. For a healthy environment, both municipal and industrial waste should be managed according to solid waste management hierarchy (prevention /minimization/ recovery/incineration/landfilling).
Studies on modelling of solid waste management system were started in 1970s and were increased with the development of computer models in 1980s. While models in the 80s were generally based on an economic perspective [1], models that included recycling and other waste management method were developed for planning of municipal solid waste management system in the 1990 [2]. It is accepted that LCA concepts and
Abstract: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is currently being used in several countries to evaluate treatment options for specific waste fractions. The application of GaBi5 (Holistic Balancing) modeling tool is currently apt for the impact assessment of environmental pollution indices arising from wastes. This study focuses on the characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Suurulere, one of the Local Government Area (LGA)s in Nigeria using GaBi5.
Waste classification was carried out in the selected houses of the LGA. Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) and the Centre of Environmental Science, University of Leiden, Netherlands (CML) methods of LCA inventory assessment were employed in the study. One kg of municipal solid waste of this area was selected as the functional unit. The Scenario considered in this study with its system boundaries is Landfilling. It consists of three main steps: Collection, Transportation and Landfilling. GaBi5 modeling tool was used to obtain background data for the life cycle inventory and to analyse the wastes completely. Four (4) environmental impact indices evaluated are: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP).
Result of the Scenario’s Environmental Impacts shows that the GWP is characterized in the order: Biodegradable > Textile > Wood > Paper > plastic > Metal > Glass. The AP followed similar trend except for paper that is greater than wood wastes. EP has this trend; Metal > Wood > Glass > Biodegradable > Paper > Textile while for ODP it was Textile > Plastic > Paper > Metal > Wood > Biodegradable > Glass. The study also showed that when LCA is applied in conjunction with the waste hierarchy, it can be a useful tool for the planning of municipal waste management plans as it allows municipalities to directly compare the actual environmental impacts of different technologies and planning options. Furthermore, through system expansion, a consequential approach to LCA may encourage municipalities to integrate waste management with processes in other sectors. The GaBi software of LCA solves the problem of imprecision involved in solid waste decision making. The study concludes that the wastes all have detrimental impacts on the 4 measured categories but the highest pollution threat is on the Global Warming Potential. It is recommended that Environmental Protection Agencies at all levels should always analyze and contain the pollution impacts of the solid wastes on the environment.
Keywords: Environmental Impact Indices, GaBi5, Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Inventory
2. Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local......
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 42|
techniques provides solid waste planners and decision makers with an excellent framework to evaluate MSW management strategies [3]. The LCA, which is used to determined the optimum municipal solid waste management (MSW) strategy. Environmental LCA is a system analysis tools. It was developed rapidly during the 1990s and has reached a certain level of harmonization and standardization. The LCA of product commence with extracting of raw materials through the process of logging, mining etc and ends with final disposal of products. The life cycle of waste on the other hand, starts when a material is discarded into the waste stream and ends when the material has either been converted into a resource (such as recycled materials or recovered energy) or, when it is finally disposed. The LCA is currently being used in several countries to evaluate treatment option for specific waste fractions [3-8]. Over the last few years back, some agencies like the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (1991), Canadian Standards Association (1994), and the International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) have undertaken the development of standardization methodologies for carrying out the first two phases of life cycle assessment: Goal definition and scoping and life cycle inventories. The third phase of life cycle assessment, impact analysis, is intrinsically more problematic and there is, at this time, no widely accepted methodology for combining the diverse environmental effects into a single measure of environmental performance. Regularity, technical and environmental constraints characterize LCA models [9]. The regulatory constraints give the minimum percentage of waste recycling; these percentages are proportional to the total waste generated. Also [9] presented a comprehension mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, whose planning horizon is a year. They gave a detailed description of environmental constraints that cover RDF constraints; the incineration and the SOM constraints. The model of [10] minimize overall cost (taking into account energy and material recovery) through the solution of a nonlinear programming problem. The aim of this present study is to select an optimum waste management system for Surulere LGA of Nigeria by evaluating, from an environmental point of view, alternatives to the existing system. Here, the LCA methodology has been used to conduct an environmental comparison of the alternative scenarios in the waste management system of the Study Area. This evaluation was according to TSE EN ISO 14040 that classified LCA into four major stages of goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact analysis and interpretation of the results.
II. Methodology
(a) Study Area The municipality of Surulere Local Government Area (LGA) in Oyo State of Nigeria is with a population of 180,000 people [11], and is increasing with an annual population rate of 0.150/0. The headquarters is situated at Iresa-Adu which is the largest of all the towns in the LGA. The study area has two different seasons; the Wet and Dry season. The wet season lasts about 6 months, April to September that is the period of maximum solid waste generation while the dry season is from October to March with scanty or no rainfall. In the study area, apart from Open – burning, there is only one waste recovery program and the program is widespread throughout the area which is uncontrolled tipping. Wastes are collected in bins or containers and compactor vehicles and are later transported by the Oyo State Environmental Protection Agency (OYSEPA) for land filling with little recovery rate. (b) Waste Composition in the study area. The waste density and composition in municipality of Surulere Local Government Area are given in Figures I and II respectively.
3. Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local......
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 43|
where D1, D2…D5 – Selected Dumpsites Figure I: Waste density in selected dumpsites of the Study Area [Source: 12]
where TW – Total Waste, HW – Headpan Weight. Figure II: Composition of waste materials by mass in the Study Area [Source: 12] (c) The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) The functional unit selected for the comparison of the alternative scenarios is the management of 1kg of municipal solid waste of this area. The scenario that was considered in this study with the system boundaries is illustrated in Figure III. The Scenario is called Landfilling Scenario consists of three main steps: Collection, Transport and Landfilling of MSW. Because of rural nature of the area, the quantities of municipal solid waste of this area are not rising rapidly; it is assumed that approximately 90 tonnes of MSW is generated daily by the 180,000 residents. Most of their wastes are being disposed when going to farm or thrown into the drains during heavy rainfall. Few private vehicles collect wastes in plastic bags that are discarded and piled up on the streets by the residents, and transport the wastes to the unregulated dumping site to dump there at all hours of the day for recycling or other use when they know they have no means of dumping waste materials. There are few unregulated open dumping site where recyclable components (about 7% of total wastes) are partially separated manually under the unhygienic conditions and piled up for recycling.
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
Average Waste Density (in kg/m3)
Waste Density
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Average Waste Composition (in kg)
Average
4. Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local......
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 44|
C: collection, T: transportation Figure III: the scenario of MSW for the Study
III. Results And Discussions
The two methods employed to assess the impact of the solid waste generated in the study area are: the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) and the Centre of Environmental Science, University of Leiden, (the Netherlands CML) Methods. (a) Impact assessment of the Scenario with CML method of GaBi5 LCA modelling 11.60kg of waste materials were collected and transported for landfilling purposes. The flow chart of the landfill scenario and the result of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) as produced from the GaBi5 LCA model are given in Figure IV and Table I respectively.
Figure IV: Plan of the LCA of Solid Waste Management in the Scenario Table I: LCI result for the Scenario
GWP
AP
EP
ODP
CML Kg, CO2, eqv
TRACI Kg, CO2, eqv
CML Kg, CO2, eqv
TRACI Kg, CO2, eqv
CML Kg, CO2, eqv
TRACI Kg, CO2, eqv
CML Kg, CO2, eqv
TRACI Kg, CO2, eqv
Biodegradable
9.74
9.17
0.00308
0.186
0.018
0.00774
2.66E- 009
2.66E-009
Metal
0.00452
0.00436
1.04E- 005
0.000688
8.79E- 005
5E-006
6.12E- 012
6.12E-012
Glass
0.00251
0.00251
1.53E- 005
0.000907
2.1E- 006
1.21E- 006
2.48E- 012
2.48E-012
Paper
0.369
0.347
8.67E- 005
0.00541
0.00128
5.4E-005
6.26E- 011
6.26E-011
Plastic
0.0194
0.0192
5.62E- 005
0.00305
6.91E- 005
3.23E- 005
6.78E- 011
6.78E-011
Textile
0.442
0.416
0.000102
0.0064
0.000657
0.00027
7.3E-011
7.3E-011
Wood
0.414
0.389
F89E- 005
0.00507
4.31E- 005
1.82E- 005
4.69E- 011
4.69E-011
L
The Scenario
C
T
5. Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local......
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 45|
(i) Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Using the CML Method, the global warming potential for hundred years in the LCA of solid waste management
from GaBi5 LCA model is graphically shown below:
Figure V: GWP 100years - LCA of Solid Waste Management
(ii) Acidification Potential (AP)
Using the CML Method, the acidification potential in the LCA of solid waste management is graphically shown
below:
Figure VI: AP - LCA of Solid Waste Management
GWP 100 years - LCA of Solid Waste Management In Surulere LGA (Landfilling)
Global Warming Potential [kg CO2-Equiv.]
10.915
10.341
9.766
9.192
8.617
8.043
7.468
6.894
6.319
5.745
5.17
4.596
4.021
3.447
2.872
2.298
1.723
1.149
0.574
0
Total
EU-27: Landf ill of biodegradable w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of ferro metals PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of glass/inert w aste PE
EU-27: Landf ill of paper w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of plastic w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of textiles PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of untreated w ood PE <p-agg>
GLO: Truck PE <u-so>
11.06
9.74
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.02
0.44
0.41
0.07
AP - LCA of Solid Waste Management In Surulere LGA (Landfilling)
Acidif ication Potential [kg SO2-Equiv.]
4.04e-3
3.79e-3
3.54e-3
3.29e-3
3.03e-3
2.78e-3
2.53e-3
2.27e-3
2.02e-3
1.77e-3
1.52e-3
1.26e-3
1.01e-3
0.76e-3
0.51e-3
0.25e-3
0.0e-3
Total
EU-27: Landf ill of biodegradable w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of ferro metals PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of glass/inert w aste PE
EU-27: Landf ill of paper w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of plastic w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of textiles PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of untreated w ood PE <p-agg>
GLO: Truck PE <u-so>
4.13e-3
3.079e-3
0.01e-3
0.015e-3
0.087e-3
0.056e-3
0.102e-3
0.079e-3
0.7e-3
6. Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local......
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 46|
(iii) Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Using the CML Method, the eutrophication potential in the LCA of solid waste management is graphically
shown below:
Figure VII: EP - LCA of Solid Waste Management
(iv) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Using the CML Method, the Ozone Depletion potential in the LCA of solid waste management is graphically
shown below:
Figure VIII ODP - LCA of Solid Waste Management
EP - LCA of Solid Waste Management In Surulere LGA (Landfilling)
Eutrophication Potential [kg Phosphate-Equiv.]
.019
.018
.018
.017
.016
.016
.015
.014
.014
.013
.013
.012
.011
.011
.01
.009
.009
.008
.008
.007
.006
.006
.005
.004
.004
.003
.003
.002
.001
.001
Total
EU-27: Landf ill of biodegradable w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of ferro metals PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of glass/inert w aste PE
EU-27: Landf ill of paper w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of plastic w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of textiles PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of untreated w ood PE <p-agg>
GLO: Truck PE <u-so>
.019
.018
.000
.001
.000
ODP, steady state - LCA of Solid Waste Management In Surulere LGA (Landfilling)
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential [kg R11-Equiv.]
2.86e-9
2.68e-9
2.5e-9
2.32e-9
2.14e-9
1.96e-9
1.79e-9
1.61e-9
1.43e-9
1.25e-9
1.07e-9
0.89e-9
0.71e-9
0.54e-9
0.36e-9
0.18e-9
0.0e-9
Total
EU-27: Landf ill of biodegradable w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of ferro metals PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of glass/inert w aste PE
EU-27: Landf ill of paper w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of plastic w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of textiles PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of untreated w ood PE <p-agg>
2.919e-9
2.66e-9
0.006e-9
0.002e-9
0.063e-9
0.068e-9
0.073e-9
0.047e-9
7. Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local......
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 47|
(b) Impact assessment of the Scenario with TRACI method of GaBi5 LCA modelling
The comprehensive results of the life cycle Impact (LCI) Assessment of the scenario analyzed using
the TRACI method are given below:
(i) Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Using the TRACI Method, the global warming potential for hundred years in the LCA of solid waste
management of Surulere Local Government is expressed as global warming air which is graphically shown
below:
Figure IX: GWP - LCA of Solid Waste Management
(ii) Acidification Potential (AP)
Using the TRACI Method, the acidification potential in the LCA of solid waste management scenario is
graphically shown below:
Figure X: AP - LCA of Solid Waste Management
Global Warming Air - LCA of Solid Waste Management In Surulere LGA (Landfilling)
Global Warming Air [kg CO2-Equiv.]
10.923
10.448
9.973
9.498
9.023
8.548
8.073
7.598
7.123
6.648
6.174
5.699
5.224
4.749
4.274
3.799
3.324
2.849
2.374
1.9
1.425
0.95
0.475
0
Total
EU-27: Landf ill of biodegradable w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of ferro metals PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of glass/inert w aste PE
EU-27: Landf ill of paper w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of plastic w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of textiles PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of untreated w ood PE <p-agg>
GLO: Truck PE <u-so>
11.06
9.74
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.02
0.44
0.41
0.07
Acidification Air - LCA of Solid Waste Management In Surulere LGA (Landfilling)
Acidif ication Air [kg H+ moles-Equiv.]
.263
.256
.248
.241
.234
.227
.219
.212
.205
.197
.19
.183
.175
.168
.161
.153
.146
.139
.132
.124
.117
.11
.102
.095
.088
.08
.073
.066
.058
.051
.044
.037
.029
.022
.015
.007
Total
EU-27: Landf ill of biodegradable w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of ferro metals PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of glass/inert w aste PE
EU-27: Landf ill of paper w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of plastic w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of textiles PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of untreated w ood PE <p-agg>
GLO: Truck PE <u-so>
.267
.189
.001
.001
.006
.003
.007
.005
.056
8. Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local......
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 48|
(iii) Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Using the TRACI Method, the eutrophication potential in the LCA of solid waste management (scenario one) is
graphically shown below:
Figure XI: EP - LCA of Solid Waste Management
(iv) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Using the TRACI Method, the Ozone Depletion potential in the LCA of solid waste management scenario is
graphically shown below:
Figure XII: ODA - LCA of Solid Waste Management
Eutrophication - LCA of Solid Waste Management In Surulere LGA (Landfilling)
Eutrophication [kg N-Equiv.]
8.05e-3
7.65e-3
7.25e-3
6.84e-3
6.44e-3
6.04e-3
5.64e-3
5.23e-3
4.83e-3
4.43e-3
4.03e-3
3.62e-3
3.22e-3
2.82e-3
2.42e-3
2.01e-3
1.61e-3
1.21e-3
0.81e-3
0.4e-3
0.0e-3
Total
EU-27: Landf ill of biodegradable w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of ferro metals PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of glass/inert w aste PE
EU-27: Landf ill of paper w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of plastic w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of textiles PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of untreated w ood PE <p-agg>
GLO: Truck PE <u-so>
8.187e-3
7.743e-3
0.005e-3
0.001e-3
0.054e-3
0.032e-3
0.27e-3
0.018e-3
0.063e-3
Ozone Depletion Air - LCA of Solid Waste Management In Surulere LGA (Landfilling)
Ozone Depletion Air [kg CFC 11-Equiv.]
5.5e-13
5.16e-13
4.81e-13
4.47e-13
4.13e-13
3.78e-13
3.44e-13
3.09e-13
2.75e-13
2.41e-13
2.06e-13
1.72e-13
1.38e-13
1.03e-13
0.69e-13
0.34e-13
0.0e-13
Total
EU-27: Landf ill of biodegradable w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of ferro metals PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of glass/inert w aste PE
EU-27: Landf ill of paper w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of plastic w aste PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of textiles PE <p-agg>
EU-27: Landf ill of untreated w ood PE <p-agg>
5.705e-13
5.185e-13
0.012e-13
0.021e-13
0.122e-13
0.132e-13
0.142e-13
0.091e-13
9. Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere Local......
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.9| Sept. 2014 | 49|
(c) Comparison of Environmental impact assessment of both TRACI and CML methods (i) Global Warming Potential(GWP) It is generally observed that the GWP for 100years is relatively the same when the solid waste is land filled in respective of the LCI Assessment method used. From Figures V and IX, it is noted that the GWP for 100years is the same for both method of assessment. (ii) Acidification Potential (AP) From Figures VI and X, it is discovered that the environmental impact in terms of AP is high when TRACI method was used for the LCI assessment while it is lesser when CML method was adopted for the assessment. (iii) Eutrophication Potential (EP) From Figures VII and XI, it is noted that the EP as result of biodegradable waste and textile waste are high whereas the EP for other type of solid waste as indicated in the Figures are lesser when CML method was used for the LCI assessment; while when the TRACI method was used for the assessment, most of solid wastes have a high EP, with the exception of biodegradable waste and textile waste, when compared with CML method. (iv) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) The potential of ozone depletion as a result of solid waste land filled when assessed by CML method is a little higher than when TRACI method was used for LCI assessment (Figures VIII and XII refers).
IV. Conclusion
Application of GaBi5 LCA modelling techniques solves the problem of imprecision involved in solid waste decision making. The study concludes that the wastes all have detrimental impacts on the 4 measured categories but the highest pollution threat is on the Global Warming Potential (GWP). The Scenario’s Environmental Impacts shows that the GWP is characterized in the order: Biodegradable > Textile > Wood > Paper > plastic > Metal > Glass. The AP followed similar trend except for paper that is greater than wood wastes. EP has this trend; Metal > Wood > Glass > Biodegradable > Paper > Textile while for ODP it was Textile > Plastic > Paper > Metal > Wood > Biodegradable > Glass. The study also showed that when LCA is applied in conjunction with the waste hierarchy, it can be a useful tool for the planning of municipal waste management system as it allows municipalities to directly compare the actual environmental impacts of different technologies and planning options. Furthermore, through system expansion, a consequential approach to LCA may encourage municipalities to integrate waste management with processes in other sectors. It is therefore recommended that Environmental Protection Agencies at all levels should always analyze and contain the pollution impacts of the solid wastes on the environment. REFERENCES [1] Gottinger, H.W., 1988. A computational model for solid waste management with application. European Journal of Operational Research 35, 350–364. [2] MacDonald, M., 1996. Solid waste management models: a state of the art review. Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 23 (2), 73–83. [3] Obersteiner, G., Binner, E., Mostbauer, P., Salhofer, S., 2007. Land ll modelling in LCA – a contribution based on empirical data. Waste Management 27, S58–S74. [4] Boer, J., Boer, E., Jager, J., 2007. LCA-IWM: A decision support tool for sustainability assessment of waste management systems. Waste Management 27, 1032–1045. [5] Winkler, J., Bilitewski, B., 2007. Comparative evaluation of life cycle assessment models for solid wastes management. Waste Management 27, 1021–1031. [6] Borghi, A., Binaghi, L., Borghi, M.G.M., 2007. The application of the environmental product declaration to waste disposal in a sanitary landfill. International Journal of LCA 12 (1), 40–49. [7] Finnveden, G., 1999. Methodological aspects of life cycle assessment of integrated solid waste management systems. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 26, 173–177. [8] Ozeler, D., Yetis, U., Demirer, G.N., 2006. Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management methods: Ankara case study. Environment International 32, 405–411. [9] Fiorucci, P., Minciardi, R., Robba, M., Sacile, R “Solid waste management in urban areas development and application of a decision support system”. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 37, 2003, pp 301-328. [10] Chang, N. and Wang, S.F “A fuzzy goal programming approach for the optimal planning of metropolitan solid waste management systems”. European Journal of Operational Research, 99, 1997, pp 303-321. [11] NPC “Official gazette for 2006 population census”. National Population Commision, Nigeria. [12] S.O. Ojoawo, O.A Agbede and A.Y Sangodoyin (2011) On the physical composition of solid wastes in selected dumpsites of Ogbomosoland, South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, U.S.A, 3 (9): 661- 666.