Simple and novel spectrophotometric method is described for simultaneous determination of
aluminium and iron. The method is based on the metal ions - complexes formed by aluminium and iron with
mixed chromogenic reagents of 1, 10 phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine). The derivatives have
absorption maxima at 400 nm and 510 nm respectively in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
(CTAB) as micellar media (surfactant) maintained at pH 5. Reaction conditions were optimized and the linear
dynamic ranges for determination of aluminum and iron were found be 0.8 – 12.0 μg/mL and 0.6 – 8.0 μg/mL
respectively. The standard deviation (S.D) and coefficient of variation (CV) for the simultaneous determination
was 0.018 and 0.45% for aluminium and 0.03 and 1.5% for iron (II). The recoveries were between 102 % and
106 %, 101.2 % and 104 % for aluminium and iron respectively at 95 % confidence level (p≥0.05). The
proposed method was successfully applied to the assay of aluminium and iron in rock minerals, lubricating oil
and water samples. The results and paired t-test for the analyzed samples were found to be in satisfactory
agreement (shows no significant difference) with those acquired by the flame atomic absorption
spectrophotometric (FAAS) technique.
Chemical and Electrochemical Study on the Effectively of Melilotus Officinali...paperpublications3
Abstract: Melilotus officinalis Extract (M.O.E.) was investigated as a green corrosion inhibitor for Aluminium alloy in 1 M HCl solution using weight loss, hydrogen evolution, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. Surface morphology was tested using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of temperature on corrosion behavior with addition of different concentrations was studied in the temperature range of 25-45 ºC by weight loss. Polarization curves reveal that the investigated extract is a mixed inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increase the investigated extract concentration and increase with increasing solution temperature. The adsorption of the inhibitor on Aluminium alloy surface was found to obey the Tenkin’s adsorption isotherm. The activation and adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. The results obtained from chemical and electrochemical techniques are in good agreement.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of some pyrazolo-pyrimidine deriv...Al Baha University
The anticorrosion performance of three pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives, namely, 4-amino pyrazolo-pyrimidine
(APP), 4-hydroxy pyrazolo-pyrimidine (HPP), and 4-mercapto pyrazolo-pyrimidine (MPP) on copper in 0.5M
H2SO4 solution have been investigated using electrochemical, surface analysis, as well as theoretical techniques.
The results indicate that these inhibitors have largely inhibited the corrosion of copper and the inhibition efficiency
increased with increasing concentration. Moreover, the inhibitors adsorb on copper surface following
Langmuir adsorption isotherm. XPS analysis were performed for describing the bonding characteristics between
inhibitors and copper substrate. Furthermore, DFT and molecular dynamics simulation calculations were applied
to further explain the anti-corrosion mechanism.
Eco-friendly method for the estimation of cobalt (II) in real samples using 1...Innspub Net
An easy and quick spectrophotometric method is developed for the investigation of cobalt at trace level using 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous micellar solution. The cobalt forms bis [1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol] cobalt complex reacting with 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol. Proposed method is of great importance because use of micellar system instead of solvent extraction steps that were toxic, expensive and time consuming. The method shows improved sensitivity, selectivity and molar absorption. The coefficient of molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be ε 1.89 × 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.1ngcm-2 at λmax 572.7nm. Graph of Linear concentration calibration was obtained in the range 0.02-9.0μgmL-1; stoichiometric metal ligand ratio was found 1:2 for the complex Co-[TAN]2 formation. The proposed method was applied for the investigation of cobalt from different alloys, biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Full articles at https://lnkd.in/fbEHTJ6
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Chemical and Electrochemical Study on the Effectively of Melilotus Officinali...paperpublications3
Abstract: Melilotus officinalis Extract (M.O.E.) was investigated as a green corrosion inhibitor for Aluminium alloy in 1 M HCl solution using weight loss, hydrogen evolution, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. Surface morphology was tested using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of temperature on corrosion behavior with addition of different concentrations was studied in the temperature range of 25-45 ºC by weight loss. Polarization curves reveal that the investigated extract is a mixed inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increase the investigated extract concentration and increase with increasing solution temperature. The adsorption of the inhibitor on Aluminium alloy surface was found to obey the Tenkin’s adsorption isotherm. The activation and adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. The results obtained from chemical and electrochemical techniques are in good agreement.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of some pyrazolo-pyrimidine deriv...Al Baha University
The anticorrosion performance of three pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives, namely, 4-amino pyrazolo-pyrimidine
(APP), 4-hydroxy pyrazolo-pyrimidine (HPP), and 4-mercapto pyrazolo-pyrimidine (MPP) on copper in 0.5M
H2SO4 solution have been investigated using electrochemical, surface analysis, as well as theoretical techniques.
The results indicate that these inhibitors have largely inhibited the corrosion of copper and the inhibition efficiency
increased with increasing concentration. Moreover, the inhibitors adsorb on copper surface following
Langmuir adsorption isotherm. XPS analysis were performed for describing the bonding characteristics between
inhibitors and copper substrate. Furthermore, DFT and molecular dynamics simulation calculations were applied
to further explain the anti-corrosion mechanism.
Eco-friendly method for the estimation of cobalt (II) in real samples using 1...Innspub Net
An easy and quick spectrophotometric method is developed for the investigation of cobalt at trace level using 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous micellar solution. The cobalt forms bis [1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol] cobalt complex reacting with 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol. Proposed method is of great importance because use of micellar system instead of solvent extraction steps that were toxic, expensive and time consuming. The method shows improved sensitivity, selectivity and molar absorption. The coefficient of molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be ε 1.89 × 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.1ngcm-2 at λmax 572.7nm. Graph of Linear concentration calibration was obtained in the range 0.02-9.0μgmL-1; stoichiometric metal ligand ratio was found 1:2 for the complex Co-[TAN]2 formation. The proposed method was applied for the investigation of cobalt from different alloys, biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Full articles at https://lnkd.in/fbEHTJ6
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes research on the preparation and characterization of succinylated corn starch as an adsorbent for removing Pb(II) ions from aqueous media. Corn starch was reacted with succinic anhydride at different concentrations to introduce carboxyl groups and obtain succinylated corn starches with degrees of substitution from 0.19 to 0.47. The succinylated starches were characterized using techniques such as FTIR, SEM, TGA and BET surface area analysis. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the optimal pH for Pb(II) ion removal was 6.0. Adsorption capacity increased with increasing initial Pb(II) ion concentration and degree of substitution.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from
aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting
adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility
to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order,
Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous
occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was
proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle
diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II)
from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study investigating the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized and activated to produce porous activated carbon. Testing showed the activated carbon had a surface area of 127 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.11 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments were conducted with methylene blue solutions and found that 94-80% of the dye was adsorbed within 10 minutes, with maximum adsorption reached at 50 minutes. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.22 mg/g predicted by the model
1. Two novel long chain aziridinemethanols (1b,c) are described and their molecular organisation in the bulk and self-assembling properties in aqueous dispersion are reported.
2. The orientation of the NH hydrogen of the aziridinealcohol moiety in 1b can be changed by introducing a methyl substituent into the rigid three-membered ring (1c), leading to a change in the hydrogen bonding pattern and molecular organization.
3. Compound 1c forms left-handed helical ribbons in aqueous media, while no chiral aggregates are found for 1b. However, addition of 2-acetoxybenzoic acid to an aqueous dispersion of 1b leads to
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro Antimicrobial activity of Cu (II) an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Four Cu(II) and two Ni(II) complexes of azo carboxylate ligands were synthesized and characterized
by conductivity ,UV-visible and Infrared spectroscopy. The comparison of IR spectra of uncoordinated ligands
and their metal complexes indicated that ligands were coordinated to the metal through carboxylic oxygen atom
in bidented fashion. The electronic spectral data suggested square planner geometry of the complexes. The
conductivity study of the complexes indicated Cu(II) complexes are nonelectrolyte while Ni(II) complexes are
electrolyte in nature. All the complexes were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against
different microbes and compared with standard drugs, Amphotericin-B and Ciprofloxacin. It was observed that
Ni(II)complexes are more effective than the corresponding Cu(II)complexes.Cu(II) complexes were found to be
inactive against the tested fungal species but they show moderate activity against the tested bacterial species.
One of the Ni(II) complex was found to be active in both fungal and bacterial species and also found to be more
effective than the other complexes.
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document presents a study comparing the adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions onto Iranian bentonite from the Birjand area. Characterization of the bentonite found it contains montmorillonite, quartz, oligoclase, gypsum and illite. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of initial metal ion concentration on adsorption in single and multi-component systems. Equilibrium data was analyzed using five isotherm models, finding the Langmuir model best fit the data. The maximum adsorption capacities from Langmuir for Cu(II) were 21.10-22.17 mg/g and for Pb(II) were 57.803-40.
Red Dragon Fruit (Selenicereus costaricensis) Waste Peels as Corrosion Inhibi...Innspub Net
Metal corrosion is brought about by the oxidation of atoms on the surface, resulting in irreversible damage to structures at staggering costs. Hence, the search for efficient and cost-effective corrosion inhibitors is relevant. Waste agricultural by-products which have no food or economic value serve as good potential sources for these environmentally benign corrosion inhibitors. Ethanolic extracts of Red Dragon Fruit (RDF) have been previously reported to contain high amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols, which can manifest inhibitory activity against corrosion brought about by aggressive electrolytes. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Selenicereus costaricensis waste peels was tested for its anti-corrosion property using weight loss method. We have also probed its performance as a potential corrosion inhibitor at a range of different temperatures from 303 to 343 K. The calculated inhibition efficiency of 2% RDF was 97%. Thermodynamic studies reveal that increasing inhibitor concentration raises the activation parameters of mild steel in an acidic medium such as activation energy (Ea) and changes in enthalpy (DHo) and entropy (DSo). It was found that the corrosion inhibition process using RDF waste peel extract mainly occurs under diffusion control. Moreover, increased immersion time, inhibitor concentration, and temperature led to increased inhibition efficiency. The spontaneous process (DGoads = -23.47 kJ/mol) of adsorption of RDF on mild steel surfaces obeys the Langmuir isotherm model.
Si o2 as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5Alexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles using MoO3-SiO2 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The method involves reacting various substituted benzonitriles with sodium azide in the presence of the MoO3-SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst provides high yields of the tetrazoles under mild reaction conditions. The MoO3-SiO2 catalyst can also be recycled and reused for multiple reactions without loss of activity, making the process economical and environmentally friendly.
11.si o0002www.iiste.org call for_paper as an efficient and reusable heteroge...Alexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles using MoO3-SiO2 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The method involves reacting various substituted benzonitriles with sodium azide in the presence of the MoO3-SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst provides high yields of the tetrazoles under mild reaction conditions. The MoO3-SiO2 catalyst can also be recycled without loss of activity, making the process economical and environmentally friendly.
A model HA-type polymer of para-benzoquinone synthetic humic acid (SHA) and its complexes with copper, iron and manganese metal ions were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Natural humic acids (HA) and synthetic humic acids (SHA) were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated similarity of SHA and HA spectra. The AFM images of SHA and its complexes revealed variable morphologies, such as small spheres, aggregates and a sponge-like structure. The SHA complexes displayed morphologies similar to those of natural HA. The presence of copper, iron and manganese ions led to the formation of aggregate-type structures in an apparent arrangement of smaller SHA particles.
El rendimiento comparativo del ferrato de potasio (VI), sulfato férrico y sulfato de aluminio para la eliminación de turbidez, química
Se evaluó la demanda de oxígeno (DQO), el color (como Vis400-abs) y las bacterias en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Para la coagulación y desinfección de aguas residuales,
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
This document summarizes a system that uses both wind turbines and a variable capacitor to generate electricity from passing trains. Wind turbines placed between railroad tracks can harness the wind produced by passing trains to generate power. Additionally, a variable capacitor system uses the motion of passing trains to change the capacitance of conductive plates, producing electrical energy from the kinetic energy of the moving trains. The system aims to make productive use of an otherwise wasted energy resource and provide power to remote areas along rail lines.
A Novel Learning Formulation in a unified Min-Max Framework for Computer Aide...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel learning formulation that combines cascade classification and multiple instance learning (MIL) in a unified min-max framework for computer-aided diagnosis problems. The approach formulates MIL as an optimization problem and extends the notion of hinge loss from individual instances to entire bags of instances. It then fuses this MIL formulation with an existing min-max framework for jointly optimizing a cascade of classifiers. The proposed method is applied to detecting pulmonary embolism and colon cancer from CT images, demonstrating comparable accuracy to state-of-the-art MIL and cascaded classifiers while significantly reducing computational cost.
This document discusses the effect of mass and partial slip on boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a porous plate embedded in a porous medium. The governing equations for momentum, energy, and nanoparticle concentration are presented. Similarity transformations are applied to reduce the governing partial differential equations to a system of ordinary differential equations. The equations are then solved numerically using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Results for shear stress, temperature distribution, nanoparticle volume fraction, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are obtained to illustrate the effects of various parameters including mass slip, partial slip, permeability, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes research on the preparation and characterization of succinylated corn starch as an adsorbent for removing Pb(II) ions from aqueous media. Corn starch was reacted with succinic anhydride at different concentrations to introduce carboxyl groups and obtain succinylated corn starches with degrees of substitution from 0.19 to 0.47. The succinylated starches were characterized using techniques such as FTIR, SEM, TGA and BET surface area analysis. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the optimal pH for Pb(II) ion removal was 6.0. Adsorption capacity increased with increasing initial Pb(II) ion concentration and degree of substitution.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from
aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting
adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility
to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order,
Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous
occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was
proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle
diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II)
from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study investigating the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized and activated to produce porous activated carbon. Testing showed the activated carbon had a surface area of 127 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.11 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments were conducted with methylene blue solutions and found that 94-80% of the dye was adsorbed within 10 minutes, with maximum adsorption reached at 50 minutes. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.22 mg/g predicted by the model
1. Two novel long chain aziridinemethanols (1b,c) are described and their molecular organisation in the bulk and self-assembling properties in aqueous dispersion are reported.
2. The orientation of the NH hydrogen of the aziridinealcohol moiety in 1b can be changed by introducing a methyl substituent into the rigid three-membered ring (1c), leading to a change in the hydrogen bonding pattern and molecular organization.
3. Compound 1c forms left-handed helical ribbons in aqueous media, while no chiral aggregates are found for 1b. However, addition of 2-acetoxybenzoic acid to an aqueous dispersion of 1b leads to
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro Antimicrobial activity of Cu (II) an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Four Cu(II) and two Ni(II) complexes of azo carboxylate ligands were synthesized and characterized
by conductivity ,UV-visible and Infrared spectroscopy. The comparison of IR spectra of uncoordinated ligands
and their metal complexes indicated that ligands were coordinated to the metal through carboxylic oxygen atom
in bidented fashion. The electronic spectral data suggested square planner geometry of the complexes. The
conductivity study of the complexes indicated Cu(II) complexes are nonelectrolyte while Ni(II) complexes are
electrolyte in nature. All the complexes were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against
different microbes and compared with standard drugs, Amphotericin-B and Ciprofloxacin. It was observed that
Ni(II)complexes are more effective than the corresponding Cu(II)complexes.Cu(II) complexes were found to be
inactive against the tested fungal species but they show moderate activity against the tested bacterial species.
One of the Ni(II) complex was found to be active in both fungal and bacterial species and also found to be more
effective than the other complexes.
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document presents a study comparing the adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions onto Iranian bentonite from the Birjand area. Characterization of the bentonite found it contains montmorillonite, quartz, oligoclase, gypsum and illite. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of initial metal ion concentration on adsorption in single and multi-component systems. Equilibrium data was analyzed using five isotherm models, finding the Langmuir model best fit the data. The maximum adsorption capacities from Langmuir for Cu(II) were 21.10-22.17 mg/g and for Pb(II) were 57.803-40.
Red Dragon Fruit (Selenicereus costaricensis) Waste Peels as Corrosion Inhibi...Innspub Net
Metal corrosion is brought about by the oxidation of atoms on the surface, resulting in irreversible damage to structures at staggering costs. Hence, the search for efficient and cost-effective corrosion inhibitors is relevant. Waste agricultural by-products which have no food or economic value serve as good potential sources for these environmentally benign corrosion inhibitors. Ethanolic extracts of Red Dragon Fruit (RDF) have been previously reported to contain high amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols, which can manifest inhibitory activity against corrosion brought about by aggressive electrolytes. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Selenicereus costaricensis waste peels was tested for its anti-corrosion property using weight loss method. We have also probed its performance as a potential corrosion inhibitor at a range of different temperatures from 303 to 343 K. The calculated inhibition efficiency of 2% RDF was 97%. Thermodynamic studies reveal that increasing inhibitor concentration raises the activation parameters of mild steel in an acidic medium such as activation energy (Ea) and changes in enthalpy (DHo) and entropy (DSo). It was found that the corrosion inhibition process using RDF waste peel extract mainly occurs under diffusion control. Moreover, increased immersion time, inhibitor concentration, and temperature led to increased inhibition efficiency. The spontaneous process (DGoads = -23.47 kJ/mol) of adsorption of RDF on mild steel surfaces obeys the Langmuir isotherm model.
Si o2 as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5Alexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles using MoO3-SiO2 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The method involves reacting various substituted benzonitriles with sodium azide in the presence of the MoO3-SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst provides high yields of the tetrazoles under mild reaction conditions. The MoO3-SiO2 catalyst can also be recycled and reused for multiple reactions without loss of activity, making the process economical and environmentally friendly.
11.si o0002www.iiste.org call for_paper as an efficient and reusable heteroge...Alexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles using MoO3-SiO2 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The method involves reacting various substituted benzonitriles with sodium azide in the presence of the MoO3-SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst provides high yields of the tetrazoles under mild reaction conditions. The MoO3-SiO2 catalyst can also be recycled without loss of activity, making the process economical and environmentally friendly.
A model HA-type polymer of para-benzoquinone synthetic humic acid (SHA) and its complexes with copper, iron and manganese metal ions were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Natural humic acids (HA) and synthetic humic acids (SHA) were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated similarity of SHA and HA spectra. The AFM images of SHA and its complexes revealed variable morphologies, such as small spheres, aggregates and a sponge-like structure. The SHA complexes displayed morphologies similar to those of natural HA. The presence of copper, iron and manganese ions led to the formation of aggregate-type structures in an apparent arrangement of smaller SHA particles.
El rendimiento comparativo del ferrato de potasio (VI), sulfato férrico y sulfato de aluminio para la eliminación de turbidez, química
Se evaluó la demanda de oxígeno (DQO), el color (como Vis400-abs) y las bacterias en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Para la coagulación y desinfección de aguas residuales,
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
This document summarizes a system that uses both wind turbines and a variable capacitor to generate electricity from passing trains. Wind turbines placed between railroad tracks can harness the wind produced by passing trains to generate power. Additionally, a variable capacitor system uses the motion of passing trains to change the capacitance of conductive plates, producing electrical energy from the kinetic energy of the moving trains. The system aims to make productive use of an otherwise wasted energy resource and provide power to remote areas along rail lines.
A Novel Learning Formulation in a unified Min-Max Framework for Computer Aide...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel learning formulation that combines cascade classification and multiple instance learning (MIL) in a unified min-max framework for computer-aided diagnosis problems. The approach formulates MIL as an optimization problem and extends the notion of hinge loss from individual instances to entire bags of instances. It then fuses this MIL formulation with an existing min-max framework for jointly optimizing a cascade of classifiers. The proposed method is applied to detecting pulmonary embolism and colon cancer from CT images, demonstrating comparable accuracy to state-of-the-art MIL and cascaded classifiers while significantly reducing computational cost.
This document discusses the effect of mass and partial slip on boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a porous plate embedded in a porous medium. The governing equations for momentum, energy, and nanoparticle concentration are presented. Similarity transformations are applied to reduce the governing partial differential equations to a system of ordinary differential equations. The equations are then solved numerically using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Results for shear stress, temperature distribution, nanoparticle volume fraction, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are obtained to illustrate the effects of various parameters including mass slip, partial slip, permeability, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion.
This document summarizes a study on applying biologically inspired concepts from nature to solve problems in the construction industry. It discusses how nature has provided models for engineers and architects through natural structures like root bridges and termite mounds that passively regulate temperature. The study explores two approaches to biomimicry - looking to biology to solve human problems, and having biology influence design. Examples given are a vapor barrier product called MemBrain inspired by leaf stomata, and the Eastgate building whose ventilation system was based on termite mounds. The document also outlines three levels of biomimicry - organism, behavior, and ecosystem levels.
The document experimentally investigates conditions for producing hypochlorous acid water with high efficiency. It examines the effects of electrode plate interval, current density, flow rate, and sodium chloride concentration on the production efficiency of available chlorine. The experiments find that production efficiency is strongly affected by flow rate and current density. Higher flow rates and lower current densities result in higher production efficiencies, even as available chlorine concentration increases. An optimal sodium chloride concentration of around 20,000 mg/l achieves high efficiency without further increase at higher concentrations.
This document presents a method for extracting myopotentials (EMG noise) from an ECG signal using a median filter and adaptive wavelet Wiener filter. The ECG signal is first processed with a median filter to reduce noise. Then, an adaptive wavelet Wiener filter is applied which uses statistical characteristics of the signal and noise in the wavelet domain to estimate noise-free wavelet coefficients. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves a higher signal-to-noise ratio of 13.7 dB compared to other filtering methods like the adaptive wavelet Wiener filter alone, wavelet Wiener filter, and wavelet filter. The median filter provides better myopotential reduction than the other techniques.
1) The document discusses an experimental study on vibration control of rotating beams using semi-fluids.
2) In the experiment, different grades of grease were embedded between aluminum plates to form a sandwich beam structure. This was tested on a setup with a stepper motor that could rotate the beam at varying RPM.
3) Vibration responses measured using an accelerometer were plotted using LabVIEW software. Results showed that beams with higher viscosity grease embedded had greater vibration attenuation capacity compared to ones with lower viscosity grease or no grease.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using processed termite as a stabilizing agent for clay soil. Key findings include:
- Termite dust was added to clay soil samples in proportions from 0-30%. This decreased liquid limit, plasticity index, and increased strength.
- Swelling decreased and rate of swelling increased as termite dust content rose. Curing also positively affected stabilization effectiveness.
- Unconfined compressive strength and CBR values increased with higher termite dust percentages. 25-30% stabilization is recommended.
This document discusses the role of green buildings in sustainable construction in India. It notes that buildings account for a large portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Green building techniques can significantly reduce this environmental impact through improved energy efficiency. However, green construction is still in its infancy in South Asia due to a lack of awareness, training, effective policies, and incentives. The document argues that green buildings must become standard practice to achieve sustainable development goals in India and addresses the energy savings potential, challenges, and need to promote green building standards and certification programs.
Shear wave velocity (Vs) and standard penetration resistance (N value) were measured at 17 locations in Dhaka City using down-hole PS Logging Tests and Standard Penetration Tests. 189 measurements were collected and analyzed to develop a correlation between Vs, depth, and N value for soils in Dhaka City. Graphs of Vs and N value with depth were generated for several test sites to show the field investigation results.
This document provides a review of different position estimation methods for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). It discusses indirect methods based on back electromotive force (EMF) detection, model-based methods using flux linkage or inductance estimation, and saliency-based methods using high frequency signal injection. Model-based observer approaches like extended Kalman filters are highlighted as effective for medium- and high-speed operation due to good disturbance rejection and robustness. The review evaluates the performance and limitations of different position estimation techniques for sensorless control of PMSMs.
The document compares the design buckling resistance of a steel column according to three different structural design standards: SANS 10162-1:2005/CAN/CSA-S16-01:2005 (South African/Canadian standard), Eurocode 3, and AS 4100:1998/NZS3404:1997 (Australian/New Zealand standard). It finds that while the standards have some similarities in their classification of cross-sections and consideration of effective lengths and imperfections, there are also differences. A worked example calculates the design buckling resistance of a specific steel column according to the South African standard and finds the capacity varies with the slenderness ratio and standard used.
This document presents a performance analysis of a two-phase induction motor fed by a four-leg voltage source inverter for low power applications. A mathematical model of the two-phase induction motor is developed using MATLAB to simulate speed variation under different load torques. A four-leg voltage source inverter is proposed to generate the two-phase output voltage using sinusoidal pulse width modulation for its superior DC utilization and lower total harmonic distortion compared to a three-leg inverter. Simulation results show the speed-torque characteristics of the two-phase induction motor fed by the four-leg inverter for validating its suitability for low power applications below 2.5 kW.
The document describes using a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller tuned with Internal Model Control (IMC) technique for Automatic Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area power system. It presents the system model of a two area power system and derives the control equations. It then discusses designing an IMC-PID controller for LFC by first designing an IMC controller and transforming it into an equivalent PID structure. Simulation results show the IMC-PID controller provides better stability and dynamic response for LFC compared to a conventional integral controller.
Implementation of Fuzzy Logic for the High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images w...IOSR Journals
This document describes an implementation of fuzzy logic for high-resolution remote sensing image classification with improved accuracy. It discusses using an object-based approach with fuzzy rules to classify urban land covers in a satellite image. The approach involves image segmentation using k-means clustering or ISODATA clustering. Features are then extracted from the image objects and fuzzy logic is applied to classify the objects based on membership functions. The method was tested on different sensor and resolution images in MATLAB and showed improved classification accuracy over other techniques, achieving lower entropy in results. Future work planned includes designing an unsupervised classification model combining k-means clustering and fuzzy-based object orientation.
This document discusses profiling and optimization of sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV). It proposes a system that uses performance modeling to predict execution times of different SpMV kernels for a given sparse matrix stored in various formats. An auto-selection algorithm then identifies the optimal storage format and predicted execution time based on the performance modeling. The system was evaluated on NVIDIA GPUs and achieved accurate performance predictions to select the best SpMV solution for a target sparse matrix.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The document presents a new approach called Linear Curvature Empirical Coding (LCEC) for image retrieval. LCEC aims to improve upon existing curvature-based coding approaches by linearly representing the curvature scale space plot and then applying empirical coding to select descriptive shape features. The linear representation considers variations across all smoothing factors rather than discarding information below a threshold. Empirical coding is used to select features based on variation density rather than just magnitudes. The results show LCEC performs better than previous methods for image retrieval.
The document discusses concept drift in process mining and proposes a new online learning model called Diversity for Dealing with Drifts (DDD) to handle concept drift more accurately than existing methods. DDD uses an ensemble of classifiers with varying diversity levels to make predictions both before and after a concept drift is detected. It is compared to an existing early drift detection method (EDDM) using real-world datasets, and is shown to achieve higher accuracy, including when false positive drift detections occur. The document provides details on the DDD algorithm and compares its performance to the existing approach.
This document summarizes and compares several energy-efficient routing cluster protocols for wireless sensor networks, including LEACH, LEACH-C, TL-LEACH, PEGASIS, ER-LEACH, and LEACH-SM. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and the need for energy efficiency in routing protocols. It then reviews each of the protocols, describing their clustering approach and how they select cluster heads. The document analyzes and compares the performance of the protocols based on metrics like throughput, network lifetime, energy efficiency, and load balancing. It finds that PEGASIS and TL-LEACH generally perform best in terms of throughput and network lifetime, while LEACH-C and ER-LEACH also
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
The document investigates the effect of different aluminum precursors on the morphology, crystallite size, and properties of zeolites synthesized via a hydrothermal method. It finds that aluminum sulfate and chloride produced amorphous products while aluminum isopropoxide, sodium aluminate, alumina, and aluminum metal generated analcime nanoparticles ranging from 94.79 to 112.57 nm in size. Sodium aluminate additionally produced a mixture of analcime and nacrite phases. Characterization showed the materials had band gaps of 2.69-3.29 eV and surface areas of 16.28-20.18 m2/g. Testing revealed the zeolites could simultaneously adsorb and photocatalyt
This document summarizes a study that determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in spice samples from eastern Ethiopia using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spice samples of fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger were collected and digested using microwave digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were then measured. The study found detectable levels of all three metals in the samples tested, with the highest lead level found in ginger and the only detectable cadmium found in fenugreek. Microwave digestion was determined to be the optimal sample preparation method compared to dry and wet digestion based on shorter time and smaller deviations in results.
This document describes a study that determined trace amounts of copper using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthal (PAN) as a spectrophotometric reagent. PAN reacts with copper in an acidic solution of pH 2.4-2.5 to form a pink chelate with an absorption maximum at 550 nm. The method was found to be sensitive, selective, and accurate for copper concentrations ranging from 0.1-2.5 μg/mL. The stoichiometry of the copper-PAN chelate is 1:2. Various experimental factors were optimized, including pH, time, temperature and PAN concentration. The method was successfully used
1. The study investigated the use of chemically modified rice husk for removing copper from wastewater through adsorption. Rice husk was treated with alkali to increase its sorption properties.
2. Batch experiments showed that 90-98% of copper could be removed using the treated rice husk. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model best fit the experimental data on the distribution of copper between liquid and solid phases.
3. Kinetic studies were conducted to determine the rate constant, activation energy, and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process. This provided information about the adsorption mechanism.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Reduction of toxicity from aqueous solution by low cost adsorbent: RSM method...Premier Publishers
Heavy metal pollution of waste water is a common environmental hazard, since the toxic metal ions dissolved can ultimately reach the top of the food chain and thus become a risk factor for human health. Chromium is present in waste water as trivalent and hexavalent. Trivalent chromium is relatively less toxic and less mobile while hexavalent chromium is toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic to animals as well as humans. Therefore, the removal of Cr (VI) from industrial waste water has been a research topic of great interest. In the present study carried out the comparative study of removal of the chromium (VI) from waste water by adsorption method. The search for new technologies involving the removal of toxic metals from wastewaters has directed attention to adsorption, based on metal binding capacities of various materials.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the ability of essential oil from Thymus Capitatus to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. The essential oil was extracted from Thymus Capitatus plants found in Morocco. Gas chromatography analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the essential oil reduced the corrosion current density and increased the charge transfer resistance, indicating it acts as an effective corrosion inhibitor by forming a protective film on the steel surface.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the essential oil of Thymus Capitatus from North-East Morocco as a natural corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss measurements found that the essential oil inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid. Inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the essential oil and decreased with increasing temperature. The essential oil forms a protective film on the steel surface to inhibit corrosion.
The document summarizes a study on the biosorption of copper and chromium from industrial wastewater using Thespesia populnea leaves. The study found that chromium biosorption performed better than copper biosorption across various parameters tested. Chromium showed higher removal percentages at lower pH values and biosorbent concentrations compared to copper. Both metals showed increasing removal with time, but chromium reached maximum removal faster. Removal also increased with decreasing initial metal concentration. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit the adsorption data well. Overall, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of Thespesia populnea for removing heavy metals from wastewater via biosorption.
Potential use of plantain (musa paradisiaca) wastes in the removal of lead an...ADEOLU ADEDOTUN TIMOTHY
The document discusses the potential use of plantain wastes in removing lead and chromium from effluent from a battery recycling plant. It describes how:
1) Plantain wastes were collected and processed to produce activated carbon, which was then used to treat effluent from a battery recycling plant in tests.
2) Testing examined the effect of pH, activated carbon dose, and initial metal concentration on removing lead and chromium. Results showed over 80% removal of both metals was achieved at optimal conditions.
3) Characterization of the activated carbons found plantain-based activated carbons had higher surface areas and similar functional groups as commercial activated carbon.
This document summarizes research on using activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to remove Chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effect of parameters such as contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, interfering ions, and temperature on the adsorption process. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with temperature, reached equilibrium within 40 minutes, and was most effective at low pH between 2-7. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies indicated the adsorption was physical and endothermic in nature. Overall, the research demonstrated the potential of using activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon for
This document summarizes research on using activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to remove Chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effect of parameters such as contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, interfering ions, and temperature on the adsorption process. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with temperature, reached equilibrium within 40 minutes, and was most effective at low pH between 2-7. Kinetic and thermodynamic models indicated the adsorption was physical and endothermic in nature. Overall, the study demonstrated activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to be an effective ad
This document summarizes a study on degrading the mono-azo dye Orange II in an aqueous solution using cast iron filings. The study found that over 90% degradation of Orange II was achieved at all pH levels tested using an optimum cast iron dosage of 28.56 g/L. Over 95% degradation was achieved for a range of initial Orange II concentrations from 50-500 mg/L. Cast iron filings showed higher degradation efficiencies than pure elemental iron, achieving over 99% degradation using lower dosages and reaction times. The results suggest that cast iron filings can effectively treat textile effluent containing dyes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filingseSAT Journals
Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
In Vitro Antioxidant evaluation and DNA binding ability of Ni(II), Co(II), Cu...IOSRJAC
: In the present study, the antioxidant and DNA binding properties of Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes containing bidentate Schiff base for their possible free radicals scavenging properties associated with various diseases were considered. The different models such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferrous ion chelation(FIC),ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP),total antioxidant activities(phosphomolybdenum methods) and hydroxyl radical(•OH) radical scavenging activities at different concentrations for antioxidant and DNA absorption spectroscopic analysis were assayed for DNA binding studies. The metal complexes were found to be significant dose-dependent antioxidant activities comparable with that of the classical antioxidants, ascorbic acid, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) and DNA binding potential withkb 4.990×10-5M -1 ,4.989×10-5M -1 ,4.994×10-5M -1 and 5.012×10-5M -1 respectively.The compounds exhibited are very reactive towards DPPH radicals, OH radicals and Fe(II) ions and they also actively reduces Fe(III) ion to Fe(II) and Mo(VI) ion to Mo(V) form. The obtained results indicate the importance of Schiff base metal complexes as a source of synthetic antioxidants and anticancer drugs.
Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using chemically modified oran...IOSR Journals
The removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions onto chemically modified orange peel was studied at varying initial metal concentrations, adsorbent doses, pH and contact times. Batch experiments were carried out under optimized conditions to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the orange peel chemically modified with sodium hydroxide. The residual Cr (VI) concentrations after biosorption were analyzed by FAAS. The biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and BET. The characterization of the orange peel biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in Cr (VI) biosorption. Chemically modified orange peel exhibited more adsorption potential as compared to the raw orange peel. The biosorption efficiency of the orange peel was dependent on the pH of the Cr (VI) solution, with pH 2 being optimal. The removal rate of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in contact time and remained constant after an equilibrium time of 180 min. The removal of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in biosorbent concentration with the optimal adsorbent dosage at 4.0 mg/L. The increase in initial Cr (VI) ion concentration led to an increase in the percentage removal of Cr (VI). The adsorption data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model with R2 = 0.987 for the raw orange peel and R2 = 0.995 for the modified orange peel. The Freundlich constants Kf and n were 97.07 [mg/g (L/mg)n] and 0.79 (g/L) for the raw orange peel and 139.0 [(mg/g)(L/mg)n] and 0.815 (g/L) for modified orange peel respectively. The present study revealed that orange peel which is a low cost agricultural material could be used as an efficient sorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and that chemical modification of the biosorbent using sodium hydroxide enhanced adsorption capacity
A new chelating sorbent for metal ion extraction under highAudry Arias
This document describes the development of a new chelating polymeric sorbent for extracting metal ions under high saline conditions. The sorbent was created by functionalizing Amberlite XAD-16 resin with 1,3-dimethyl-3-aminopropan-1-ol. Testing showed this new resin had high capacity and fast kinetics for absorbing various metal ions like manganese, lead, nickel, cobalt, copper, cadmium and zinc. Optimum pH ranges for absorbing each metal ion were determined. Resin capacities for each metal ion were measured. The new sorbent also showed potential for preconcentrating metal ions from water samples and was applied to samples like seawater, well water and tap water.
Similar to Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Aluminium and Iron (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
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and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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among stars.
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the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
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Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
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were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Aluminium and Iron
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 5, Issue 6 (Nov. – Dec. 2013), PP 09-16
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous
Spectrophotometric Determination of Aluminium and Iron
Ojodomo Achadu 1,
and Olusegun Ayejuyo 2
1
Department of Chemistry, Kwararafa University, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
Abstract: Simple and novel spectrophotometric method is described for simultaneous determination of
aluminium and iron. The method is based on the metal ions - complexes formed by aluminium and iron with
mixed chromogenic reagents of 1, 10 phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine). The derivatives have
absorption maxima at 400 nm and 510 nm respectively in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
(CTAB) as micellar media (surfactant) maintained at pH 5. Reaction conditions were optimized and the linear
dynamic ranges for determination of aluminum and iron were found be 0.8 – 12.0 µg/mL and 0.6 – 8.0 µg/mL
respectively. The standard deviation (S.D) and coefficient of variation (CV) for the simultaneous determination
was 0.018 and 0.45% for aluminium and 0.03 and 1.5% for iron (II). The recoveries were between 102 % and
106 %, 101.2 % and 104 % for aluminium and iron respectively at 95 % confidence level (p≥0.05). The
proposed method was successfully applied to the assay of aluminium and iron in rock minerals, lubricating oil
and water samples. The results and paired t-test for the analyzed samples were found to be in satisfactory
agreement (shows no significant difference) with those acquired by the flame atomic absorption
spectrophotometric (FAAS) technique.
Keywords: Aluminum, Chromogenic reagents, Iron, Micellar media, spectrophotometry.
I. Introduction
The determination of trace amounts of aluminium and iron is important in industry, food products,
potable water, metallurgy, environmental and biochemical materials. These metals have important roles in
human health, environment and industrials [1]
. Aluminium is a non-essential element to which humans are
frequently exposed [2]
. Aluminium is widespread throughout nature, air, water, plants and consequently in all the
foods because of its uses. The metal enters the human system mainly through foods, drugs, cosmetics, drinking
water and beverages [2]
.
Aluminium, present in most industrial effluents discharges and in domestic wastes and wastewater, is
also found in over the counter medicines, such as antacids and buffered aspirins, is used as a food additive, and
is found in a number of topically applied consumer products such as antiperspirants, first aid antibiotic and
antiseptics [3]
. All these findings cause alarming concerns in public health, demanding accurate determination of
this metal ion at traces and sub-trace levels. Iron, is a trace essential element for human bodies. Lack of this
essential element can induce some diseases such as anaemia, while it is harmful and deleterious when taken in
large quantity. Aluminium and iron are usually present together in both natural and artificial materials and
samples [4]
, hence the need for analytical techniques capable of single or simultaneous multi-component
quantitative determination of the metals in the presence of each other.
Several techniques, such as ion chromatography, liquid-liquid extraction with atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry, graphite
furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry
[5]
, derivative spectrophotometry and chemometrics [6]
have been applied for the simultaneous determination of
aluminium and iron ions in different samples. All these techniques require costly instrumentation for
quantitation of these chemical species. A few UV-Vis spectrophotometric applications have been developed for
the simultaneous determination of aluminium and iron using chromogenic reagents. UV-Vis spectrophotometry,
one of the most widely used analytical methods, has been an attractive method for its rapidity, simplicity, low
cost and broad applications.
Mixed chromogenic reagents, mixtures of organic compounds chromogenic and complexing agents
which do not undergo any reaction or alteration with each other and are specific or selective towards different
metallic ions whether ordinarily or at controlled conditions such temperature, pH or solvent, have been proposed
for spectrophotometric multi-component analysis (MCA) of metal ions [7]
. The limitation on the use of such
systems usually arises from the necessity for finding compromise conditions with respect to the existence of
different metal complexes [8]
. In spite of this, the use of mixed reagent systems can be considered as an
alternative means to extend the applicability of spectrophotometric multi-component analysis (MCA) of metal
ions.
2. Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of
www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
The organized molecular assemblies such as micelles are used in spectroscopic measurements due to
their possible effects on the systems of interest. In the field of metal ion complex, at a concentration above
critical micelle concentration (CMC) micelles form a ternary complex with advantageous properties, such as
hyperchromic and bathochromic shifts, that can modify the sensitivity of the method by affecting the
interferences and matrix effects [9]
. The ability of micellar systems to solubilize slightly soluble or even
insoluble complexes has been used to enhance the analytical merit of given methods [10]
. Most organic solvents
that are used as extraction solvents can be classified as toxic and environmental pollutants, and some have been
listed as carcinogenic by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [11]
. Application of micellar
systems avoids the solvent extraction steps which are necessary following the formation of slightly soluble
complexes in the absence of micelles.
In this present work, a micellar aided mixed chromogenic reagents of 8-hydroxyquinoline and 1, 10
phenanthroline is hereby reported for the first time for the simultaneous determination of aluminium and iron by
UV-Vis spectrophotometry.
II. Materials And Methods
2.1. Appparatus
A UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Spectronic D20+) and a Metro-Ohm pH meter were used for the
measurements of absorbance and pH, respectively. A Perkin Elmer A Analyst 200 model atomic absorption
spectrophotometer with deuterium arc background correction was used for comparing the results.
2.2. Reagents and Solutions
All chemicals used were of analytical grade. Doubly distilled deionized water was used in the
preparations of solutions and used throughout. Stock solutions were kept in polypropylene bottles containing 1
mL concentrated nitric acid.
Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) solution (0.1 and 1%). Appropriate amounts of pure Cetyltrimethyl
ammonium bromide salt (Merck) were dissolved in 100 ml standard flask and made up to mark with doubly
distilled deionized water.
Ascorbic acid solution (0.1M). 0.9905g of ascorbic acid salt was dissolved in doubly distilled deionized water in
a 50 ml standard flask and made up to mark. This solution was prepared daily and refrigerated when not been
used immediately. This served as reducing agent and was used to reduce all iron (III) species to iron (II).
1, 10 phenanthroline solution (0.05M). Prepared by dissolving 0.2937g in doubly distilled deionized water in a
25 ml standard flask. This solution was refrigerated when not been used.
8-hydroxyquinoline solution (0.07M). This was prepared by dissolving 1.0g of purified 8-hydroxyquinoline salt
(Sigma-Aldrich) in 2M acetic acid first, then transferred into a 100 ml standard flask and made up to mark with
the acetic acid solution.
Sodium acetate buffer, 0.1M (pH 5).28.82 ml of 1M acetic acid and 273.3 ml of 0.3M of sodium acetate were
mixed in a 1000ml standard flask and made up to mark.
Aluminium Standard solution (1000 µg/mL). Stock aluminium containing 1000 μg/mL Al(III) was prepared by
dissolving appropriate amounts of pure analytical grade of Al(NO3)3.9H2O (Merck) in doubly distilled water.
More dilute standard solutions were prepared from this sock solution, as and when required.
Iron Standard solution (1000 µg/mL). Stock iron solutions containing 1000 μg/mL Fe (III) was prepared by
dissolving appropriate amounts of pure salt (Fe(NO3)3·10H2O) in 100 ml of doubled distilled deionized water.
The working solutions were prepared just before use by dilution of the standard solution with redistilled
deionized water.
Mixed chromogenic reagents (1:1). Prepared by mixing appropriate volumes of 1, 10 phenanthroline and 8-
hydroxyquinoline solutions and was sonicated for 15 minutes.
Other solutions – Solutions of inorganic ions and complexing agents were prepared from their Analar grade.
3. Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of
www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
2.3. Optimization of Analytical variables
Analytical variables and factors such as pH, temperature, amount and concentrations of micellar media
and excess mixed chromogenic reagents. Stability studies, reproducibility and recovery studies were carried to
determine the robustness of the present method.
2.4. Procedure
In 25.0 mL volumetric flasks, appropriate volumes of Al (III) and Fe (III) solutions, 2.0 mL of buffer
solution (pH = 5), 1.0 mL of 0.1M ascorbic acid, 2.0 mL of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and 2.0
mL of mixed chromogenic reagents were added, and the solution was made up to the mark with deionized-
distilled water. The final concentration of Al (III) and Fe (II) should be between 0.60-8.00 and 0.8-12 μg/mL
respectively, in order to have absorbance within the linear calibration ranges. For each measurement, about 5.0
mL of the above solution was transferred to a spectrophotometric cell and the absorbance were recorded after 2
minutes at 510 nm for iron and 15 minutes at 400 nm for aluminium upon addition of the mixed reagents to the
binary solution. Absorbances were recorded against a reagent blank for aluminium and iron respectively. The
method of standard addition was used to determine the quantities of Al and Fe (II) in samples aliquots.
Determinations of aluminium and iron concentrations in unknown samples were also done using concurrently
prepared calibration graphs.
III. Results And Discussion
Studies had shown that 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) could react with aluminium ion (Al3+
) and that 1,
10 phenanthroline reacts with iron (II) to form coloured complexes, that could be monitored
spectrophotometrically [12][13]
. The absorption spectra of both complexes in micellar media show some level of
resolution, and the wavelengths of absorption maxima of the two complexes are sufficiently discrete occurring
at regions of relatively little mutual spectral interference (Fig.1).
3.1. Absorption Spectra
The absorption spectra of Al - 8-hydroxyquinoline complex in a 2M acetic acid medium and Fe (II) -1,
10-phenanthroline in micellar system were recorded. The absorption spectra are symmetric curves with maxima
occurring at 400 nm and 510 nm respectively (Fig.1 and 2). The reaction mechanisms for these complexes have
been reported in the literature [14][15]
. In all instances, measurements were made at 400 nm and 510 nm against
reagents blank.
3.2 Optimization of Analytical Variables
Various factors and conditions were optimized using the method of one at a time. These conditions
were determined (Table 1) and were used to validate the applicability of the proposed method in the
determination of iron and aluminium in real and complex environmental samples.
Effect of pH – The influence of pH values on the spectra of each complex at constant concentrations
(2.0 and 4.0 g/mL of Fe2+
and Al3+
ions respectively) was investigated. There were no significant changes in the
absorbance of the Fe (II) - 1, 10 phenanthroline complex in the pH range of 3-8, and for the Al(III) - 8-
hydroxyquinoline complex in the pH range of 3-7 (Fig. 3). In order to achieve higher sensitivity and stability,
pH 5 (acetate buffer) was selected as an optimum pH for simultaneous determination of aluminium and iron.
Effect of amount and concentration of micellar media - various concentrations and volumes of cetyltrimethyl
ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant were investigated on the absorbance profile of the complexes. From the
results obtained 2 mL of 1% CTAB micellar solution gave the maximum absorbance (Fig. 4).
Effect of excess Mixed Chromogenic Reagent - The effect of the different amounts of mixed
chromogenic reagent on the absorbance of the complexes was studied in the range of 0.5.0 to 5.0 mL of 0.07 M
8-hydroxyquinoline and 0.05M 1, 10 phenanthroline mixed in equal proportion (1:1). From the result obtained
(Fig. 5), 2 mL of the mixed reagent was considered suitable to ensure complete complexation.
Effect of Temperature – Absorbance were recorded at different temperatures, 20 - 70o
C for the mixed
complexes using standard procedure. The absorbances at the dual wavelengths were unaltered between the
temperature range of 25 - 45 o
C (Fig. 6). Therefore all measurements were carried out at room temperature of
25±5 o
C.
Effect of Time (Stability studies) - The stabilities of the complexes were studied differently and the
mixture of the metals with the chromogenic mixed reagent. The Fe (II) - 1, 10 phenanthroline complex develops
its colour immediately with maximum absorption within 5-10 minutes, after which it became quite stable up to
48 hours in the micelle medium. The Al (III) – 8-hydroxyquinoline complex attained maximum absorption after
15-20 minutes and found to be stable for a period of 72 hours.
Effect of foreign ions - For interference study, Cu (II), Cu (I), Ni (II) and Fe (III), Sulphates,
Phosphates ions were added to the mixture prior to the determination. Cu (II) caused slight interference at a
4. Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
concentration of 100 µg/mL during Fe (II) determination Cu (I) did not interfere even at a concentration of 1000
µg/mL. However, in the determination of the Al ions, Fe (III) ion, prepared from ferric chloride (FeCl3.5H2O)
gave high interference at a concentration as low as 10 µg/mL, and this interference by Fe (III) is, however,
avoided by reducing the Fe (III) species to Fe (II) by ascorbic acid which is a good reducing agent. No
interference was however observed due to the presence of sulphate, phosphate and fluoride ions.
Effect of Iron on Aluminium determination.
The effect of iron on aluminium determination was determined analyzing binary mixtures of iron and
aluminium solutions (aluminium solution concentration is left fixed while iron solutions concentration was
varied). The results (Table 2) show that the level of deviation of the aluminium found from that present tend to
increase with increase in the concentration of the iron species.
Effect of Aluminium on Iron determination.
The effect of aluminium on iron determination was determined analyzing binary mixtures of iron and
aluminium solutions (iron solution concentration was left fixed while aluminium solutions concentration was
varied). The results (Table 3) show that the level of deviation of the iron found from that present tend to increase
with increase in the concentration of the aluminium species.
3.3 Precision and Accuracy
In order to check the accuracy of the method, several mixtures prepared using different concentration
ratios of Al (III) and Fe (II) were analyzed using the proposed method. The metal ions were determined in five
replicate mixtures, the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) were found to be 0.018 and
0.45% for Al (III) and 0.03 and 1.5% for Fe (II) as shown in Table 6. The good agreement between amount
present and amount found for different compositions of the binary mixture as shown in Table 4 and 5 are
indicative of satisfactory accuracy and the precision of the method is satisfactory as well.
3.4 Recovery studies of the proposed method
3.4.1 Recovery of Aluminium and Iron from prepared binary mixtures of aluminium and iron.
Mixtures of varying concentration of the analyte results (Table 4) showed that good recoveries were achieved in
all mixture solutions. The various mixtures, recoveries were within the ranges of 97.6 -98.9% and 95-105% for
Al and Fe respectively. The mean recoveries were 96.50 and 100.03% for Al and Fe respectively. These
recoveries further indicate the validity of the proposed method.
3.4.2 Recovery in spiked water samples
Tap water samples were spiked with known concentration of aluminium and iron solutions. the
recovery test results (Table 5) show recoveries in all spiked samples to range between 102-106% and 101.5-
104% for aluminium and iron respectively. The recoveries were all above 100% which could be due to the
presence of some levels or residues of chemical and coagulants such as alum and ferric chloride used in water
purification. The recovery results did not show any significant difference (p>0.05) between the concentrations
of analytes in spiked samples and the added analyte concentrations.
3.5 Reproducibility of the Proposed Method
Employing the optimal conditions, simultaneous determination of Al3+
and Fe2+
was carried out in
binary mixtures containing 4.0 µg Al3+
/mL and 2.0 µg Fe2+
/mL of the ions. To check the reproducibility of the
method, five replicate experiments were performed. The mean concentrations of Al3+
and Fe2+
determined were
4.004 and 1.996 µg/mL respectively. Standard deviation and the coefficient of variation (CV) were 0.018 and
0.45%, 0.030 and 1.50% for Al3+
and Fe2+
ions, respectively. The low coefficient of variation and standard
deviations amongst replicate determinations indicated no significant variation and hence shows that the method
has very good reproducibility (Table 6). Since the mean concentrations of Al and Fe determined gave close
approximation to the concentration of the Al and Fe (4.0 and 2.0 µg/mL) present in the prepared binary
mixtures.
3.6 Applications of the proposed method
The reliability and the applicability of the proposed method were validated by applying the method in
the determination of aluminium and iron in a series of real samples - mineral ore, lubricating oil (spent) and
lagoon water samples were analyzed in triplicate. The results were compared to the results obtained for the same
samples by the AAS method, which employs a different principle from the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method.
The results obtained are in close agreement (Table 7). The results obtained from the two methods were
5. Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of
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subjected to the statistical test of significance. The paired t-test showed no significant difference (p≥0.05) exist
between the results obtained from the two methods.
Mineral ore and the spent lubricating oil samples with complex matrices were analyzed for aluminium
and iron using the method of standard addition. The method of standard addition has been frequently employed
in the determination of analytes in complex environmental sample [15]
. This was to avoid the case of interference
from the sample matrices.
IV. Figures And Tables
Table 1. Selected analytical parameters obtained from optimization.
Parameter Studied range Selected value
Wavelength (nm) 300-700 400 (Al) and 510 (Fe)
pH 3-8 5
Time/minute 0-72 5 (Fe) and 15 (Al)
Mixed reagent (mL) 1-5 2
Micellar solution (CTAB)
Concn (%) 0.1-2.0 1
Vol (mL) 1-3 2
Linear range(µg/mL) 0.1-12 0.6-8 (Fe) and 1-12 (Al)
Mean recovery (%) - 100.03 (Fe) and 96.5(Al)
Standard deviation - 0.030 (Fe) and 0.018 (Al)
Coefficient of variation - 1.5 (Fe) and 0.45 (Al)
Regression coefficient (R2
) - 0.9972 (Fe) and 0.998(Al)
Interferences Cu (II) and Fe (III), SO4
-2
, PO4
-3
Table 4. Recovery Studies of the proposed method for prepared mixture of the metal ions
Table 5. Result of Recovery Studies of the proposed method for spiked samples
Sample Amount added (µg/mL) Amount recovered (µg/mL) Recovery (%)
Al Fe Al Fe Al Fe
____________ ______________ _____________
1* 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.04 106 104
2** 2.50 2.00 2.55 2.03 102 101.5
*Spiked Al (1.00 µg/mL) and Fe (1.00 µg/mL). **Spiked Al (2.50 µg/mL) and Fe (2.00 µg/mL)
6. Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of
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Table 6. Reproducibility of the proposed method.
Table 7. Aluminium and Iron in real samples by the proposed method and comparison with other
method.
ǂ Mean value of three replicate determinations #
Measured in µg/g (mg/kg)
Fig. 1. Absorption spectra of (a) 4.0 µg mL-1
of Al(III), (b) 2.0 µg mL-1
of Fe(II) with mixed reagents at pH 5.
Fig. 2. Absorption spectra of (a) 4.0 µg mL-1
of Al(III), (b) 2.0 µg mL-1
of Fe(II), (c) mixture of 4.0 µg mL-1
Al(III) and 2.0 µg mL-1
Fe(II) with mixed reagents at pH 5.
a
b
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
380 480 580 680 780
Wavelength(nm )
Absorbance
a c
b
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
Wavelength (nm)
Absorbance
7. Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of
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Fig. 3. Effect of pH on the absorbance of (a) Fe+2
-mixed reagents and
(b) Al+3
- mixed reagents complexes.
Fig. 4. Effect of amounts of micellar solution on derivatives.
Fig. 5. Effect of amount of mixed reagent (0.069M oxine and 0.05 M phenanthroline)
on absorbance of derivatives.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 2 4 6 8 10
pH
Absorbance
a
b
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 2 3
Volume of micellar solution
Absorbance
Micellar concentration
(%) 0.1
Micellar concentration
(%) 1
Micellar concentration
(%) 2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Vol. of Mixed Reagent (mL)
Absorbance
8. Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of
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Fig. 6. Effect of temperature on the absorbance of Al and Fe derivatives.
V. Conclusions
The determination of aluminium and iron in real samples (mineral ore, lubricating oil and lagoon water
samples) and the close agreements between the present method and the atomic absorption spectrophotometric
method may indicate the wide applicability and reliability of the method. This shows that the method can be
well adapted for analyses of complex environmental and biological samples. The high degree of reproducibility,
precision and accuracy, valuable dynamic range, simplicity and relatively short experimental period of the
proposed method permit the handling of large number of samples. This research reports the simultaneous
spectrophotometric determination of total iron and aluminium with the use of mixed chromogenic reagents of 1,
10 phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline, thereby increasing the array of methods that are available for the
simultaneous determination of aluminium and iron. The proposed method has low cost, simplicity and green
process as added advantages. Results obtained in the analysis of samples of rock minerals, spent lubricating oil,
lagoon water, prepared mixtures and validation of the results with FAAS technique, which show no significant
difference (p≥0.05) with the proposed method are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Prof. Kayode Bamgbose (University of Agric., Abeokuta, Nigeria) and Mr
J.O Ojoniyi (University of Lagos) for their valuable contributions and supports.
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0
0.1
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0.4
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0.6
0.7
0 20 40 60 80
Absorbance
Temperature( oC)